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我国货币政策区域效应非对称性问题研究
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摘要
货币政策是以总量调控为主的重要的宏观经济管理手段,货币当局更多关注经济的整体运行情况,制定和实施统一的货币政策。统一的货币政策是以货币区内各地区经济发展的同质性为前提的,如果区域经济发展不均衡,统一的货币政策就会产生区域效应非对称性问题。货币政策区域效应非对称性在降低货币政策整体效应的同时,也将进一步拉大区域间经济发展的差距。对我国货币政策区域效应非对称性的存在、度量和成因的研究是提高货币政策效应和促进区域经济均衡发展的重要研究课题。
     论文依据我国各省市场化指数和经济周期的同步性,用系统聚类和K-Mean聚类的方法把我国31个省份划分为三大区域:经济发达区域、经济欠发达区域和经济不发达区域。对货币政策区域效应非对称性的相关概念进行了界定。对货币政策有效性理论、最优货币区理论和货币政策传导机制理论进行了简单论述,这三个理论分别是本文研究的前提、初步判断的依据和成因分析的基础。
     在对我国中央银行体制和统一货币政策实践进行评述后,分析了我国统一货币政策必须面对的区域经济金融发展差异的现实约束。基于最优货币区标准的分析认为我国目前还不是最优货币区,依据最优货币区理论初步判断我国存在货币政策区域效应非对称性。以1985-2010年的年度数据为样本,采用平稳性检验、格兰杰因果检验、VAR和SVAR模型、脉冲响应函数和预测方差分解等实证技术对我国东、中、西三个大区域货币政策效应的非对称性进行了检验,检验结果认为我国货币政策存在区域效应非对称性。货币政策冲击下,经济发达的东部区域产出效应远远超出经济欠发达和不发达的中西部区域,东部区域价格对货币政策冲击的响应却小于中西部区域,说明东部区域货币政策效应优于中西部区域。以2004.01-2011.03的季度数据为样本,对我国三个大区域货币政策效应非对称性进行了补充和佐证性的再次检验,检验结果显示货币政策区域效应强度和时滞存在非对称性。再次基于同样的年度样本对31个省的货币政策省际效应非对称性进行了实证检验,检验结果认为省际间存在货币政策效应非对称性。
     对我国货币政策传导主体逐一分析,寻找货币政策区域效应非对称性产生的原因。首先对中央银行统一货币政策工具操作的区域效应非对称进行分析。再基于平稳性检验、VAR模型、脉冲响应函数和状态空间模型等实证技术检验我国基础货币统一调控下区域货币供给效应的非对称性,检验结果显示我国基础货币统一调控下,东部区域货币供给效应大于中西部区域,东部获得了比中西部更多的货币供应量。另外,东部区域金融市场、金融机构以及企业的发展水平较高、结构完善,居民家庭收入、消费水平高,这些因素都有利于货币政策的顺畅传导。相比之下,中西部区域金融市场、金融机构和企业的发展落后,居民收入和消费水平较低,不利于货币政策传导。基于截面数据的实证检验与理论分析结论一致,认为区域金融体系、企业、居民家庭等的差异是产生货币政策区域效应非对称性的原因。
     基于成因分析,提出针对性的政策建议:政府行为应在我国区域经济金融均衡发展中科学定位;依据区域经济金融发展水平和货币政策传导效应的相近程度,调整中国人民银行大区分行的管辖范围;充分发挥中国人民银行分支机构的作用;采取适度差别的区域货币政策;完善我国中西部区域金融机构和金融市场体系,加大中西部区域企业改革,提高中西部区域居民的收入水平。配合财政政策、产业政策和对外贸易政策、收入分配政策,加快我国区域经济均衡发展,把我国逐步构建成为最优货币区。
     本论文有图71幅,表87个,参考文献224篇。
Monetary policy is an important macroeconomic regulation method,by which themacroeconomy operation is regulated on the total amount. The central bank formulatand implement the unified monetary policy based on the operation of themacroeconomy as a whole. The unified control is premise with the homogeneity ofregional economic development. With the unbalanced regional economic development,asymmetric regional effect of monetary policy arose that will lower the overall effectof monetary policy and widen the gap of regional economic development. It isnecessary to study on the existence, the measurement and the origin of asymmetricregional effect of monetary policy in China.
     In this dissertation, Based on the marketization index and synchrony of businesscycle31provinces are divided into three regions by system cluster and K-Meancluster: developed eastern region, less developed middle region and least developedweastern region.Connotation of relevant concepts of asymmetric regional effect ofmonetary policy is defined. Then an simple discussion of three basic theories is made:theory of effectiveness of monetary policy, theory of Optimum Currency Area andtheory of transmission mechanism of monetary policy, which is a precondition for thestudy, tentative judgment standards and the cause analyse base respectively.
     Afte the review of the central bank system and the practice of unified monetarypolicy in China, the difference of regional economic and financial development isdiscussed as the realistic constraint of unified monetary policy. China is still not anoptimum currency, according which a tentative judgment is made that asymmetricregional effect of monetary policy exists in China. Taking annual data of1985-2010of the three region as sample, this dissertation takes the test of asymmetric regionaleffect of monetary policy in China by stability test, Granger Causality test, VAR andSVAR model, Impulse Response Function,Variance Decomposition.It shows that theoutput effect in eastern region is larger than that of middle and western region,whilethe price effect in eastern region is smaller than that of middle and western region.Taking quarterly data of2004.01-2011.03of the three region as sample, theasymmetric regional effect of monetary policy in China is test again by stability test,Granger Causality test, VAR and SVAR model, Impulse Response Function,which isbasically consistent to the earlier one. Finally, taking annual data of1985-2010of31provinces as sample, test of asymmetric provincial effect of monetary policy in China by stability test, VAR and SVAR model, Impulse Response Function is made.It showsthe same conclusions.
     The origin of asymmetric regional effect of monetary policy in China isresearched from economic subjects of monetary policy transmission. Operation ofmonetary policy instruments by central bank has the asymmetric regional effect,Taking quarterly data of2004.01-2011.03of Base Money and regional money supplyas sample, the asymmetric regional effect is test by stability test, VAR model, ImpulseResponse Function and State Space model. The money supply in eastern region ismore than that in middle and western region. Also, financial market, financialinstitution and enterprise in eastern region are developing in a higher level than thosein middle and western region. The level of income and consumption expenditure ofeastern households is higher than that of middle and western households.All of theabove say that monetary policy transmission in eastern region is smoother than middleand western region.The empirical test base on provincial cross-sectional data confirmit.
     In view of that,in order to diminish the asymmetry of regional effect of monetarypolicy in China some corresponding suggestions are put forward.Government shouldhas a scientific orientation in achieving balanced economic and financial developmentamong different regions. Regional difference should be taken into consideration whenmonetary policy is designed and implemented to fufil the function of monetary policyinstrument on structural adjustment.Let trans-provincial branches of central bank toplay a more important role in making and implementing monetary policy. The systemof financial institution and financial market in Midwest shouid be strengthened andperfected. Intensify the reform of enterprises and increase the income of residents inmidwestern region.With the coordination of monetary policy, fiscal policy, industrypolicy,foreign trade policy and income distribution policy, the economic developmentof Midwest region should be accelerated and the harmonious development of regionaleconomy should be realized. china will be established to be an optimum currencyarea.
     There are71figures,87tables and224references.
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