茵陈蒿群落分布格局对坡面侵蚀及坡面流水动力学特性的影响
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摘要
土壤侵蚀现已成为全球性环境问题，在我国黄土高原地区尤为突出。而植被作为控制土壤侵蚀的有效措施，一直受到学者们的普遍关注。本论文通过室内模拟降雨试验，并结合地统计学方法，研究了茵陈蒿不同分布格局对坡面侵蚀及坡面流水动力学特性的影响，初步阐明了植被减蚀作用机理及坡面侵蚀的空间变异特征，为该区植被措施的优化配置及深入认识坡面侵蚀过程和侵蚀动力机制提供理论依据和数据支持。主要结论如下：
茵陈蒿不同分布格局能有效控制坡面土壤侵蚀，与裸地相比，不同茵陈蒿格局小区产流率降低了7～25%，产沙率降低了50～92%，其减沙作用强于减流作用，且带状格局（BP）、小斑块格局（SP）控制侵蚀作用优于长条状格局（LP）。茵陈蒿地上部分减流贡献率较大，在53～66%之间；地下部分减沙贡献率较大，在51～71%之间。回归分析表明，坡面产流率与地上生物量（SD）、植株高度（SH）、株数（SN）分别呈线性关系（p<0.05），坡面产沙率与根生物量密度（RD）、根表面积密度（RSAD）、根长密度（RLD）及根面积比（RAR）分别呈极显著指数函数关系（p<0.01），而与根直径无明显函数关系。通径分析表明，根长密度和植株数量是影响坡面产流速率的主要因素，根表面积密度和根生物量密度是影响侵蚀率的主要因素，因此，要控制坡面土壤侵蚀，可适当提高播种密度以增加植株株数，通过影响根系指标对土壤侵蚀造成影响。
经典统计分析表明不同格局坡面侵蚀高差值满足正态分布，且表现为强变异性；地统计分析表明坡面侵蚀变异函数可用球状模型或指数模型描述，且表现出中等或较强的空间依赖性；克里格插值图直观反映侵蚀面积大小及侵蚀空间分布格局，裸地坡面分布大面积的侵蚀斑块（△h>0），与侵蚀产沙结果一致，格局BP、SP侵蚀斑块面积小于格局LP，剪除地上部分后，格局小区侵蚀斑块面积增大，斑块间连续性较好；交叉验证结果表明克里格插值平均预测误差接近于0，均方根标准预测误差接近于1，插值可靠。
格局和雨强对坡面流流速均具有显著影响，流速随雨强的增大而增大，不同格局坡面流表层流速变化关系为格局SP、BP＜格局LP＜裸地CK；坡面下部流速大于坡面上部，有草断面小于无草断面；剪除地上部分后，坡面流速显著增大。不同雨强下，茵陈蒿冠层和根系延缓坡面流流速贡献率不同，在60和90mm/h雨强下，冠层贡献率较大，在53～99.8%之间；在120和150mm/h雨强下，根系贡献率较大，变化于51～80%之间。坡面流平均水深随雨强的增大而增大；剪除地上部分后，水深略有降低。流速和水深的时间变化过程相似，均呈现出先增加然后趋于稳定的趋势。不同格局坡面流雷诺数Re在25～80之间，处于层流范畴，且Re随雨强增大而显著增加，剪除地上部分前后Re无显著差异。裸地坡面流弗劳德数Fr大于等于1，属于临界流或急流状态；植被格局坡面流Fr均小于1，属于缓流；坡面下部弗劳德数大于坡面上部。达西-维斯巴赫阻力系数f和曼宁糙率系数n均能反映坡面流阻力特征，且变化规律相似，都表现为裸地CK＜格局LP＜格局BP、SP，有草断面高于无草断面，坡面上部高于坡面下部，剪除地上部分后，阻力系数f和糙率系数n降低。坡面土壤侵蚀速率与平均流速、水流阻力均呈幂函数关系，但与水深无明显关系；与水流雷诺数相比，水流弗劳德数与土壤侵蚀率关系更加密切。综合考虑各水力学参数的实测和预测效果，用平均流速对土壤侵蚀率进行模拟和估算较为理想。
坡面水蚀动力因子随降雨强度的增大而增大，而植被格局对侵蚀动力因子无显著影响。对侵蚀产沙率与水蚀动力因子的灰色关联分析表明，单位水流功率P对坡面侵蚀率的关联度最大（0.767），水流功率ω和过水断面单位能量E次之，分别为0.697和0.659，水流剪切力τ对侵蚀率的关联度最小，为0.618。由此可知，功率是与坡面侵蚀产沙率发展趋势较接近的因素，对坡面侵蚀影响较大，回归分析表明侵蚀产沙率与水流功率和单位水流功率均呈线性关系。
Soil erosion is now a global environmental problem and it is particularly so on LoessPlateau of China. Vegetation has long been an effective measure to control soil erosion, whichhas aroused universal concern of numerous scholars. In this study, indoor simulated rainfallexperiments were conducted to explore the effects of vegetation (Artemisia capillaris)patterns on soil erosion and hydrodynamic characteristics of slope flow. Runoff and sedimentreduction benefit of both above-and under-ground parts of Artemisia capillaris, as well as therelationships between vegetation parameters and runoff and sediment rate were furtheranalyzed to reveal the mechanism of vegetation reducing erosion. In addition, we studied thespatial variability of slope erosion coupled with geostatistics method. Our findings canprovide theoretical and data basis for optimal allocation of vegetation measures and thoroughunderstanding of the soil erosion processes and dynamic mechanism of slope flow in LoessPlateau. The main results are as follows:
The patterning of Artemisia capillaris could effectively control soil erosion. Comparedwith the bare plot (CK), runoff and sediment rate in patterned plots were reduced by7~25%and50~92%, respectively, indicting that patterned Artemisia capillaris had stronger effect onreducing sediment than reducing runoff. The aboveground parts of Artemisia capillariscontributed more on runoff reduction, ranging from53%to66%, while the underground partshad more contributions on sediment reduction, about51%~71%. Regression analysis showedthat runoff rate linearly (p<0.05) correlated with the aboveground biomass (SD), stem height(SH), and stem number (SN), respectively. The erosion rate had very significantly exponentialrelationships (p<0.01) with root density (RD), root surface area density (RSAD), root lengthdensity (RLD), and root area ratio (RAR), respectively. However, no relationship wasdetected between erosion rate and root diameter. Path analysis demonstrated that RLD and SNwere the main factors affecting runoff rate, and RSAD and RD were responsible for erosionrate changing. Therefore, increasing sowing density properly in order to increase the plantnumbers and influence the root indices, ultimately conserving soil and water. The findingsshowed that pattern BP and SP were more appropriate in soil and water conservation.
The classical statistical analysis found that the variability of slope erosion was strong. The geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial variability of slope erosion was fitted wellby spherical or exponential models and it showed an intermediate or strong spatialdependence. Kriging interpolation directly reflected the erosion or deposition area and theirspatial distribution. Bare plot was mainly distributed by erosion plaque (△h>0) and thedeposition plaque (△h<0) only occupied a small part. Erosion area of patterns BP and SPwere smaller than pattern LP, which was in accordance with the runoff and sediment yieldingresults. After the aboveground parts were removed at soil surface, erosion area increased andthe plaques presented more continuous distribution for different patterned plots.Cross-validation showed that kriged mean prediction errors were close to0androot-mean-square standardized prediction errors were close to1, thus indicating the kriginginterpolation were reliable.
Both vegetation patterns and rainfall intensities had significant effects on flow velocity.Mean surface flow velocity increased with the increase of rainfall intensity and elevated in theorder of SP (BP) Artemisia capillaris patterns had no significant effects on hydrodynamic factors, yetvalues of the hydrodynamic parameters increased with increasing rainfall intensity. Graycorrelation analysis showed that the correlation degree between unit stream power (P) andsoil erosion rate was the highest (0.767), stream power (ω) and unit flow energy (E) rankedsecond,0.697and0.659, respectively. The correlation degree between flow shear stress andsoil erosion rate was the lowest (0.618). The results suggested that stream power is closer tothe growing trend of soil erosion rate, and it might have more influence on soil erosion.Regression analysis also showed linear relationships between the erosion rate and (unit)stream power.
茵陈蒿不同分布格局能有效控制坡面土壤侵蚀，与裸地相比，不同茵陈蒿格局小区产流率降低了7～25%，产沙率降低了50～92%，其减沙作用强于减流作用，且带状格局（BP）、小斑块格局（SP）控制侵蚀作用优于长条状格局（LP）。茵陈蒿地上部分减流贡献率较大，在53～66%之间；地下部分减沙贡献率较大，在51～71%之间。回归分析表明，坡面产流率与地上生物量（SD）、植株高度（SH）、株数（SN）分别呈线性关系（p<0.05），坡面产沙率与根生物量密度（RD）、根表面积密度（RSAD）、根长密度（RLD）及根面积比（RAR）分别呈极显著指数函数关系（p<0.01），而与根直径无明显函数关系。通径分析表明，根长密度和植株数量是影响坡面产流速率的主要因素，根表面积密度和根生物量密度是影响侵蚀率的主要因素，因此，要控制坡面土壤侵蚀，可适当提高播种密度以增加植株株数，通过影响根系指标对土壤侵蚀造成影响。
经典统计分析表明不同格局坡面侵蚀高差值满足正态分布，且表现为强变异性；地统计分析表明坡面侵蚀变异函数可用球状模型或指数模型描述，且表现出中等或较强的空间依赖性；克里格插值图直观反映侵蚀面积大小及侵蚀空间分布格局，裸地坡面分布大面积的侵蚀斑块（△h>0），与侵蚀产沙结果一致，格局BP、SP侵蚀斑块面积小于格局LP，剪除地上部分后，格局小区侵蚀斑块面积增大，斑块间连续性较好；交叉验证结果表明克里格插值平均预测误差接近于0，均方根标准预测误差接近于1，插值可靠。
格局和雨强对坡面流流速均具有显著影响，流速随雨强的增大而增大，不同格局坡面流表层流速变化关系为格局SP、BP＜格局LP＜裸地CK；坡面下部流速大于坡面上部，有草断面小于无草断面；剪除地上部分后，坡面流速显著增大。不同雨强下，茵陈蒿冠层和根系延缓坡面流流速贡献率不同，在60和90mm/h雨强下，冠层贡献率较大，在53～99.8%之间；在120和150mm/h雨强下，根系贡献率较大，变化于51～80%之间。坡面流平均水深随雨强的增大而增大；剪除地上部分后，水深略有降低。流速和水深的时间变化过程相似，均呈现出先增加然后趋于稳定的趋势。不同格局坡面流雷诺数Re在25～80之间，处于层流范畴，且Re随雨强增大而显著增加，剪除地上部分前后Re无显著差异。裸地坡面流弗劳德数Fr大于等于1，属于临界流或急流状态；植被格局坡面流Fr均小于1，属于缓流；坡面下部弗劳德数大于坡面上部。达西-维斯巴赫阻力系数f和曼宁糙率系数n均能反映坡面流阻力特征，且变化规律相似，都表现为裸地CK＜格局LP＜格局BP、SP，有草断面高于无草断面，坡面上部高于坡面下部，剪除地上部分后，阻力系数f和糙率系数n降低。坡面土壤侵蚀速率与平均流速、水流阻力均呈幂函数关系，但与水深无明显关系；与水流雷诺数相比，水流弗劳德数与土壤侵蚀率关系更加密切。综合考虑各水力学参数的实测和预测效果，用平均流速对土壤侵蚀率进行模拟和估算较为理想。
坡面水蚀动力因子随降雨强度的增大而增大，而植被格局对侵蚀动力因子无显著影响。对侵蚀产沙率与水蚀动力因子的灰色关联分析表明，单位水流功率P对坡面侵蚀率的关联度最大（0.767），水流功率ω和过水断面单位能量E次之，分别为0.697和0.659，水流剪切力τ对侵蚀率的关联度最小，为0.618。由此可知，功率是与坡面侵蚀产沙率发展趋势较接近的因素，对坡面侵蚀影响较大，回归分析表明侵蚀产沙率与水流功率和单位水流功率均呈线性关系。
Soil erosion is now a global environmental problem and it is particularly so on LoessPlateau of China. Vegetation has long been an effective measure to control soil erosion, whichhas aroused universal concern of numerous scholars. In this study, indoor simulated rainfallexperiments were conducted to explore the effects of vegetation (Artemisia capillaris)patterns on soil erosion and hydrodynamic characteristics of slope flow. Runoff and sedimentreduction benefit of both above-and under-ground parts of Artemisia capillaris, as well as therelationships between vegetation parameters and runoff and sediment rate were furtheranalyzed to reveal the mechanism of vegetation reducing erosion. In addition, we studied thespatial variability of slope erosion coupled with geostatistics method. Our findings canprovide theoretical and data basis for optimal allocation of vegetation measures and thoroughunderstanding of the soil erosion processes and dynamic mechanism of slope flow in LoessPlateau. The main results are as follows:
The patterning of Artemisia capillaris could effectively control soil erosion. Comparedwith the bare plot (CK), runoff and sediment rate in patterned plots were reduced by7~25%and50~92%, respectively, indicting that patterned Artemisia capillaris had stronger effect onreducing sediment than reducing runoff. The aboveground parts of Artemisia capillariscontributed more on runoff reduction, ranging from53%to66%, while the underground partshad more contributions on sediment reduction, about51%~71%. Regression analysis showedthat runoff rate linearly (p<0.05) correlated with the aboveground biomass (SD), stem height(SH), and stem number (SN), respectively. The erosion rate had very significantly exponentialrelationships (p<0.01) with root density (RD), root surface area density (RSAD), root lengthdensity (RLD), and root area ratio (RAR), respectively. However, no relationship wasdetected between erosion rate and root diameter. Path analysis demonstrated that RLD and SNwere the main factors affecting runoff rate, and RSAD and RD were responsible for erosionrate changing. Therefore, increasing sowing density properly in order to increase the plantnumbers and influence the root indices, ultimately conserving soil and water. The findingsshowed that pattern BP and SP were more appropriate in soil and water conservation.
The classical statistical analysis found that the variability of slope erosion was strong. The geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial variability of slope erosion was fitted wellby spherical or exponential models and it showed an intermediate or strong spatialdependence. Kriging interpolation directly reflected the erosion or deposition area and theirspatial distribution. Bare plot was mainly distributed by erosion plaque (△h>0) and thedeposition plaque (△h<0) only occupied a small part. Erosion area of patterns BP and SPwere smaller than pattern LP, which was in accordance with the runoff and sediment yieldingresults. After the aboveground parts were removed at soil surface, erosion area increased andthe plaques presented more continuous distribution for different patterned plots.Cross-validation showed that kriged mean prediction errors were close to0androot-mean-square standardized prediction errors were close to1, thus indicating the kriginginterpolation were reliable.
Both vegetation patterns and rainfall intensities had significant effects on flow velocity.Mean surface flow velocity increased with the increase of rainfall intensity and elevated in theorder of SP (BP)
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