山岭隧道与地下工程健康评价理论研究及应用
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摘要
随着我国交通基础设施建设事业和城市规模扩大化的快速发展,我国已经成为世界上隧道和地下工程最多、最复杂、今后发展最快的国家。但是,我国的隧道与地下工程养护技术起步较晚,营运隧道的健康状态不容乐观。对于这类混凝土支护结构的健康诊断目前还是主要依据监测资料建立监控模型等方法进行,虽然在实际工作中采用统计模型、确定性模型和混合型模型等取得了一定的成就,但是多数都是针对单个测点的数据进行处理,并且对于结构的健康状态的评价多以定性的描述或静态的评价结果作为判断依据,系统性和全面性存在不足,对于该类建筑物日常维护与修缮的正确指导带来困难。本文结合工程实例,从隧道营运状态的健康指标全面性出发,提出了能够基本正确反映隧道健康状态的定量与定性相结合,最终以定量结果加以评价的指标体系,给出了相应指标的判定标准和权重,引入动态模糊评价理论,建立了隧道与地下工程健康状态动态评价模型,最后通过室内相似模型试验的方法,验证并修正了部分健康诊断指标判据,结合工程实例证明了本文提出的评价系统和评价模型的正确性。本文主要取得的成果如下：
1.从隧道与地下工程健康综合诊断的具体特点出发,结合实际工程需要,在制定诊断指标体系中诊断指标的原则基础上,对于隧道与地下工程的支护与营运状态下的各种破损形态和影响因素进行了充分的分析,最终遴选并确定了支护结构裂缝、渗漏水、支护结构材料劣化、支护结构背后空洞、支护结构变异和支护结构起层、剥落共六个诊断指标以及各自的诊断子指标系统,构成了较为完备的隧道与地下工程健康诊断指标系统。
2.结合各层诊断指标和最终诊断目标,从相应规范、已有方法、实践经验、医学上对健康的划分等多方面因素考虑出发,对隧道与地下工程综合诊断结构体系中的健康评价集进行了设计,将隧道与地下工程的营运状况共分为健康、亚健康、病害和病危四个等级。
3.在实际工程实践中,各种定性或定量的判定指标标准都有其相对性,一般将判定标准与实际工程监测和检测的实际情况综合利用来加以判别。本文结合国内外工程实践经验和规范等,给出了相应评判指标体系的判定标准。
4.本文提出了隧道与地下工程“健康值”的概念,使不同层次及各层不同指标的评价具有统一的含义。较为深入的研究了定量和定性诊断指标进行初始数据标准化的方法,基本解决了由于隧道与地下工程综合诊断结构体系中的诊断指标在表述方法、取值范围、度量方法和度量单位之间各不相同造成的同层诊断指标之间相互比较困难的问题。
5.根据隧道与地下工程健康状态诊断指标体系中诊断指标权重的特点,通过对已有权重方法的对比研究,采用乘积标度法确定了指标层指标的标度权重,并综合运用乘积标度法和模糊人工神经网络的方法分别确定了六个准则层的标度权重。同时基于最优化原则,采用融合权重的方法最终确定了准则层的标度权重,有效避免了单一权重赋值方法的人为性误差,为后面的评判奠定了基础。
6.针对一般模糊综合评价时把评价指标作为常量进行评价,而很少考虑评价对象的特征值随时间而变化的情况的特点,提出了隧道与地下工程动态模糊综合评价法。提出了可变模糊集理论、相对差异函数模型、模糊可变评价模型。构造了动态模糊综合评价法中的隶属函数,并结合实际物理意义,构造了吸引(为主)矩阵、范围域矩阵和点值矩阵。
7.结合重庆市”八一”和“向阳”隧道工程实例,研究了动态模糊综合评价方法在隧道与地下工程支护结构健康综合诊断中的应用,实现了对隧道与地下工程支护结构健康状态的动态量化综合评价,结果表明,计算结果对于评判隧道与地下工程支护结构的健康状态更具稳定性,有利于该类工程的合理判断与分期、分批治理研究。
8.采用室内相似模型试验,结合实际工程实例,分别研究了隧道支护结构衬砌减薄、拱顶支护衬砌背后空洞与相关组合状态下,在竖直应力作用下围岩与支护结构破坏规律与极限承载能力,得出了隧道支护结构在相应的结构状态下健康状态的阶段判据。判据承载力曲线呈现明显的“S”型或反“S”型,可以划分为承载力缓慢褪化阶段、快速褪化阶段和褪化完成阶段,相对应的阶段可以划分为隧道结构的健康等级与级别,为隧道支护结构的健康判断提供了判断依据与方法结果表明,采用试验方法得到的结构健康状态判据与实际工程判据之间具有很好的相似性,可以修正实际经验判据,与相关判据联合使用,可使隧道支护结构健康状态的判断更加接近于真实,增强工程判断结果的科学性和合理性。
With the rapid development of traffic infrastructure construction and city scale expansion, China has become the country with the most quantity, most complicated, most rapidly developing in the future of tunnels and underground engineerings in the world. However, the maintenance technique for tunnels and underground engineerings started relatively late in our country, it is not optimism that the health of operation tunnels. At present, the most common method of health diagnosis for these concrete structures is monitoring model basing on monitoring data, although some success has been taken out in the practice using the Statistical Model, Deterministic Model, Mixed Model and so on, but single measuring points data is dealt in most models, and the judgment basis of the evaluation of health for structures is qualitative description or static evaluation, it is not sufficient at the system and comprehensiveness, and it will bring some difficulty to correctly guide the daily maintenance and repair to use above results. In the paper, combined with practical work, puts forward index system that can basically correct reflect the tunnel health states, combining quantitative and qualitative, and the final result being evaluated quantitatively. Giving the judging standards and weight of corresponding indexes; Establishing dynamic evaluation model of health states of tunnel and underground engineerings by inducting the method of dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation; At the final, verifying and modifying part criterions of health diagnosis indexes by the method of indoor similar model test, validating the correctness of evaluation system and model proposed. The main research results as follow:
1. Analyzing the supports and various structural breakage forms and influencing factors under operation basing on the rule of diagnostic index in its system, combing the practical engineering requirement and the specific characteristics of comprehensive diagnosis of tunnel and underground engineering health. Choosing and ascertain six diagnostic indexes (including supporting structure crack, water seepage, material degradation, cavities behind the lining, variation, ling peeling off and exfoliation of tunnel and underground engineering) and sub-index, constituting a comparatively complete diagnostic index system of the structure health.
2. According to the diagnostic index and final diagnostic targets, designing the health evaluation sets of comprehensive diagnosis system of tunnel and underground engineering thinking over the corresponding criterion, existing methods, practical experience, medically health divided and other factors, the operation states are divided as four ranks:health, sub-health, disease and sick into death.
3. It is relative that the various qualitative or quantitative index standards in the practice engineering, so distinguishing the results of structures using the combine of judgement standard with the works monitoring data and examining results. Giving the judgement standards of correspond index system combing the home and abroad engineering experience and criterion and so on.
4. In the paper, the concept of health value is proposed, it makes the evaluation of various levels and its various indexes have a uniform meaning. Studying relatively thorough the method of initial data standardization of quantitative and qualitative diagnostic indexes, basically solved the difficult problem of intercomparison of diagnostic indexes in the same level resulting different each other from expression method, value range, measure method and measure units.
5. According to the weight characteristic of diagnostic indexes and the comparative study of existing weight methods of tunnel and underground engineering, introduced multiplication scale method to determine the scale-weight of index layer, and comprehensively applied with the multiplication scale method and fuzzy artificial neural network to determine the six scale weight of criterion layer. At the same time, basing on the optimization principle, adopted combined weight method to determine the scale-weight, of criterion layer, it can effectively avoid artificial error caused by single method, and lay the foundation for the latter judgment.
6. Puting forward dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of tunnel and underground engineering according to the characteristic that it commonly takes into account the evaluation indexes as constant and almost not considers change with time of eigenvalue. Putting forward variable fuzzy set theory, relative difference function model, variable fuzzy evaluation model. Constructing membership function of dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and constructing attractive matrix (main), range domain matrix and point value matrix linking practical physical meaning.
7. Studying the application of dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in the tunnel and underground engineering linking the practical example of bayi and xiangyang tunnel in Chongqing, China, it realized dynamic comprehensive evaluation of the tunnel and underground engineering. The results shows that it is more stable to evaluate the health states of the tunnel and underground engineering than other methods and it is propitious to reasonable judgment and maintenance by stage and batch to the same class engineering.
8. Basing on indoor similar model test liking the practical engineering example, respectively studying the failure regularity and ultimate bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and supporting structure under the state of lining thinning, cavities behind the vault lining and correlative combination of them, and under the role of vertical stress, the criterion at every healthy subsection has been obtained. The bearing capacity curves show obviously S shape or inverse s-shaped and they can be divided into three degraded stages:slowly, rapid and completed, it is corresponding between tunnel health state with the stage, and it can offer basis and methods for judgment of tunnel supporting structure. The results show that it has a good correlation between structural health criterions, which getting from the test, with that using in the practical engineering, the former can correct the latter, and it can make the judgment more close to reality and be more scientific and rational for structural health judging and practical engineering result if combinedly use correlative criterions.
1.从隧道与地下工程健康综合诊断的具体特点出发,结合实际工程需要,在制定诊断指标体系中诊断指标的原则基础上,对于隧道与地下工程的支护与营运状态下的各种破损形态和影响因素进行了充分的分析,最终遴选并确定了支护结构裂缝、渗漏水、支护结构材料劣化、支护结构背后空洞、支护结构变异和支护结构起层、剥落共六个诊断指标以及各自的诊断子指标系统,构成了较为完备的隧道与地下工程健康诊断指标系统。
2.结合各层诊断指标和最终诊断目标,从相应规范、已有方法、实践经验、医学上对健康的划分等多方面因素考虑出发,对隧道与地下工程综合诊断结构体系中的健康评价集进行了设计,将隧道与地下工程的营运状况共分为健康、亚健康、病害和病危四个等级。
3.在实际工程实践中,各种定性或定量的判定指标标准都有其相对性,一般将判定标准与实际工程监测和检测的实际情况综合利用来加以判别。本文结合国内外工程实践经验和规范等,给出了相应评判指标体系的判定标准。
4.本文提出了隧道与地下工程“健康值”的概念,使不同层次及各层不同指标的评价具有统一的含义。较为深入的研究了定量和定性诊断指标进行初始数据标准化的方法,基本解决了由于隧道与地下工程综合诊断结构体系中的诊断指标在表述方法、取值范围、度量方法和度量单位之间各不相同造成的同层诊断指标之间相互比较困难的问题。
5.根据隧道与地下工程健康状态诊断指标体系中诊断指标权重的特点,通过对已有权重方法的对比研究,采用乘积标度法确定了指标层指标的标度权重,并综合运用乘积标度法和模糊人工神经网络的方法分别确定了六个准则层的标度权重。同时基于最优化原则,采用融合权重的方法最终确定了准则层的标度权重,有效避免了单一权重赋值方法的人为性误差,为后面的评判奠定了基础。
6.针对一般模糊综合评价时把评价指标作为常量进行评价,而很少考虑评价对象的特征值随时间而变化的情况的特点,提出了隧道与地下工程动态模糊综合评价法。提出了可变模糊集理论、相对差异函数模型、模糊可变评价模型。构造了动态模糊综合评价法中的隶属函数,并结合实际物理意义,构造了吸引(为主)矩阵、范围域矩阵和点值矩阵。
7.结合重庆市”八一”和“向阳”隧道工程实例,研究了动态模糊综合评价方法在隧道与地下工程支护结构健康综合诊断中的应用,实现了对隧道与地下工程支护结构健康状态的动态量化综合评价,结果表明,计算结果对于评判隧道与地下工程支护结构的健康状态更具稳定性,有利于该类工程的合理判断与分期、分批治理研究。
8.采用室内相似模型试验,结合实际工程实例,分别研究了隧道支护结构衬砌减薄、拱顶支护衬砌背后空洞与相关组合状态下,在竖直应力作用下围岩与支护结构破坏规律与极限承载能力,得出了隧道支护结构在相应的结构状态下健康状态的阶段判据。判据承载力曲线呈现明显的“S”型或反“S”型,可以划分为承载力缓慢褪化阶段、快速褪化阶段和褪化完成阶段,相对应的阶段可以划分为隧道结构的健康等级与级别,为隧道支护结构的健康判断提供了判断依据与方法结果表明,采用试验方法得到的结构健康状态判据与实际工程判据之间具有很好的相似性,可以修正实际经验判据,与相关判据联合使用,可使隧道支护结构健康状态的判断更加接近于真实,增强工程判断结果的科学性和合理性。
With the rapid development of traffic infrastructure construction and city scale expansion, China has become the country with the most quantity, most complicated, most rapidly developing in the future of tunnels and underground engineerings in the world. However, the maintenance technique for tunnels and underground engineerings started relatively late in our country, it is not optimism that the health of operation tunnels. At present, the most common method of health diagnosis for these concrete structures is monitoring model basing on monitoring data, although some success has been taken out in the practice using the Statistical Model, Deterministic Model, Mixed Model and so on, but single measuring points data is dealt in most models, and the judgment basis of the evaluation of health for structures is qualitative description or static evaluation, it is not sufficient at the system and comprehensiveness, and it will bring some difficulty to correctly guide the daily maintenance and repair to use above results. In the paper, combined with practical work, puts forward index system that can basically correct reflect the tunnel health states, combining quantitative and qualitative, and the final result being evaluated quantitatively. Giving the judging standards and weight of corresponding indexes; Establishing dynamic evaluation model of health states of tunnel and underground engineerings by inducting the method of dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation; At the final, verifying and modifying part criterions of health diagnosis indexes by the method of indoor similar model test, validating the correctness of evaluation system and model proposed. The main research results as follow:
1. Analyzing the supports and various structural breakage forms and influencing factors under operation basing on the rule of diagnostic index in its system, combing the practical engineering requirement and the specific characteristics of comprehensive diagnosis of tunnel and underground engineering health. Choosing and ascertain six diagnostic indexes (including supporting structure crack, water seepage, material degradation, cavities behind the lining, variation, ling peeling off and exfoliation of tunnel and underground engineering) and sub-index, constituting a comparatively complete diagnostic index system of the structure health.
2. According to the diagnostic index and final diagnostic targets, designing the health evaluation sets of comprehensive diagnosis system of tunnel and underground engineering thinking over the corresponding criterion, existing methods, practical experience, medically health divided and other factors, the operation states are divided as four ranks:health, sub-health, disease and sick into death.
3. It is relative that the various qualitative or quantitative index standards in the practice engineering, so distinguishing the results of structures using the combine of judgement standard with the works monitoring data and examining results. Giving the judgement standards of correspond index system combing the home and abroad engineering experience and criterion and so on.
4. In the paper, the concept of health value is proposed, it makes the evaluation of various levels and its various indexes have a uniform meaning. Studying relatively thorough the method of initial data standardization of quantitative and qualitative diagnostic indexes, basically solved the difficult problem of intercomparison of diagnostic indexes in the same level resulting different each other from expression method, value range, measure method and measure units.
5. According to the weight characteristic of diagnostic indexes and the comparative study of existing weight methods of tunnel and underground engineering, introduced multiplication scale method to determine the scale-weight of index layer, and comprehensively applied with the multiplication scale method and fuzzy artificial neural network to determine the six scale weight of criterion layer. At the same time, basing on the optimization principle, adopted combined weight method to determine the scale-weight, of criterion layer, it can effectively avoid artificial error caused by single method, and lay the foundation for the latter judgment.
6. Puting forward dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of tunnel and underground engineering according to the characteristic that it commonly takes into account the evaluation indexes as constant and almost not considers change with time of eigenvalue. Putting forward variable fuzzy set theory, relative difference function model, variable fuzzy evaluation model. Constructing membership function of dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and constructing attractive matrix (main), range domain matrix and point value matrix linking practical physical meaning.
7. Studying the application of dynamic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method in the tunnel and underground engineering linking the practical example of bayi and xiangyang tunnel in Chongqing, China, it realized dynamic comprehensive evaluation of the tunnel and underground engineering. The results shows that it is more stable to evaluate the health states of the tunnel and underground engineering than other methods and it is propitious to reasonable judgment and maintenance by stage and batch to the same class engineering.
8. Basing on indoor similar model test liking the practical engineering example, respectively studying the failure regularity and ultimate bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and supporting structure under the state of lining thinning, cavities behind the vault lining and correlative combination of them, and under the role of vertical stress, the criterion at every healthy subsection has been obtained. The bearing capacity curves show obviously S shape or inverse s-shaped and they can be divided into three degraded stages:slowly, rapid and completed, it is corresponding between tunnel health state with the stage, and it can offer basis and methods for judgment of tunnel supporting structure. The results show that it has a good correlation between structural health criterions, which getting from the test, with that using in the practical engineering, the former can correct the latter, and it can make the judgment more close to reality and be more scientific and rational for structural health judging and practical engineering result if combinedly use correlative criterions.
引文
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