汽车零部件入厂物流链建设中的若干问题研究
摘要
在汽车制造业中，汽车零部件入厂物流是物流系统良性运作的最关键部分，它需要持续优化，同时它也是控制成本、调控生产最重要的一个环节。通过学习德国、美国和日本等先进的物流管理模式，我国在汽车零部件物流管理方面也开始学习和借鉴“即时供货”和“零库存”等理念。这种精益化的物流运作必然要求小批量、多频次的配送作业，增加了供应商的运输配送成本和库存成本，整个供应链的成本并没有得到有效的降低。根据国外汽车行业中先进厂商的经验，将供应物流外包给第三方物流企业，通过建立集配中心，以循环集配取货的模式设计优化运输路线进行零部件配送，建立应急供应配送规划，在保证物流系统供需稳定条件下可以有效地降低运输费用，减少供应商的资金占用压力和租用临时仓库的成本支出，降低整个供应链的成本。基于这一点，本文从第三方物流角度探讨汽车零部件入厂物流链建设中的若干问题。
首先，作者对在整车厂和供应商之间的建立多集配中心选址进行了研究。根据长途异地新规划集配中心承担集货、配货、配送的工作以及配送的汽车零部件品种多，供应商较分散、配送用户多的特点，通过阅读、对比和研究文献后建立了配送网络综合最小费用模型，并选择采用鲍摩-瓦尔夫法、表上作业法按照计划的年配送量分期分别对多集配中心的数量、选址位置和规模进行求解。
其次，为保证选址建设规划的科学合理，先根据评价的目标和特点有选择地参考文献中对于汽车零部件物流网络规划的因素建立评价模型，然后由企业专家和工程师用层次分析法对因素赋分计算求得选址影响因素的权重，再由用模糊评判方法根据企业提供的权重打分计算出前面选址规划的评价等级。
然后，本文结合运载零部件车辆在城市中循环取货遭遇拥堵的现状，采用节约算法结合道路畅通的概率用时就保证准时的配送线路优化问题进行了探讨。文中分别就节约里程、节约时间和专车专户配送三种情况设计了四种路线方案，并从行驶里程、使用时间、使用车辆、是否满足按时到达进行了比较。
最后，作者在假设某汽车零部件集配中心因突发情况不能参与配送的情况下，针对品种多、各品种数量不同的应急需求，多供应商如何选址配送路线，以及哪些供应商参与应急配送问题进行了规划。通过构造了具有时效性、通过性和经济性特征的路线选择决策函数确定了每个供应商的应急路线，通过建立了满足整车厂品种及其数量的供应商个数最少物资调配策略来确定参与应急供应商的个数，并在满足应急需求的解集中选择了最优解，还对决策函数和物资调配模型进行了分析，提出了求解算法，进行了验证。
In the auto industry, auto parts logistical not only is the key component of welloperation and continuous optimization of the whole logistical system but also significantelement of cost control and production regulation. By learning from advanced internationallogistical management mode. The concept of instant supply and zero-stock were introducedinto our auto-parts logistical. Small batch and frequently delivery are often needed in thiskind of fined logistics process which increases the cost of transportation and storage. Thecost of the whole supply-chain is not decreased effectively. Considering the advancedexperience of foreign auto companies who gave their logistics to a third party logisticscompany to effectively lower the auto parts transportation cost by milk run supply modeand optimizing the transport route. Furthermore, the capital pressure of supplier could bereduced and the temporary cost of storage renting can be saved which together lower thecost of the whole supply-chain. Based on this understanding, this paper investigated thehandling and distribution of auto parts from the third party logistical company’s perspective.
Firstly, the selection of multi-supply hub in the logistical of long-distance, remoteauto-parts supply was studied. Considering the features of the supply hub of multitaskingand the variety of the auto parts, by reading and investigating articles, Baumol-Wolfemethod was used to establish the model and this paper determine that Heuristic algorithmand table dispatching method was used in determine the amount, locations and size ofmulti-supply-center.
Secondly, to ensure the rationality of the selection and construction planning, based onthe target that is evaluated and its features, this paper selectively refers to models that areestablished for the factor of planning of network of the auto parts logistical in the articles.Then get the weighting in the AHP method through natural endowments calculation of thefactors by the entrepreneurs and engineers so that the experts who are not involved in thebusiness can use these data to work out the evaluation level by the means of fuzzyevaluating method.
After that, under the current situation of vehicle congestion, using Savings Algorithm, Vehicle Scheduling and vehicle routing problem was discussed Considering The Probabilityof a clear road. In the paper, the four schemes of Mileage priority，time priority(takingtraffic jam into consideration/ not taking traffic jam into consideration), one vehicle- onecustomer are compared regarding to the travelled distance, the time consumption, thevehicle chosen and whether reach on time.
In the final section, This paper makes the assumption that when supply hub could notimplement the distribution, how should other auto parts manufactures and the rest supplyhub allocate resources and how to determine the vehicle route to meet the demand. Animplementation process example of milk-run by a logistical enterprise was shown. Usingfuzzy method and hierarchical method, the supply plan of the auto parts logistical into thefactory was evaluated and analyzed. By construct a decision-making function that has thefeatures of timeliness, generality and economic efficiency, supplies management model wasestablished that can meet the auto manufacture requirement that within the emergency timelimitation the least auto part supplier are involved. Then the model was analyzed, solvingalgorithm was brought out and tested.
首先，作者对在整车厂和供应商之间的建立多集配中心选址进行了研究。根据长途异地新规划集配中心承担集货、配货、配送的工作以及配送的汽车零部件品种多，供应商较分散、配送用户多的特点，通过阅读、对比和研究文献后建立了配送网络综合最小费用模型，并选择采用鲍摩-瓦尔夫法、表上作业法按照计划的年配送量分期分别对多集配中心的数量、选址位置和规模进行求解。
其次，为保证选址建设规划的科学合理，先根据评价的目标和特点有选择地参考文献中对于汽车零部件物流网络规划的因素建立评价模型，然后由企业专家和工程师用层次分析法对因素赋分计算求得选址影响因素的权重，再由用模糊评判方法根据企业提供的权重打分计算出前面选址规划的评价等级。
然后，本文结合运载零部件车辆在城市中循环取货遭遇拥堵的现状，采用节约算法结合道路畅通的概率用时就保证准时的配送线路优化问题进行了探讨。文中分别就节约里程、节约时间和专车专户配送三种情况设计了四种路线方案，并从行驶里程、使用时间、使用车辆、是否满足按时到达进行了比较。
最后，作者在假设某汽车零部件集配中心因突发情况不能参与配送的情况下，针对品种多、各品种数量不同的应急需求，多供应商如何选址配送路线，以及哪些供应商参与应急配送问题进行了规划。通过构造了具有时效性、通过性和经济性特征的路线选择决策函数确定了每个供应商的应急路线，通过建立了满足整车厂品种及其数量的供应商个数最少物资调配策略来确定参与应急供应商的个数，并在满足应急需求的解集中选择了最优解，还对决策函数和物资调配模型进行了分析，提出了求解算法，进行了验证。
In the auto industry, auto parts logistical not only is the key component of welloperation and continuous optimization of the whole logistical system but also significantelement of cost control and production regulation. By learning from advanced internationallogistical management mode. The concept of instant supply and zero-stock were introducedinto our auto-parts logistical. Small batch and frequently delivery are often needed in thiskind of fined logistics process which increases the cost of transportation and storage. Thecost of the whole supply-chain is not decreased effectively. Considering the advancedexperience of foreign auto companies who gave their logistics to a third party logisticscompany to effectively lower the auto parts transportation cost by milk run supply modeand optimizing the transport route. Furthermore, the capital pressure of supplier could bereduced and the temporary cost of storage renting can be saved which together lower thecost of the whole supply-chain. Based on this understanding, this paper investigated thehandling and distribution of auto parts from the third party logistical company’s perspective.
Firstly, the selection of multi-supply hub in the logistical of long-distance, remoteauto-parts supply was studied. Considering the features of the supply hub of multitaskingand the variety of the auto parts, by reading and investigating articles, Baumol-Wolfemethod was used to establish the model and this paper determine that Heuristic algorithmand table dispatching method was used in determine the amount, locations and size ofmulti-supply-center.
Secondly, to ensure the rationality of the selection and construction planning, based onthe target that is evaluated and its features, this paper selectively refers to models that areestablished for the factor of planning of network of the auto parts logistical in the articles.Then get the weighting in the AHP method through natural endowments calculation of thefactors by the entrepreneurs and engineers so that the experts who are not involved in thebusiness can use these data to work out the evaluation level by the means of fuzzyevaluating method.
After that, under the current situation of vehicle congestion, using Savings Algorithm, Vehicle Scheduling and vehicle routing problem was discussed Considering The Probabilityof a clear road. In the paper, the four schemes of Mileage priority，time priority(takingtraffic jam into consideration/ not taking traffic jam into consideration), one vehicle- onecustomer are compared regarding to the travelled distance, the time consumption, thevehicle chosen and whether reach on time.
In the final section, This paper makes the assumption that when supply hub could notimplement the distribution, how should other auto parts manufactures and the rest supplyhub allocate resources and how to determine the vehicle route to meet the demand. Animplementation process example of milk-run by a logistical enterprise was shown. Usingfuzzy method and hierarchical method, the supply plan of the auto parts logistical into thefactory was evaluated and analyzed. By construct a decision-making function that has thefeatures of timeliness, generality and economic efficiency, supplies management model wasestablished that can meet the auto manufacture requirement that within the emergency timelimitation the least auto part supplier are involved. Then the model was analyzed, solvingalgorithm was brought out and tested.
引文
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