黄土半干旱区林木水分生理特性与土壤水分关系研究
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摘要
黄土半干旱区水资源短缺一直是社会关注的问题,也是限制当地林业发展的一个重要因素。本文以土壤、植物、大气连续系统理论为基础,选择白榆(Ulmus pumila)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、柠条(Caragana microphylla)和沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)六种主要造林树种作为研究对象,试验地设于山西省方山县北京林业大学试验站,利用Li-6400光合测定系统仪和Li-1600稳定气孔计等仪器,测量了林木的光合、蒸腾和耗水等生理特性指标,详细分析了不同造林树种的不同抗旱能力和不同的适宜土壤水分,旨在为黄土半干旱干旱区耐旱性树种的选择、林地土壤水分适宜性评价,以及森林植被合理用水提供一定的科学依据。
本论文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究：
(1)黄土半干旱区降水资源动态研究；
(2)林木水分利用和光合作用的关系研究；
(3)林木生长适宜土壤水分研究；
(4)林木蒸腾耗水特性研究；
(5)林分蒸腾量的研究。
通过研究得出以下结论：研究区50多年的平均年降水量仅为416mm,并且近年来一直呈下降趋势；夏季降水较为集中,春末夏初降水偏少,秋冬土壤补墒不足等因素是造成研究区干旱的主要原因。在分析土壤水分对于林木生理影响机制的过程中,通过盆栽试验,确定了以“提高光合速率与水分利用效率”为主要目的的适宜土壤水分条件,白榆、刺槐、油松、柠条、侧柏和沙棘生长适宜的土壤水分范围分别为10.8%～13.7%、11.2%～12.7%、10.1%～14.7%、10.2%～13.2%、9.9%～13.2%和11.6%～13.1%。在对蒸腾量的模拟研究中,利用Penman-Monteith公式,计算出2008年生长期内不同密度油松、白榆、柠条林分平均蒸腾量为209.5mm、239.3mm、178.4mm,2007年生长期内不同密度汕松、白榆、柠条林分平均蒸腾量为182.6mm、199.5mm、141.0mm,实测值和模拟值误差范围在14%以内,符合实际情况,说明Penman-Monteith公式可以较为准确的模拟出当地林分蒸腾量；利用P-M综合法和定位通量法分别对油松、白榆和柠条林地实际蒸散量进行分析和计算,P-M综合法计算值高于定位通量法,但两种方法计算结果的相对误差在12%左右,能够较准确反映林分实际蒸散量。不同林木的生理特性与土壤水分有着着密切的关系,只有在适宜的土壤水分范围内林木才能够健康生长。
The studies on the relationship of forest water physiology characteristics of tree and soil water relation on the Loess PlateauWater shortage has been a problem of social concern in semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau. It is also an important factor which limits the development of local forestry. Ulmus pumila, Pinus tabulaeformis, Caragana microphylla, Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis and Hippophae rhamnoides were selected for the study objects based on the theory of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The experiment site was located at Experiment Station of Beijing Forestry University, Fangshan County, Shanxi Province. The photosynthesis of trees, transpiration, water consumption and other physiological characteristics were detected by Li-6400photosynthesis measurement system and Li-1600steady promoter and other equipments. The differences of drought tolerance and appropriate soil moisture of different forest species were analysed in detail. The results could provide the scientific base for selection of drought tolerant trees, assessment of preferred soil water of forest land and accurate estimation of ecological water consumption of forest vegetation.
The main content of this study is:
(1) Dynamic analysis of precipitation resource in semi-arid region on Loess Plateaus;
(2) The study of forest of water Use and photosynthesis relationship;
(3) The study of Suitable soil moisture in tree growth;
(4) The research of Trees Transpiration Characteristics;
(5) The research of Stand evapotranspiration;
The conclusions are:The average annual precipitation of more than50years in study area is just416mm, and has the trend of decline in recent years; major drought in the study area factor is cause by precipitation mainly concentrated in the summer, precipitation of late spring and early summer is lower, and shortage of autumn and winter fill soil moisture. In the analysis process of the mechanism of the physiological effects of forest trees, the main purpose of six tree species suitable for soil moisture conditions were sure by the pot experiment and soil moisture analysis, which was improving photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. The suitable soil water range of Ulmus pumila, Pinus tabulaeformis, Caragana microphylla, Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis and Hippophae rhamnoides are respectively10.8%-13.7%,11.2%%-12.7%,10.1%-14.7%,9.9%-13.2%, and11.6%-13.1%. In the study of the evapotranspiration simulation, different densities during the2008growth period were calculated by Penman-Monteith formula. The results are average transpiration of Ulmus pumila, Caragana microphylla is209.5mm,239.3mm and178.4mm; in2007, it is182.6mm,199.5mm and141.0mm. The error range of measured and simulated values is within of14%. It means that the Penman-Monteith equation can be more accurately simulate the local forest transpiration. Actual evapotranspiration of flux method pine, Ulmus pumila and Caragana microphylla were analyzed and calculated by P-M synthesis method and location. The value from P-M positioning integrated flux is higher than the value from location.The relative error of two methods is about12%, it means they both can accurately reflect the actual forest evapotranspiration. There are close relationship between physiological characteristics and soil moisture, and the forest trees can grow healthily only in the appropriate range of soil moisture.
本论文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究：
(1)黄土半干旱区降水资源动态研究；
(2)林木水分利用和光合作用的关系研究；
(3)林木生长适宜土壤水分研究；
(4)林木蒸腾耗水特性研究；
(5)林分蒸腾量的研究。
通过研究得出以下结论：研究区50多年的平均年降水量仅为416mm,并且近年来一直呈下降趋势；夏季降水较为集中,春末夏初降水偏少,秋冬土壤补墒不足等因素是造成研究区干旱的主要原因。在分析土壤水分对于林木生理影响机制的过程中,通过盆栽试验,确定了以“提高光合速率与水分利用效率”为主要目的的适宜土壤水分条件,白榆、刺槐、油松、柠条、侧柏和沙棘生长适宜的土壤水分范围分别为10.8%～13.7%、11.2%～12.7%、10.1%～14.7%、10.2%～13.2%、9.9%～13.2%和11.6%～13.1%。在对蒸腾量的模拟研究中,利用Penman-Monteith公式,计算出2008年生长期内不同密度油松、白榆、柠条林分平均蒸腾量为209.5mm、239.3mm、178.4mm,2007年生长期内不同密度汕松、白榆、柠条林分平均蒸腾量为182.6mm、199.5mm、141.0mm,实测值和模拟值误差范围在14%以内,符合实际情况,说明Penman-Monteith公式可以较为准确的模拟出当地林分蒸腾量；利用P-M综合法和定位通量法分别对油松、白榆和柠条林地实际蒸散量进行分析和计算,P-M综合法计算值高于定位通量法,但两种方法计算结果的相对误差在12%左右,能够较准确反映林分实际蒸散量。不同林木的生理特性与土壤水分有着着密切的关系,只有在适宜的土壤水分范围内林木才能够健康生长。
The studies on the relationship of forest water physiology characteristics of tree and soil water relation on the Loess PlateauWater shortage has been a problem of social concern in semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau. It is also an important factor which limits the development of local forestry. Ulmus pumila, Pinus tabulaeformis, Caragana microphylla, Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis and Hippophae rhamnoides were selected for the study objects based on the theory of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The experiment site was located at Experiment Station of Beijing Forestry University, Fangshan County, Shanxi Province. The photosynthesis of trees, transpiration, water consumption and other physiological characteristics were detected by Li-6400photosynthesis measurement system and Li-1600steady promoter and other equipments. The differences of drought tolerance and appropriate soil moisture of different forest species were analysed in detail. The results could provide the scientific base for selection of drought tolerant trees, assessment of preferred soil water of forest land and accurate estimation of ecological water consumption of forest vegetation.
The main content of this study is:
(1) Dynamic analysis of precipitation resource in semi-arid region on Loess Plateaus;
(2) The study of forest of water Use and photosynthesis relationship;
(3) The study of Suitable soil moisture in tree growth;
(4) The research of Trees Transpiration Characteristics;
(5) The research of Stand evapotranspiration;
The conclusions are:The average annual precipitation of more than50years in study area is just416mm, and has the trend of decline in recent years; major drought in the study area factor is cause by precipitation mainly concentrated in the summer, precipitation of late spring and early summer is lower, and shortage of autumn and winter fill soil moisture. In the analysis process of the mechanism of the physiological effects of forest trees, the main purpose of six tree species suitable for soil moisture conditions were sure by the pot experiment and soil moisture analysis, which was improving photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. The suitable soil water range of Ulmus pumila, Pinus tabulaeformis, Caragana microphylla, Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis and Hippophae rhamnoides are respectively10.8%-13.7%,11.2%%-12.7%,10.1%-14.7%,9.9%-13.2%, and11.6%-13.1%. In the study of the evapotranspiration simulation, different densities during the2008growth period were calculated by Penman-Monteith formula. The results are average transpiration of Ulmus pumila, Caragana microphylla is209.5mm,239.3mm and178.4mm; in2007, it is182.6mm,199.5mm and141.0mm. The error range of measured and simulated values is within of14%. It means that the Penman-Monteith equation can be more accurately simulate the local forest transpiration. Actual evapotranspiration of flux method pine, Ulmus pumila and Caragana microphylla were analyzed and calculated by P-M synthesis method and location. The value from P-M positioning integrated flux is higher than the value from location.The relative error of two methods is about12%, it means they both can accurately reflect the actual forest evapotranspiration. There are close relationship between physiological characteristics and soil moisture, and the forest trees can grow healthily only in the appropriate range of soil moisture.
引文
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