绿盲蝽种群的时空分布、生命表分析及数量模拟
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摘要
20世纪90中期以来,我国通过大面积种植转Bt基因棉花有效控制了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的发生与为害,但长期以来作为次要害虫的盲椿象(半翅目：盲蝽科)发生数量显著上升,成为为我国棉田等多种农作物的主要害虫。本文研究了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dur)的空间分布型和抽样方法、自然种群生命表和季节性寄主转移规律,构建了绿盲蝽的区域种群动态模型,为绿盲蝽种群预测及综合治理奠定基础。主要研究结果如下：
绿盲蝽的空间分布型与棉花生长期有关。在棉花苗期,绿盲蝽成虫、若虫和整个种群都呈聚集分布；棉花花期和蕾铃期,绿盲蝽成虫呈随机分布、若虫呈聚集分布,整个种群呈Possion分布。对绿盲蝽在棉株上垂直分布的研究发现,绿盲蝽若虫主要分布在蕾和嫩叶上,成虫主要分布在棉叶上。花蕾上的绿盲蝽种群密度显著高于花和叶片上的密度,花蕾上种群密度占整株棉花种群密度的68.26%。对不同抽样方法的比较发现,整株目测法调查绿盲蝽种群密度最高,要显著高于盆拍法和扫网法；整株目测法与花蕾调查法回归分析结果为y=0.74x+5.81(R2=0.69)。对于间接抽样法,棉花花期之前宜采用叶片为害调查,花铃期宜采用蕾铃为害调查法。
室内生命表分析了绿盲蝽在玉米和棉花上生长发育,结果表明,绿盲蝽若虫取食玉米可顺利发育到成虫,绿盲蝽对玉米和棉花的适合度无显著差异。于2009年和2010年7月至9月,进行了棉田绿盲蝽自然种群生命表研究。结果显示,绿盲蝽卵孵化率为45.1%～50.1%,若虫存活率为33.78%～37.36%；若虫主要致死因子包括：天敌捕食、天敌寄生、菲止常发育、降雨等；若虫各龄期关键致死因子不同,1龄和2龄若虫关键致死因子为降雨,3龄若虫关键致死因子为降雨和天敌捕食,而4-5龄时,绿盲蝽关键致死因子为天敌捕食。野外研究发现,绿盲蝽对儿种寄主植物的适合度比较结果为：棉花>玉米>绿豆>艾蒿>枣树。
绿盲蝽田间种群动态调查结果表明：在河北省廊坊市,绿盲蝽5至6月份主要取食枣树和葡萄等果树；7至8月份主要取食棉花玉米等农作物,取食玉米主要在8至9月,此时为玉米的花期和乳熟期,花期之前绿盲蝽种群密度很低；绿盲蝽主要于9月取食艾蒿等杂草。碳稳定同位素分析结果发现：碳稳定同位素分析方法有效区分绿盲蝽取食的C3和C4植物,C4植物饲养的绿盲蝽成虫体内δ13C值(13C/12C)显著大于C3植物饲养的绿盲蝽成虫体内δ13C值,C3植物饲养绿盲蝽成虫δ13c值范围为-29.87到-22.46,C4植物饲养绿盲蝽成虫813C值范围为-13.6到-12.8。华北地区若虫期取食玉米的绿盲蝽比例为2.43%(第3代)和5.74%(第4代)。
为模型模拟绿盲蝽种群动态我们构建了华北地区绿盲蝽种群动态。在该模型中,绿盲蝽根据当地气温发育,成虫在网格区域内短距离迁飞并选择寄主植物产卵；绿盲蝽取食的5类寄主植物分别为棉花、玉米、豆类、果树、杂草；绿盲蝽的卵和若虫存活率根据寄主植物种类、生命表数据、物候期及温度等计算；越冬卵的滞育受温度和光照周期影响,非滞育卵和滞育越冬卵的存活率为定值;当绿盲蝽种群密度超过经济防治阈值时模拟喷施杀虫剂。模型运行结果表明绿盲蝽在25、26、36、37、45、46、47等区域会严重发生,通过比较模型模拟的种群动态和田间绿盲蝽种群动态数据对模型进行检验,检验方法结果表明,至少有80%以上的预测结果与实际绿盲蝽种群密度相符。该模型可有效反映绿盲蝽种群动态。
本文研究了绿盲蝽的空间分布型和抽样方法、自然种群生命表和季节性寄主转移规律,构建了绿盲蝽的区域种群动态模型。本研究为深入阐明绿盲蝽种群的时空分布提供理论依据,并为绿盲蝽种群预测提供基础。
The widespread adoption of Bt cotton has drastically reduced the need for broad-spectrum insecticides for Helicoverpa armigera Hubner but has resulted in an increased population density of mirid bugs. Mirid bugs (Heteroptera:Miridae) have now become key insect pests of cotton fields in northern China.The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dur has become a prevalent pest of several crops in China, particularly cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. A. lucorum is a polyphagous insect pest and its life cycle involves seasonal movement between host plants. In the present paper, we studied the distribution pattern and sampling method of A. lucorum, natural population life table in cotton field, transfer host plant and developed a computer model. Our work will help us to simulate the population dynamics of A. lucorum. The main results were summarized as follows.
In order to understand the spatial distribution pattern of this A. lucorum, its population aggregating indexes on cotton field were calculated based on the related index formulae. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of the adult, nymph and whole A. lucorum population belonged to gathered distribution in seeding stage. The spatial distribution pattern of the adult and whole population belonged to random and the nymph belonged to gathered distribution in flower stage and boll stage. Adult stay mainly on leaf and nymph stay mainly on bud and leaf. Whole plant survey is the effectively sampling methods. The regression equation of whole plant survey and bud survey is y=0.74x+5.81(R2=0.69).
The cotton field life table analysis showed that egg hatch rates were from45.1%to50.1%and nymph survival rates were from33.78%to37.36%. The main mortality across all stages was attributed to predation, rainfall, parasitism and incomplete moulting, respectively. Across all factors, the highest mean rate of marginal mortality was observed in the first nymph followed by the egg, second-, third-, forth-and fifth-nymph respectively. Key factor analysis revealed that predation and rainfall were the major mortality factor contributing to generational mortality for nymphs. The k mortality factor was attributed to rain for1st and2nd instar. The k mortality factor was attributed to rain and predation for3rd instar. The k mortality factor was attributed to predation for4th and5th instar. Across stages, highest irreplaceable mortality rates were observed in the eggs and the first-nymph. The other stage had relatively low rates of irreplaceable mortality.
Stable isotope analysis was used to investigate the differences between host plant use and transfer in different host plants of A. lucorum in northern China. The stable isotope analysis revealed that the δ13C values were significantly different between adults reared on C3and C4photosynthesis type plants. We found that A. lucorum raised in C3plants gave813C values ranging from-29.87to-24.16, compared with-13.6to-12.8for those raised on C4plants. Nymph food had a significant influence on the δ13C value of the adult. The adult food had no significant influence on the δ13C values. The C3plants were the main host plant and C4plants were used for3rdand4th generation of A. lucorum. The mean values,0.19%,2.43%and5.74%of adults were categorized as having developed on C4plants for the2nd,3rd and4th generation of A. lucorum, respectively. The stable isotope analyses also suggested that the δ13C value distribution was significant different between different sites. The proportions of C4plants that developed A. lucorum for the3rd and4th generations no significantly correlated with the planting pattern. In conclusion, maize (Zea mays L.) is the preferred host from August to September and this observation appears to play a role in the season-long dynamics of A. lucorum infestation in cotton field areas.
A computer model is developed to simulate the population dynamics of A. lucorum over a wide area in northern China. The area considered covers12provinces where serous outbreaks of A. lucorum have been observed. In this mode, pest development is driven by local ambient temperature, and adults short distance migratory behavior and select preferred hosts for ovipostion within a region. Five types of host including cotton, cotton, soybean, fruit tree and weed are considered in this model. Survival rates of eggs and nymph are based on life-table data and simulated as a function of host type, host phenology and temperature. The incidence of diapause depends on temperature and photoperiod experiment during the nymph stage. Survival rates of non-diapause egg and overwinter egg survival are fixed value. Insecticide is applied when population density exceeds the economic threshold on a host crop within a region. Comparisons of model output with field population data indicated that our model reflects the pest population dynamics and more than80%cases were successful simulation. This model could potentially be used for testing pest control strategies in northern China.
绿盲蝽的空间分布型与棉花生长期有关。在棉花苗期,绿盲蝽成虫、若虫和整个种群都呈聚集分布；棉花花期和蕾铃期,绿盲蝽成虫呈随机分布、若虫呈聚集分布,整个种群呈Possion分布。对绿盲蝽在棉株上垂直分布的研究发现,绿盲蝽若虫主要分布在蕾和嫩叶上,成虫主要分布在棉叶上。花蕾上的绿盲蝽种群密度显著高于花和叶片上的密度,花蕾上种群密度占整株棉花种群密度的68.26%。对不同抽样方法的比较发现,整株目测法调查绿盲蝽种群密度最高,要显著高于盆拍法和扫网法；整株目测法与花蕾调查法回归分析结果为y=0.74x+5.81(R2=0.69)。对于间接抽样法,棉花花期之前宜采用叶片为害调查,花铃期宜采用蕾铃为害调查法。
室内生命表分析了绿盲蝽在玉米和棉花上生长发育,结果表明,绿盲蝽若虫取食玉米可顺利发育到成虫,绿盲蝽对玉米和棉花的适合度无显著差异。于2009年和2010年7月至9月,进行了棉田绿盲蝽自然种群生命表研究。结果显示,绿盲蝽卵孵化率为45.1%～50.1%,若虫存活率为33.78%～37.36%；若虫主要致死因子包括：天敌捕食、天敌寄生、菲止常发育、降雨等；若虫各龄期关键致死因子不同,1龄和2龄若虫关键致死因子为降雨,3龄若虫关键致死因子为降雨和天敌捕食,而4-5龄时,绿盲蝽关键致死因子为天敌捕食。野外研究发现,绿盲蝽对儿种寄主植物的适合度比较结果为：棉花>玉米>绿豆>艾蒿>枣树。
绿盲蝽田间种群动态调查结果表明：在河北省廊坊市,绿盲蝽5至6月份主要取食枣树和葡萄等果树；7至8月份主要取食棉花玉米等农作物,取食玉米主要在8至9月,此时为玉米的花期和乳熟期,花期之前绿盲蝽种群密度很低；绿盲蝽主要于9月取食艾蒿等杂草。碳稳定同位素分析结果发现：碳稳定同位素分析方法有效区分绿盲蝽取食的C3和C4植物,C4植物饲养的绿盲蝽成虫体内δ13C值(13C/12C)显著大于C3植物饲养的绿盲蝽成虫体内δ13C值,C3植物饲养绿盲蝽成虫δ13c值范围为-29.87到-22.46,C4植物饲养绿盲蝽成虫813C值范围为-13.6到-12.8。华北地区若虫期取食玉米的绿盲蝽比例为2.43%(第3代)和5.74%(第4代)。
为模型模拟绿盲蝽种群动态我们构建了华北地区绿盲蝽种群动态。在该模型中,绿盲蝽根据当地气温发育,成虫在网格区域内短距离迁飞并选择寄主植物产卵；绿盲蝽取食的5类寄主植物分别为棉花、玉米、豆类、果树、杂草；绿盲蝽的卵和若虫存活率根据寄主植物种类、生命表数据、物候期及温度等计算；越冬卵的滞育受温度和光照周期影响,非滞育卵和滞育越冬卵的存活率为定值;当绿盲蝽种群密度超过经济防治阈值时模拟喷施杀虫剂。模型运行结果表明绿盲蝽在25、26、36、37、45、46、47等区域会严重发生,通过比较模型模拟的种群动态和田间绿盲蝽种群动态数据对模型进行检验,检验方法结果表明,至少有80%以上的预测结果与实际绿盲蝽种群密度相符。该模型可有效反映绿盲蝽种群动态。
本文研究了绿盲蝽的空间分布型和抽样方法、自然种群生命表和季节性寄主转移规律,构建了绿盲蝽的区域种群动态模型。本研究为深入阐明绿盲蝽种群的时空分布提供理论依据,并为绿盲蝽种群预测提供基础。
The widespread adoption of Bt cotton has drastically reduced the need for broad-spectrum insecticides for Helicoverpa armigera Hubner but has resulted in an increased population density of mirid bugs. Mirid bugs (Heteroptera:Miridae) have now become key insect pests of cotton fields in northern China.The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dur has become a prevalent pest of several crops in China, particularly cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. A. lucorum is a polyphagous insect pest and its life cycle involves seasonal movement between host plants. In the present paper, we studied the distribution pattern and sampling method of A. lucorum, natural population life table in cotton field, transfer host plant and developed a computer model. Our work will help us to simulate the population dynamics of A. lucorum. The main results were summarized as follows.
In order to understand the spatial distribution pattern of this A. lucorum, its population aggregating indexes on cotton field were calculated based on the related index formulae. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of the adult, nymph and whole A. lucorum population belonged to gathered distribution in seeding stage. The spatial distribution pattern of the adult and whole population belonged to random and the nymph belonged to gathered distribution in flower stage and boll stage. Adult stay mainly on leaf and nymph stay mainly on bud and leaf. Whole plant survey is the effectively sampling methods. The regression equation of whole plant survey and bud survey is y=0.74x+5.81(R2=0.69).
The cotton field life table analysis showed that egg hatch rates were from45.1%to50.1%and nymph survival rates were from33.78%to37.36%. The main mortality across all stages was attributed to predation, rainfall, parasitism and incomplete moulting, respectively. Across all factors, the highest mean rate of marginal mortality was observed in the first nymph followed by the egg, second-, third-, forth-and fifth-nymph respectively. Key factor analysis revealed that predation and rainfall were the major mortality factor contributing to generational mortality for nymphs. The k mortality factor was attributed to rain for1st and2nd instar. The k mortality factor was attributed to rain and predation for3rd instar. The k mortality factor was attributed to predation for4th and5th instar. Across stages, highest irreplaceable mortality rates were observed in the eggs and the first-nymph. The other stage had relatively low rates of irreplaceable mortality.
Stable isotope analysis was used to investigate the differences between host plant use and transfer in different host plants of A. lucorum in northern China. The stable isotope analysis revealed that the δ13C values were significantly different between adults reared on C3and C4photosynthesis type plants. We found that A. lucorum raised in C3plants gave813C values ranging from-29.87to-24.16, compared with-13.6to-12.8for those raised on C4plants. Nymph food had a significant influence on the δ13C value of the adult. The adult food had no significant influence on the δ13C values. The C3plants were the main host plant and C4plants were used for3rdand4th generation of A. lucorum. The mean values,0.19%,2.43%and5.74%of adults were categorized as having developed on C4plants for the2nd,3rd and4th generation of A. lucorum, respectively. The stable isotope analyses also suggested that the δ13C value distribution was significant different between different sites. The proportions of C4plants that developed A. lucorum for the3rd and4th generations no significantly correlated with the planting pattern. In conclusion, maize (Zea mays L.) is the preferred host from August to September and this observation appears to play a role in the season-long dynamics of A. lucorum infestation in cotton field areas.
A computer model is developed to simulate the population dynamics of A. lucorum over a wide area in northern China. The area considered covers12provinces where serous outbreaks of A. lucorum have been observed. In this mode, pest development is driven by local ambient temperature, and adults short distance migratory behavior and select preferred hosts for ovipostion within a region. Five types of host including cotton, cotton, soybean, fruit tree and weed are considered in this model. Survival rates of eggs and nymph are based on life-table data and simulated as a function of host type, host phenology and temperature. The incidence of diapause depends on temperature and photoperiod experiment during the nymph stage. Survival rates of non-diapause egg and overwinter egg survival are fixed value. Insecticide is applied when population density exceeds the economic threshold on a host crop within a region. Comparisons of model output with field population data indicated that our model reflects the pest population dynamics and more than80%cases were successful simulation. This model could potentially be used for testing pest control strategies in northern China.
引文
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