银杏和茶树复合经营系统生理生态效应研究
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摘要
本文以江苏省常熟市虞山林场高密度银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)和茶树[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]复合系统、低密度银杏和茶树复合系统、茶树纯林系统为研究对象，对系统中的小气候环境、茶树光合特性、茶品质、土壤养分、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物活性、土壤微生物多样性以及有机碳矿化等进行了系统研究，并对不同模式间作系统的土壤肥力质量进行综合评价，为银杏和茶树复合经营模式可持续经营配套技术的完善提供了科学的理论依据。主要结论如下：
1、冬春季节银杏-茶树复合系统光照条件、温度及空气相对湿度等环境因子与纯茶林基本相同，夏秋季节复合模式可显著降低茶园光合有效辐射和温度，提高相对湿度，为茶树生长提供良好的环境。春秋冬三个季节不同种植模式下茶树叶片净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线。夏季纯茶林茶树叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线，出现“午休”现象，间作林日变化则呈单峰曲线。与纯茶林相比，银杏-茶树复合系统茶树叶片茶多酚含量显著降低，氨基酸和咖啡碱含量显著提高。
2、不同模式土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量均随土层的加深而显著降低。银杏-茶间作林能显著提高土壤全磷、全钾及其速效养分的含量，表层土壤尤为明显。不同银杏间作密度对表层土壤养分无显著影响，仅土壤总有机碳含量差异显著，表现为高密度银杏间作林大于低密度银杏间作林。
3、不同模式土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性总体上表现出随土层的增加而减少。土壤酶具有季节变化规律，冬季土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性均比较低，夏季达到全年最高，而多酚氧化酶活性则在春季达到最高。银杏-茶间作显著提高各种土壤酶的活性。土壤酶与土壤养分呈显著或极显著正相关，多酚氧化酶与养分无显著相关。
4、不同模式土壤微生物生物量季节变化显著，总体表现为夏秋季节大于冬春季节。不同模式土壤微生物生物量在垂直方向上均具有明显的分层现象。间作林表层土壤微生物生物量高于纯茶林。不同土层土壤基础呼吸间作林表现出较强的呼吸强度。土壤微生物代谢商随土层加深显著升高。
5、不同模式土壤细菌与真菌群落多样性指数季节变化规律主要表现为冬春季节较低，夏秋季节较高。银杏和茶树间作后土壤细菌的群落结构变化很小，而真菌群落结构变化显著。银杏-茶间作林土壤细菌群落不同季节间相似性比较高，纯林模式土壤细菌群落相似系数较小。同一模式不同季节真菌群落相似性普遍较低。土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性指数与土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量、土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶以及蔗糖酶活性均呈显著或极显著正相关。
6、不同模式土壤有机碳矿化速率前期较高，后期下降并逐渐趋于平稳。培养期间各模式各土层有机碳矿化速率符合对数函数，土壤有机碳累积矿化量符合线性函数。三种模式土壤碳矿化速率和累积矿化量均随土层的加深而递减。银杏-茶间作林与纯林的差异主要在0~20cm土层，而在底层土壤中，三种模式均无显著差异。
7、采用改进层次分析法，对三种模式土壤肥力进行综合评价。各模式土壤肥力质量指数（FI）依次为高密度银杏-茶间作林（FI=0.889）＞低密度银杏-茶间作林（FI=0.611）＞纯茶林（FI=0.179），两种银杏-茶间作林土壤质量指标均高于纯茶林，纯林土壤肥力质量最差。
To explore the physiological and ecological effects of ginkgo(Ginkgo bilobaL.)-tea[Camellia sinensis (L.)O.Kuntze] intercropping systems, micro-climate characters,photosynthetic characteristics, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activities, soil microbial biomass, soilmicrobial diversities and soil carbon mineralizations were inverstigated in Yushan Farm inChangshu, Jiangsu Province. The main results were as follows:
1. There were no significant differences in photosynthetic available radiation(PAR), airtemperature(T) and relative humidity(RH) in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations and pure teaplantation in winter and spring. However PAR and T in summer and autumn were significantlylower and RH was significantly higher in intercropping plantations than those in pure teaplantation. Diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of tea in different plantations displayed asingle peak curve in spring, autumn and winter. Diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate ofpure tea plantation in summer displayed a double peaks curve, with midday depression ofphotosynthesis. Tea polyphenol was significantly lower and amino acid and caffeine of tea weresignificantly higher in intercropping plantations than those in pure tea plantation.
2. The content of soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, hydrolyze nitrogen, totalphosphorus, available phosphorus, total kalium and available nutrients declined with soil depth.The content of soil total phosphorus, soil total kalium and soil available nutrients in ginkgo-teaintercropping plantations was significantly higher than those in pure tea plantation.
3. The activities of soil catalase, polyphenol oxidase, dehydrogenase, urease, proteinase andsucrase declined with soil depth. Seasonal dynamics of soil enzyme activities were significantly.The activities of soil catalase, dehydrogenase, urease, proteinase and sucrase were lowest inwinter and highest in summer, but the activities of polyphenol oxidase was highest in spring. Soilenzyme activities were significantly higher in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations than in puretea plantation. Correlation analysis of soil enzymes and soil nutrients showed that soil enzymeactivities were positively correlated with soil nutrients, except polyphenol oxidase.
4. Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass were significantly. Soil microbial biomassin summer and autumn was higher than that in winter and spring. Soil microbial biomassdeclined with soil depth. Soil microbial biomass was significantly higher in ginkgo-teaintercropping plantations than in pure tea plantation at0~10cm depth. Soil basic respiration wassignificantly higher in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations than in pure tea plantation in differentsoil depths. Soil microbial metabolic quotient increased with increasing depths.
5. Genotypic richness and diversity index of soil bacteria and fungi communities in summerand autumn were higher than that in winter and spring. Soil bacteria communities similaritycoefficients in different months in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations were higher than those in pure tea plantation, while soil fungi communities similarity coefficients in different months ofeach system were relatively lower. Diversity indexes of soil bacteria and fungi communities werepositively correlated with soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass, catalase,proteinase and sucrase activities.
6. Soil organic carbon mineralization rates of different plantations were higher at theprophase of incubation, declined later and then tended to stable. Soil organic carbonmineralization rates of different soil depths could be described with logarithm equation duringincubation, and organic carbon cumulated mineralizations could be described with linearequation. Soil organic carbon mineralization rates and cumulated mineralizations declined withincreasing depths. Soil organic carbon mineralization rates were significantly higher inginkgo-tea intercropping plantations than in pure tea plantation at0~20cm depth.
7. Soil fertility quality indexes of different plantations were evaluated through theprocedures of improved analytic hierarchy process, the sequence was intercropping plantationwith high ginkgo density>intercropping plantation with low ginkgo density>pure tea plantation.The pure tea plantation showed the lowest soil fertility index.
1、冬春季节银杏-茶树复合系统光照条件、温度及空气相对湿度等环境因子与纯茶林基本相同，夏秋季节复合模式可显著降低茶园光合有效辐射和温度，提高相对湿度，为茶树生长提供良好的环境。春秋冬三个季节不同种植模式下茶树叶片净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线。夏季纯茶林茶树叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线，出现“午休”现象，间作林日变化则呈单峰曲线。与纯茶林相比，银杏-茶树复合系统茶树叶片茶多酚含量显著降低，氨基酸和咖啡碱含量显著提高。
2、不同模式土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量均随土层的加深而显著降低。银杏-茶间作林能显著提高土壤全磷、全钾及其速效养分的含量，表层土壤尤为明显。不同银杏间作密度对表层土壤养分无显著影响，仅土壤总有机碳含量差异显著，表现为高密度银杏间作林大于低密度银杏间作林。
3、不同模式土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性总体上表现出随土层的增加而减少。土壤酶具有季节变化规律，冬季土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性均比较低，夏季达到全年最高，而多酚氧化酶活性则在春季达到最高。银杏-茶间作显著提高各种土壤酶的活性。土壤酶与土壤养分呈显著或极显著正相关，多酚氧化酶与养分无显著相关。
4、不同模式土壤微生物生物量季节变化显著，总体表现为夏秋季节大于冬春季节。不同模式土壤微生物生物量在垂直方向上均具有明显的分层现象。间作林表层土壤微生物生物量高于纯茶林。不同土层土壤基础呼吸间作林表现出较强的呼吸强度。土壤微生物代谢商随土层加深显著升高。
5、不同模式土壤细菌与真菌群落多样性指数季节变化规律主要表现为冬春季节较低，夏秋季节较高。银杏和茶树间作后土壤细菌的群落结构变化很小，而真菌群落结构变化显著。银杏-茶间作林土壤细菌群落不同季节间相似性比较高，纯林模式土壤细菌群落相似系数较小。同一模式不同季节真菌群落相似性普遍较低。土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性指数与土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量、土壤过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶以及蔗糖酶活性均呈显著或极显著正相关。
6、不同模式土壤有机碳矿化速率前期较高，后期下降并逐渐趋于平稳。培养期间各模式各土层有机碳矿化速率符合对数函数，土壤有机碳累积矿化量符合线性函数。三种模式土壤碳矿化速率和累积矿化量均随土层的加深而递减。银杏-茶间作林与纯林的差异主要在0~20cm土层，而在底层土壤中，三种模式均无显著差异。
7、采用改进层次分析法，对三种模式土壤肥力进行综合评价。各模式土壤肥力质量指数（FI）依次为高密度银杏-茶间作林（FI=0.889）＞低密度银杏-茶间作林（FI=0.611）＞纯茶林（FI=0.179），两种银杏-茶间作林土壤质量指标均高于纯茶林，纯林土壤肥力质量最差。
To explore the physiological and ecological effects of ginkgo(Ginkgo bilobaL.)-tea[Camellia sinensis (L.)O.Kuntze] intercropping systems, micro-climate characters,photosynthetic characteristics, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activities, soil microbial biomass, soilmicrobial diversities and soil carbon mineralizations were inverstigated in Yushan Farm inChangshu, Jiangsu Province. The main results were as follows:
1. There were no significant differences in photosynthetic available radiation(PAR), airtemperature(T) and relative humidity(RH) in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations and pure teaplantation in winter and spring. However PAR and T in summer and autumn were significantlylower and RH was significantly higher in intercropping plantations than those in pure teaplantation. Diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of tea in different plantations displayed asingle peak curve in spring, autumn and winter. Diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate ofpure tea plantation in summer displayed a double peaks curve, with midday depression ofphotosynthesis. Tea polyphenol was significantly lower and amino acid and caffeine of tea weresignificantly higher in intercropping plantations than those in pure tea plantation.
2. The content of soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, hydrolyze nitrogen, totalphosphorus, available phosphorus, total kalium and available nutrients declined with soil depth.The content of soil total phosphorus, soil total kalium and soil available nutrients in ginkgo-teaintercropping plantations was significantly higher than those in pure tea plantation.
3. The activities of soil catalase, polyphenol oxidase, dehydrogenase, urease, proteinase andsucrase declined with soil depth. Seasonal dynamics of soil enzyme activities were significantly.The activities of soil catalase, dehydrogenase, urease, proteinase and sucrase were lowest inwinter and highest in summer, but the activities of polyphenol oxidase was highest in spring. Soilenzyme activities were significantly higher in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations than in puretea plantation. Correlation analysis of soil enzymes and soil nutrients showed that soil enzymeactivities were positively correlated with soil nutrients, except polyphenol oxidase.
4. Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass were significantly. Soil microbial biomassin summer and autumn was higher than that in winter and spring. Soil microbial biomassdeclined with soil depth. Soil microbial biomass was significantly higher in ginkgo-teaintercropping plantations than in pure tea plantation at0~10cm depth. Soil basic respiration wassignificantly higher in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations than in pure tea plantation in differentsoil depths. Soil microbial metabolic quotient increased with increasing depths.
5. Genotypic richness and diversity index of soil bacteria and fungi communities in summerand autumn were higher than that in winter and spring. Soil bacteria communities similaritycoefficients in different months in ginkgo-tea intercropping plantations were higher than those in pure tea plantation, while soil fungi communities similarity coefficients in different months ofeach system were relatively lower. Diversity indexes of soil bacteria and fungi communities werepositively correlated with soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass, catalase,proteinase and sucrase activities.
6. Soil organic carbon mineralization rates of different plantations were higher at theprophase of incubation, declined later and then tended to stable. Soil organic carbonmineralization rates of different soil depths could be described with logarithm equation duringincubation, and organic carbon cumulated mineralizations could be described with linearequation. Soil organic carbon mineralization rates and cumulated mineralizations declined withincreasing depths. Soil organic carbon mineralization rates were significantly higher inginkgo-tea intercropping plantations than in pure tea plantation at0~20cm depth.
7. Soil fertility quality indexes of different plantations were evaluated through theprocedures of improved analytic hierarchy process, the sequence was intercropping plantationwith high ginkgo density>intercropping plantation with low ginkgo density>pure tea plantation.The pure tea plantation showed the lowest soil fertility index.
引文
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