永磁同步电动机设计关键技术与方法研究
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摘要
稀土永磁电动机具有高效节能的显著优点,应用范围正日益遍及国防、航空航天、工农业生产和日常生活的诸多领域,发展潜力巨大。相较于电励磁电动机,稀土永磁电动机结构特殊且种类多样,传统的设计理论和分析方法已难以适应高性能电机研发的要求,需要综合运用多学科理论和现代设计手段,进行创新研究。传统设计模式得到的产品,在工况相对固定的应用场合,能够表显出良好的技术性能,但在复杂工况的场合下就表现出一些不足。因此,本文在电机和电磁场理论的基础上,结合实际工程应用问题,对永磁同步电动机的磁路结构设计、参数计算、性能分析和优化设计进行了系统的研究,提出了一种基于用户使用需求的全局化系统级综合匹配设计理念和方法。论文的工作主要集中在以下几个方面：
1、分别建立了正弦波和矩形波永磁同步电动机的数学模型,并分析了其主要工作特性。在此基础上,提出永磁同步电动机设计分析中共性关键技术：转子磁路结构设计,电机参数与运行性能计算分析,运行性能改善和优化设计技术以及工程应用中电机系统的匹配设计。
2、开展了永磁同步电动机磁路结构设计研究。总结了主要磁路系数的计算方法,提出了永磁体可提供最大每极磁通面积的近似计算法,对典型转子磁路结构作了分析和比较。设计了低速大扭矩永磁同步电动机、永磁无刷直流电动机和异步起动永磁同步电动机,分析了各自转子磁路结构设计特点以及主要结构尺寸和基本磁路参数的计算方法。
3、从永磁体模型建立、空载与负载磁场计算、场路耦合分析等方面,研究了基于电磁场数值计算的永磁同步电动机性能分析方法。比较了电动机采用不同转子磁路结构时的齿槽转矩,以盘式永磁同步电动机为例分析了转子斜极对齿槽转矩抑制的效果；研究了电枢反应电抗及同步电抗／电感参数的计算方法,分析了凸极和隐极结构的电动机电抗参数特点。基于场路耦合时步有限元法对一台两极异步起动永磁同步电动机设计实例进行了空载和负载起动的瞬态和稳态运行特性分析。
4、研究了永磁同步电动机的优化设计方法,基于电磁参数、目标函数和约束条件综合选取,提出了场路结合优化分析方法。对异步起动永磁同步电动机进行了优化设计,并分析了结构尺寸变化对电机性能的影响。
5、提出了一种基于用户使用需求的全局化综合匹配电机设计新理念,强调了区域性能分析对电动机设计的重要性。运用系统级的综合匹配设计方法对一台车用矩形波永磁同步电动机进行了设计、分析与方案优化,通过实验测试验证了样机设计分析的准确性。
With the outstanding advantage of high efficiency and energy saving, the rare-earth permanent magnet motor (REPMM) has great development potential and is widely used in national defense, aeronautics and astronautics, agricultural and industrial production and daily life and so forth. Because of the diversity and complexity of structure, the traditional design and analysis methods based on electrically excited motor are not suitable for REPMM. Meanwhile, in complicated operation conditions, motors by traditional design patterns usually cannot achieve performance as good as that in a constant condition. In order to meet the needs of development of high performance products, it is necessary to do innovative research on the REPMM design, by applying the theories in multi-subject and using modern designing techniques.
Systematical studies were performed in this dissertation mainly on magnetic structure design, parameters calculation, performance analysis and optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), combining with engineering practice. To overcome the flaws and shortcomings of the traditional motor design, a global integrated matching design concept and method based on customer requirement was proposed. The content of work in the dissertation was as followed,
The mathematical model of sine wave and square wave PMSM were respectively established and the main performance characteristics were analyzed. On this basis, the key technical problems of PMSM design were proposed, mainly embodied in four respects: design of rotor magnetic circuit structure, calculation and analysis of motor parameter and operation performance, optimal design technology, matching design of motor system in engineering application.
Based on the equivalent magnetic circuit analysis, the calculating method of magnetic circuit coefficients was summarized. An approximate computation method was proposed to calculate the maximal permanent magnet area for magnetic flux per pole, and a comparison between several typical rotor structures was made. Taking as design cases, a low-speed high-torque PMSM, a PM Brushless DC motor and a line-start PMSM were proposed, and their rotor design features, main structure dimensions and calculating method of basic magnetic circuit parameters were analyzed.
A systematical study was made on the PMSM performance analysis method based on numerical calculation of electromagnetic fields, including the construction of permanent magnet, the calculation of no-load and load magnetic field and the field-circuit coupling analysis. The focus of the research was on the application of Finite Element Method (FEM) in calculation of cogging torque, armature reaction reactance and synchronous reactance /inductance parameters. Transient and steady state characteristics of a line-start PMSM were analyzed by applying field-circuit coupled time-stepping FEM.
The optimal design method of PMSM was studied, a field-circuit optimal design method was proposed on the basis of combined selectionof variable parameters, objective functions and constraint conditions. An optimal design for a line-start PMSM was made, and the influences of structure parameters on the motor performance were discussed.
A novel global integrated matching motor design concept and method based on customer requirement was proposed, emphasizing the importance of regional performance analysis for motor design. A square wave PMSM for electric vehicle was designed, analyzed and optimized by applying the integrated matching design method, and prototype tests were carried out and verified the accuracy of the design and analysis.
1、分别建立了正弦波和矩形波永磁同步电动机的数学模型,并分析了其主要工作特性。在此基础上,提出永磁同步电动机设计分析中共性关键技术：转子磁路结构设计,电机参数与运行性能计算分析,运行性能改善和优化设计技术以及工程应用中电机系统的匹配设计。
2、开展了永磁同步电动机磁路结构设计研究。总结了主要磁路系数的计算方法,提出了永磁体可提供最大每极磁通面积的近似计算法,对典型转子磁路结构作了分析和比较。设计了低速大扭矩永磁同步电动机、永磁无刷直流电动机和异步起动永磁同步电动机,分析了各自转子磁路结构设计特点以及主要结构尺寸和基本磁路参数的计算方法。
3、从永磁体模型建立、空载与负载磁场计算、场路耦合分析等方面,研究了基于电磁场数值计算的永磁同步电动机性能分析方法。比较了电动机采用不同转子磁路结构时的齿槽转矩,以盘式永磁同步电动机为例分析了转子斜极对齿槽转矩抑制的效果；研究了电枢反应电抗及同步电抗／电感参数的计算方法,分析了凸极和隐极结构的电动机电抗参数特点。基于场路耦合时步有限元法对一台两极异步起动永磁同步电动机设计实例进行了空载和负载起动的瞬态和稳态运行特性分析。
4、研究了永磁同步电动机的优化设计方法,基于电磁参数、目标函数和约束条件综合选取,提出了场路结合优化分析方法。对异步起动永磁同步电动机进行了优化设计,并分析了结构尺寸变化对电机性能的影响。
5、提出了一种基于用户使用需求的全局化综合匹配电机设计新理念,强调了区域性能分析对电动机设计的重要性。运用系统级的综合匹配设计方法对一台车用矩形波永磁同步电动机进行了设计、分析与方案优化,通过实验测试验证了样机设计分析的准确性。
With the outstanding advantage of high efficiency and energy saving, the rare-earth permanent magnet motor (REPMM) has great development potential and is widely used in national defense, aeronautics and astronautics, agricultural and industrial production and daily life and so forth. Because of the diversity and complexity of structure, the traditional design and analysis methods based on electrically excited motor are not suitable for REPMM. Meanwhile, in complicated operation conditions, motors by traditional design patterns usually cannot achieve performance as good as that in a constant condition. In order to meet the needs of development of high performance products, it is necessary to do innovative research on the REPMM design, by applying the theories in multi-subject and using modern designing techniques.
Systematical studies were performed in this dissertation mainly on magnetic structure design, parameters calculation, performance analysis and optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), combining with engineering practice. To overcome the flaws and shortcomings of the traditional motor design, a global integrated matching design concept and method based on customer requirement was proposed. The content of work in the dissertation was as followed,
The mathematical model of sine wave and square wave PMSM were respectively established and the main performance characteristics were analyzed. On this basis, the key technical problems of PMSM design were proposed, mainly embodied in four respects: design of rotor magnetic circuit structure, calculation and analysis of motor parameter and operation performance, optimal design technology, matching design of motor system in engineering application.
Based on the equivalent magnetic circuit analysis, the calculating method of magnetic circuit coefficients was summarized. An approximate computation method was proposed to calculate the maximal permanent magnet area for magnetic flux per pole, and a comparison between several typical rotor structures was made. Taking as design cases, a low-speed high-torque PMSM, a PM Brushless DC motor and a line-start PMSM were proposed, and their rotor design features, main structure dimensions and calculating method of basic magnetic circuit parameters were analyzed.
A systematical study was made on the PMSM performance analysis method based on numerical calculation of electromagnetic fields, including the construction of permanent magnet, the calculation of no-load and load magnetic field and the field-circuit coupling analysis. The focus of the research was on the application of Finite Element Method (FEM) in calculation of cogging torque, armature reaction reactance and synchronous reactance /inductance parameters. Transient and steady state characteristics of a line-start PMSM were analyzed by applying field-circuit coupled time-stepping FEM.
The optimal design method of PMSM was studied, a field-circuit optimal design method was proposed on the basis of combined selectionof variable parameters, objective functions and constraint conditions. An optimal design for a line-start PMSM was made, and the influences of structure parameters on the motor performance were discussed.
A novel global integrated matching motor design concept and method based on customer requirement was proposed, emphasizing the importance of regional performance analysis for motor design. A square wave PMSM for electric vehicle was designed, analyzed and optimized by applying the integrated matching design method, and prototype tests were carried out and verified the accuracy of the design and analysis.
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