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分离自商陆的根际真菌SL-30杀灭钉螺作用研究
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摘要
钉螺是日本血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,因此杀灭钉螺是预防和控制血吸虫病流行的重要措施之一。目前使用的灭螺药物不同程度地存在成本高昂、选择性较弱、持久性差、易造成环境污染等不足,限制了其广泛应用。本研究从植物根际环境筛选杀螺活性微生物,旨在寻找高效安全的微生物来源杀螺活性成分,并探索杀螺活性微生物可行的原位应用方式,以补充化学灭螺药物的不足。主要结果如下:
     1、对14种具有杀螺活性的药用植物的根际土进行微生物分离,最终从商陆根际分离筛选到一株具有显著杀螺活性的真菌菌株SL-30,其4%发酵液24 h杀螺率达100%,且该浓度下对鱼虾等非靶生物无明显毒性,且发酵液具有一定的热稳定性和光照稳定性。结合菌落特征、分生孢子头形态以及rDNA-ITS序列分析,初步将菌株SL-30鉴定为烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)。
     2、以杀螺活性为检测指标,通过单因素试验和Plackett-Burman试验确定可溶性淀粉用量、蛋白胨用量和初始pH是发酵液杀螺活性的主要影响因子,结合响应面分析法,得到菌株SL-30的优化发酵条件为:可溶性淀粉16.40 g/L,蛋白胨3.76g/L,磷酸二氢钾0.5 g/L,硫酸镁0.25 g/L,接种量0.5%,装液量50 ml/250 ml,初始pH 3,培养温度28℃。经6批次发酵,结果证实该优化条件准确可靠。
     3、菌株SL-30发酵液经系统分离和杀螺活性检测筛选到乙醚极性部位,经硅胶柱层析纯化得到具有高效杀螺活性的主要成分MI,其杀灭钉螺的24 h LC50值为0.101 mg/L,48 h LC50值为0.062 mg/L,72 h LC50值为0.022 mg/L,24 h LC90值为0.355 mg/L,48 h LC90值为0.121 mg/L,72 h LC90值为0.066 mg/L。经HPLC.IFR.LC/MS/MS.1H-NMR.13C-NMR.1H-1H COSY和1H-13C HSQC等研究方法分析确定MI为胶霉毒素(gliotoxin).且杀螺活性成分MI在有效杀螺浓度下不引起鱼和蛙类(蝌蚪)等非靶水生生物的死亡,对蚯蚓和土壤微生物等非靶陆地生物均为低毒。
     4、经过钉螺组织细胞Hoechst 33342染色核形分析,显示诱导细胞凋亡不是MI致钉螺中毒和死亡的主要途径。
     5、经光学显微镜和透射电镜观察,结果显示MI可引起钉螺组织形态和细胞超微结构改变,正常的组织形态和细胞结构是维持机体正常生命活动的结构基础,其发生改变可导致组织和细胞功能异常、代谢功能障碍等,与钉螺的中毒和死亡有
     一定关联。
     6、经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,显示MI影响钉螺肝脏酯酶同工酶的活性和组成,干扰钉螺的解毒功能,当MI浓度超过其解毒能力时,可导致钉螺中毒和死亡
     7、经酶活性测定,结果显示MI显著增加钉螺MDH、Na+K+-ATPase和Mg2+-ATPase的活性;显著降低CHE活性;对AKP和GPT活性的影响为先升高后降低;SDH活性先降低后升高;LDH为头足部酶活性增强,肝脏部位酶活性降低。可见,MI对钉螺机体造成很大损伤,影响钉螺体内神经介质传递,致神经之间的信息传递功能异常;对无氧呼吸、有氧呼吸位点均有作用,引起糖代谢加快使得体内贮存消耗加速,ATP的过度利用加速能量耗竭,能量代谢的异常和各项生理功能紊乱和丧失,是引起钉螺死亡的重要原因之一。
     8、通过急性毒性测试,显示菌株SL-30的分生孢子对水体、斑马鱼和河虾安全,对小鼠经口、大鼠经皮和大鼠吸入急性毒性属于低毒级,初步得出其具有较好的生物安全性。经根周土浸提液杀螺活性检测,菌株SL-30接种至未灭菌的非根际土壤后第20 d开始呈现杀螺活性,第40 d杀螺活性基本消失;而抗性突变株Nysr-2接种至根周,至第90 d仍可检测到一定程度的杀螺活性,且接种后60 d内可较稳定地定殖于根周。可见,菌株SL-30在土壤环境可发挥一定的杀螺活性,且在根际环境杀螺活性维持的时间更长。
Snail (Oncomelania hupensis) is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, therefore one of the effective preventive methods against schistosomiasis is the control of snails to break the life cycle of the parasite. However, the dilemma has been emerging, such as high cost of synthesis, acute and potential toxicity to non-target organisms, deleterious effects on the environment, and so on. The paper aimed to screen molluscicidal microorganisms against Oncomelania hupensis from the rhizosphere of plant, to search effective and safe microbial molluscicidal ingredient, to exploit the rational way of application in situ, and to provide a supplementary method of chemical drugs. The main results was as follows,
     1、Microorganisms were isolated from fourteen kinds of molluscicidal medicinal plant, finally a fungi strain named as SL-30 exhibiting high molluscicidal activity was obtained from the rhizosphere of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.. The 4% exocellular broth of SL-30 could kill 100% of snails with submerged period of 24 h, and was safe to fish and shrimp. The exocellular broth of SL-30 could resist heat and illumination to some extent. Strain SL-30 was finally identified as Aspergillus fumigitus based on the colony morphology, conidial head morphology and rDNA-ITS sequence.
     2、Soluble amylum, peptone and initial pH were decided as important affectois by single factor analysis and Plackett-Burman design. Combined with response surface methodology the optimal fermentation conditions were determined as follows, soluble amylum 16.40 g/L, peptone 3.76 g/L, KH2PO4 0.5 g/L, MgSO40.25 g/L, inoculum size 0.5%, broth volume 50 ml/250 ml, initial pH 3, culture temperature 28℃, and after six batches cultivation, the predicted values were verified by validation experiments.
     3、Based on the tests of system separation combining molluscicidal activity, The diethyl ether polar fraction from SL-30's exocellular broth exhibited a significant molluscicidal activity against Oncomelannia hupensis, from which the molluscicidal ingredient (MI) was obtained by silica gel column chromatography, with the LC50 and LC90 values of 0.101 mg/L and 0.355 mg/L for 24 h,0.062 mg/L and 0.121 mg/L for 48 h,0.022 mg/L and 0.066 mg/L for 72 h, respectively. The MI was determined as gliotoxin by HPLC、IFR、LC/MS/MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、1H-1H COSY and 1H-13C HSQC analysis. The MI was safe to Brachydanio rerio and Rana limnochris under effective molluscicidal concentration, and was low toxicity to Eisenia fetida and soil microorganism.
     4、The result of morphology of the cells of Snail with Hoechst 33342 dealed with the MI showed that inducing apoptosis was not the main way of the MI to leading to intoxation and death of snails.
     5、Observed with light microscope and TEM, it was obtained that the tissue form and ultrastructure of snail was changed by the MI. Normal tissue form and cell structure were the structural basis of normal vital movement of organism, if not, it would lead to abnormality of cell function and metabolism of snail.
     6、Analyse with PAGE, it was showed that the activity and composition of EST isozyme, and deintoxication of snail was influenced by the MI. It would lead to intoxation and death of snail when exceeding the deintoxication capability.
     7、Determination of enzyme activity showed that, when treated with the MI, the activities of MDH, Na+K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase were enhanced, the CHE activity was weakened, the activities of AKP and GPT were enhanced in the beginning and then weakened, the activity of SDH was weakened in the beginning and then enhanced, and the LDH activity was enhanced in ephalopodium and was weakened in liver. Accordingly, abnormality and derangement of energy metabolism and physiologic function were one of the important reasons of death of snail.
     8、Results of acute toxicity showed, the conidium of strain SL-30 was safe to waters, fish and shrimp, and was low toxicity to acute toxicity of KM mice by mouth, of SD mice per cutem, and of SD mice by inhalation. After strain SL-30 was inoculated in non-sterilized non-rhizosphere soil, molluscicidal activity appeared in the 20th d, and disappeared in the 40th d. Nevertheless, after the mutant strain Nysr-2 was inoculated in rhizosphere soil, molluscicidal activity remained exist in 90th d, and Nysr-2 could colonized stabily in rhizosphere soil in 60 d. it was thus evident that strain SL-30 could present molluscicidal activity in soil to some extent, and maintained longer period in rhizosphere soil. Accordingly, it was worth further studing that strain SL-30 was appllied in the snail-breeding beach environment of river and lake to present molluscicidal activity as alive thalline.
引文
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