超细煤粉物化特性及其对O_2/CO_2分级燃烧NO_x排放的影响
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摘要
能源、环境是当今世界所面临的两大严峻的现实问题。中国是世界上最大的煤炭生产国和消费国,目前煤炭占中国能源需求总量的67%左右,这样的能源构成在今后相当长的时间内不会改变。煤燃烧过程中所排放的主要大气污染物对生态环境造成很大的危害,是最大的污染源之一。这种状况已经成为对社会和经济持续发展的严重制约。因此如何高效利用煤炭并降低其对环境的污染就变得异常重要。对于能造成酸雨、光化学烟雾等直接危害的氮氧化物和硫氧化物等,国内外众多研究者已经开展研究并得到很多有益的成果。近年来,随着CO_2所造成的温室效应问题的凸显,国际社会已开始对CO_2减排给予了很大的重视,成为全球热点问题。因此,开发一种污染物协同脱除的新兴燃烧技术,在拥有良好燃烧性能的基础上,不仅能实现CO_2的分离收集,还同时具备低NOx排放以及高脱硫效率,必将拥有巨大的发展潜力。
本文采用上海同步辐射光源、原子力显微镜、核磁共振、电子顺磁共振、X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线衍射仪等先进的分析仪器和设备对不同粒度煤粉及煤焦的表面化学与精细微观结构进行深入的研究;并通过固定床实验台和多路进风一维炉综合燃烧实验台对污染物排放特性进行分析。在详细深入的实验研究基础上采用分形理论、机械力化学效应分析以及多样化分析测量手段,互为支撑、相互应证,揭示了煤粉表面化学与微观结构特性对燃烧过程影响的机制与机理,研究基于煤粉表面化学与微观结构的脱硝分子机理,为完善超细煤粉O_2/CO_2分级燃烧技术思想提供理论基础。
煤粉的物理特性是决定煤粉颗粒中质量、热量传递速率与反应表面积的重要因素,对燃烧、气化、液化等过程产生巨大的影响。因此,深入研究超细煤粉的物理特性,对进一步了解超细煤粉着火及燃烧特性有着极其重要的意义。本文采用原子力显微镜及上海同步辐射光源等先进设备,结合分形几何理论,从表面形貌、颗粒粒度、粉碎机理以及孔隙结构等方面对超细煤粉的物理特性进行深入系统的研究,结果表明随着煤粉粒径的增加,表面分形维数增大,表面粗糙度增加;随着煤粉粒径的减小,颗粒粒度分布分形维数增加,颗粒粉碎程度越高,颗粒分布越集中。采用多段式分形维数对超细煤粉颗粒粒度分布进行分析,结果表明整个粒度范围内对应三种不同的分形维数,分别对应不同的粉碎理论及破碎机理。通过定义最佳煤粉细度,可以对煤粉粒径与燃烧设备整体性能之间的关系进行全面、正确的评估。通过对超细煤粉孔隙结构进行研究,结果表明随着煤粉粒径的减小,孔表面分形维数随之减小,表明孔表面更光滑,反应气体输送阻力更小;孔结构分形维数随之增大,表明孔的空间结构更加复杂,反应表面更多,更利于燃烧反应的进行。
煤粉超细粉碎过程中伴随着机械力化学反应的进行,而煤粉的表面化学特性更是直接影响煤粉的燃烧及污染物排放特性。本文采用上海光源、X射线光电子能谱分析、核磁共振等先进的分析仪器从化学元素组成、碳骨架结构、自由基、表面官能团以及物相结构等多个方面对超细煤粉化学特性进行深入系统的分析,为基于超细煤粉/煤焦的化学结构模型的建立以及污染物排放特性的分析打下坚实的基础。超细煤粉顺磁共振结果表明随着煤粉粒径的减小,煤中自由基含量升高;酸洗过程使得煤中自由基含量上升。粒径对含氧类自由基影响最大,随着粒径的减小,此类自由基含量大幅上升。超细煤粉NMR碳谱研究表明随着煤粉粒径的减小,煤粉的芳碳率及芳氢率均随之增大;脂碳率随之减小,质子化脂碳结构明显减少;煤中的氧接脂碳含量降低,相应的氧接芳碳含量有所升高。超细煤粉XPS氮谱分析结果表明随着粒径的减小,吡啶型氮随之减少,吡咯型氮有所增多。通过上海同步辐射光源小角散射线站对超细煤粉进行研究,结果表明煤粉颗粒存在表面过渡层,推断是由煤中与母体相连的有机基团所形成的。随着煤粉粒径的减小,表面过渡层厚度增加;随着热解温度的升高,过渡层厚度降低;CO_2气氛下煤焦的过渡层厚度低于相应的N2气氛下的煤焦。
煤热解时产生的挥发分及挥发分的燃烧对整个煤的燃烧过程有着重要的影响,有时甚至是决定性的影响。本文采用固定床实验系统,研究了煤种、加热条件、气氛、粒径等对超细煤粉热解特性以及煤焦性质的影响,结果表明甲烷析出过程主要分三个阶段,各阶段甲烷的生成类型与煤结构核磁共振分析有良好的对应关系。煤粉热解时,随着煤粉粒径的减小,CO的析出量有增大趋势,但存在最佳析出粒径。CO_2气氛下由于气化作用CO的析出量远高于N2气氛。煤粉的气化过程与煤中孔隙结构关系密切,随着煤粉粒径的减小,孔隙结构更发达,气化作用增强。CO的析出可分为四个阶段,各阶段CO的生成类型与原煤中各类型含碳官能团密切相关。NH3的形成与煤中自由基含量密切相关,需要外部含氢自由基的活化作用才可生成。煤粉越细,越利于燃料氮向挥发分氮的转化。研究成果对深入掌握超细煤粉燃烧及污染物排放特性等方面具有一定指导意义。
为了解超细煤粉在O_2/CO_2气氛中分级燃烧的特点和污染物的析出特性,本文在多路进风一维沉降炉系统上进行了全面、深入的煤粉燃烧实验。结果表明超细煤粉O_2/CO_2燃烧时,贫燃料燃烧条件下,随着煤粉颗粒粒径的减小,挥发分NO_x增大,总的氮转化率升高,总NO_x生成量增加;富燃料燃烧条件下,颗粒粒径越小,越有利于挥发分NO_x减少,煤焦还原NO_x能力也越强,因而更有利于NO_x减排。采用O_2/CO_2分级燃烧方式时,NO_x排放与常规O_2/CO_2燃烧相比有所降低,而且此方式下超细煤粉可更为有效地降低NO_x排放。超细煤粉O_2/CO_2燃烧NO_x沿程排放基本呈“M”型分布。温度越高,均相还原作用越明显,但温度增加不利于异相还原反应的进行。
超细煤粉O_2/CO_2分级燃烧技术既可以解决常规空气分级或常规富氧燃烧技术中固有的燃烧性能低、燃烧损失大以及结渣等缺点,又可实现多种污染物一体化协同脱除,使得NO_x等污染物排放进一步降低。加之此种技术的易操作性,通过对现役设备进行改造即可实现,使得超细煤粉O_2/CO_2分级燃烧技术必将成为一种很有市场前景的技术。
Energy and environment are two global challenging issues which we are facing. China is the largest country on the aspects of producing and consuming coals. At present, 67% of the total Chinese energy needs are fulfilled by coals and this situation will last for a long time in the future. The air pollutants released from coal combustion is one of the largest pollutive sources and has caused serious damages to the environments. This situation has been a serious restriction to the development of society and economy. Hence, how to use coals with higher efficiency and lower pollutive emissions becomes extremely important. Researchers over the world have been working on NO_x and SOx which can cause direct damages such as acid rain and photochemical smoke for years and have obtained lots of meaningful achievements. In recent years, the greenhouse effect caused by emissions of carbon dioxide has attracted more and more attention. So there will be a huge market potential to explore one kind of new combustion technique which can realize reducing pollutive emissions efficently, capturing CO_2 easily and having good combustion performances simultaneously in the same facility.
A series of studies had been conducted on the surface morphology, microstructure and chemical characteristics of superfine pulverized coal by applying several advancing equipments such as SSRF, AFM, NMR, EPR, XPS and XRD. Combustion and pollutants emission properties were also investigated using fixed bed reactor and coal combustion system. Fractal theory, mechanochemical effect analysis and abundant testing methods were also adopted based on detailed experimental works. The results could provide a reference for refining the oxy-fuel combustion theory, revealing the NO_x reduction mechanism and studying the influence of surface chemistry and microstructure on the combustion process.
The physical characteristics of pulverized coal is an important influencing factor which determine the mass, heat transferring rate in the particle and the reactive areas. Huge evolutions of physical characteristics will occur during processes of combustion, gasification and liquefaction. So it is meaningful to study the physical characteristics of superfine pulverized coal which is helpful for further understanding the ignition and combustion processes. Several advancing equipments such as AFM, SSRF were applied to study the physical characteristics combining fractal theory. The surface morphology, particle size distribution (PSD), comminution theory and pore structures were studied in detail. The results show that with increasing of the particle size, the surface fractal dimensions increase and the surface roughnesses also increase. On the contrary, with decreasing of the particle, the PSD fractal dimensions increase, which represents that the higher degree of particle fragmentation will be and the distribution is more concentrated. The piecewise fractal model is successfully adopted to study the PSD of the superfine pulverized coal and the results show that there are three different fractal dimensions in the whole range and each of them is corresponding to one kind of comminution theory and fragmentation mechanism. A new economic fineness of pulverized coal is defined which can better evaluate the relationship between the particle size and performance of the combustion apparatus. After studing the pore structures of superfine pulverized coal, it is found that the surface fractal dimension decreases with decreasing of the particle size which indicates that the smaller the mean coal particle size is, the smoother the interfacial boundary will be. On the other hand, with decreasing of the particle size, the pore structure fractal dimension increases which indicates that the more complex pore network will be. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that with the decrease of the coal particle size, the channels for reactant gas transportation become smoother and the mass transfer resistance lowers down which is easier for the gas transportation.Consequently, the reaction rate increases. On the other hand, the increase of the pore structure fractal dimensions can provide more reactive surfaces which are also advantageous for coal combustion.
Mechanochemical effect occurs during the comminution process of superfine pulverized coal and the chemical properties of coal determine the combustion and pollutants emission characteristics. Some advancing equipments such as SSRF, XPS, NMR and EPR were applied to study the chemical characteristics from several aspects such as elements constitution, carbon skeleton structure, free radical and surface organic groups. The results from this study can provide the foundation and guidance for further study of coal/char strutrure model and pollutants emission characteristics. EPR results show that with decrease of particle size, the free radical increases. The free radical increases in coal during the acid washing process. The particle size influences the oxygen containing type most. NMR spectra indicate that with decrease of particle size, the aromatic carbons and hydrogens increase, the aliphatic carbons decrease, protonated aliphatic decrease obviously and aliphatic carbons bonded to oxygen decrease while aromatic carbons bonded to oxygen increase. XPS results suggest that with decrease of particle size, pyridine nitrogen decreases while pyrrole nitrogen increases. It is concluded from the SSRF results that there is surface interfacial layer in coal particles which is caused by the organic groups linked to the matrix of the coals. The interfacial thickness of superfine pulverized coal particles decreases with increasing coal quality and particle size.
For the char particles, the interfacial thickness decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Furthermore, the interfacial thickness of NMG chars formed in CO_2 atmosphere is thinner than that of the chars formed in N_2 atmosphere. Pyrolysis is the initial stage of coal conversion process and has important, sometimes crucial influence on the whole combustion process. Pyrolysis experiments of superfine pulverized coal were carried out using the fixed bed reactor. Moreover, the effects of coal type, particle size and temperature on the gas releasing mechanism and evolution of gas compositions were analyzed. The results show that there are three main stages during CH4 releasing process and each type of CH4 consists with NMR analysis very well. During pyrolysis of pulverized coal, the amount of CO increases with decrease of particle size but a best size exists. The amount of CO yielding in CO_2 atmosphere is much higher than that in N2 atmophere because of the gasification effects. It is found that the gasification effects have a close relationship with pore structures of coal. With decrease of the particle size, there are more pores in coal which can intensify the gasfication effects. The results show that there are four main stages during CO releasing process and each type of CO has a close relationship with carbon contained organic groups in coal. The formation of NH3 is related with the free radical in coal which has to be actived by hydrogen contained radical outside. The smaller the coal particle size is, the more easily the fuel nitrogen converts to volatile nitrogen.
A thorough study on O_2/CO_2 staged combustion was conducted on the one dimensional coal combustion experimental system. The results show that in O_2/CO_2 atmosphere, when it is under fuel lean combustion condition, volatile nitrogen increases with decrease of particle size which results in the increase of total NO_x. On the other hand, when it is under fuel rich combustion condition, volatile nitrogen lowers down with decrease of particle size and the reducing capability on NO_x of chars increases which induces the decrease of total NO_x. The reduction of NO_x is obvious when oxidant staged technique is adopted in O_2/CO_2 combustion and the superfine pulverized coal can reduce NO_x emissions more efficiently than larger particles in this new technology. It is found that the NO_x emissions along the furnace appear as‘M’type. The homogenious reduction effect of NO_x is more efficient at higher temperature while it is disadvantageous for the heterogeneous reduction effect.
Oxidant staged combustion of superfine pulverized coal in O_2/CO_2 atmosphere is a brand new technology which realize simultaneously the removal of NO_x and capturing CO_2 easily. Also this technology can solve the inherent disadvantages in normal air staged combustion or O_2/CO_2 combustion such as low combustion efficiency, high combustion loss and slagging issues to a certain extent. Furthermore, this technology is feasible and easy to realize with few reconstructing on the exsiting devices. Therefore the oxidant staged O_2/CO_2 combustion technology will become a useful and promising method on controlling CO_2 and NO_x emissions in the future.
本文采用上海同步辐射光源、原子力显微镜、核磁共振、电子顺磁共振、X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线衍射仪等先进的分析仪器和设备对不同粒度煤粉及煤焦的表面化学与精细微观结构进行深入的研究;并通过固定床实验台和多路进风一维炉综合燃烧实验台对污染物排放特性进行分析。在详细深入的实验研究基础上采用分形理论、机械力化学效应分析以及多样化分析测量手段,互为支撑、相互应证,揭示了煤粉表面化学与微观结构特性对燃烧过程影响的机制与机理,研究基于煤粉表面化学与微观结构的脱硝分子机理,为完善超细煤粉O_2/CO_2分级燃烧技术思想提供理论基础。
煤粉的物理特性是决定煤粉颗粒中质量、热量传递速率与反应表面积的重要因素,对燃烧、气化、液化等过程产生巨大的影响。因此,深入研究超细煤粉的物理特性,对进一步了解超细煤粉着火及燃烧特性有着极其重要的意义。本文采用原子力显微镜及上海同步辐射光源等先进设备,结合分形几何理论,从表面形貌、颗粒粒度、粉碎机理以及孔隙结构等方面对超细煤粉的物理特性进行深入系统的研究,结果表明随着煤粉粒径的增加,表面分形维数增大,表面粗糙度增加;随着煤粉粒径的减小,颗粒粒度分布分形维数增加,颗粒粉碎程度越高,颗粒分布越集中。采用多段式分形维数对超细煤粉颗粒粒度分布进行分析,结果表明整个粒度范围内对应三种不同的分形维数,分别对应不同的粉碎理论及破碎机理。通过定义最佳煤粉细度,可以对煤粉粒径与燃烧设备整体性能之间的关系进行全面、正确的评估。通过对超细煤粉孔隙结构进行研究,结果表明随着煤粉粒径的减小,孔表面分形维数随之减小,表明孔表面更光滑,反应气体输送阻力更小;孔结构分形维数随之增大,表明孔的空间结构更加复杂,反应表面更多,更利于燃烧反应的进行。
煤粉超细粉碎过程中伴随着机械力化学反应的进行,而煤粉的表面化学特性更是直接影响煤粉的燃烧及污染物排放特性。本文采用上海光源、X射线光电子能谱分析、核磁共振等先进的分析仪器从化学元素组成、碳骨架结构、自由基、表面官能团以及物相结构等多个方面对超细煤粉化学特性进行深入系统的分析,为基于超细煤粉/煤焦的化学结构模型的建立以及污染物排放特性的分析打下坚实的基础。超细煤粉顺磁共振结果表明随着煤粉粒径的减小,煤中自由基含量升高;酸洗过程使得煤中自由基含量上升。粒径对含氧类自由基影响最大,随着粒径的减小,此类自由基含量大幅上升。超细煤粉NMR碳谱研究表明随着煤粉粒径的减小,煤粉的芳碳率及芳氢率均随之增大;脂碳率随之减小,质子化脂碳结构明显减少;煤中的氧接脂碳含量降低,相应的氧接芳碳含量有所升高。超细煤粉XPS氮谱分析结果表明随着粒径的减小,吡啶型氮随之减少,吡咯型氮有所增多。通过上海同步辐射光源小角散射线站对超细煤粉进行研究,结果表明煤粉颗粒存在表面过渡层,推断是由煤中与母体相连的有机基团所形成的。随着煤粉粒径的减小,表面过渡层厚度增加;随着热解温度的升高,过渡层厚度降低;CO_2气氛下煤焦的过渡层厚度低于相应的N2气氛下的煤焦。
煤热解时产生的挥发分及挥发分的燃烧对整个煤的燃烧过程有着重要的影响,有时甚至是决定性的影响。本文采用固定床实验系统,研究了煤种、加热条件、气氛、粒径等对超细煤粉热解特性以及煤焦性质的影响,结果表明甲烷析出过程主要分三个阶段,各阶段甲烷的生成类型与煤结构核磁共振分析有良好的对应关系。煤粉热解时,随着煤粉粒径的减小,CO的析出量有增大趋势,但存在最佳析出粒径。CO_2气氛下由于气化作用CO的析出量远高于N2气氛。煤粉的气化过程与煤中孔隙结构关系密切,随着煤粉粒径的减小,孔隙结构更发达,气化作用增强。CO的析出可分为四个阶段,各阶段CO的生成类型与原煤中各类型含碳官能团密切相关。NH3的形成与煤中自由基含量密切相关,需要外部含氢自由基的活化作用才可生成。煤粉越细,越利于燃料氮向挥发分氮的转化。研究成果对深入掌握超细煤粉燃烧及污染物排放特性等方面具有一定指导意义。
为了解超细煤粉在O_2/CO_2气氛中分级燃烧的特点和污染物的析出特性,本文在多路进风一维沉降炉系统上进行了全面、深入的煤粉燃烧实验。结果表明超细煤粉O_2/CO_2燃烧时,贫燃料燃烧条件下,随着煤粉颗粒粒径的减小,挥发分NO_x增大,总的氮转化率升高,总NO_x生成量增加;富燃料燃烧条件下,颗粒粒径越小,越有利于挥发分NO_x减少,煤焦还原NO_x能力也越强,因而更有利于NO_x减排。采用O_2/CO_2分级燃烧方式时,NO_x排放与常规O_2/CO_2燃烧相比有所降低,而且此方式下超细煤粉可更为有效地降低NO_x排放。超细煤粉O_2/CO_2燃烧NO_x沿程排放基本呈“M”型分布。温度越高,均相还原作用越明显,但温度增加不利于异相还原反应的进行。
超细煤粉O_2/CO_2分级燃烧技术既可以解决常规空气分级或常规富氧燃烧技术中固有的燃烧性能低、燃烧损失大以及结渣等缺点,又可实现多种污染物一体化协同脱除,使得NO_x等污染物排放进一步降低。加之此种技术的易操作性,通过对现役设备进行改造即可实现,使得超细煤粉O_2/CO_2分级燃烧技术必将成为一种很有市场前景的技术。
Energy and environment are two global challenging issues which we are facing. China is the largest country on the aspects of producing and consuming coals. At present, 67% of the total Chinese energy needs are fulfilled by coals and this situation will last for a long time in the future. The air pollutants released from coal combustion is one of the largest pollutive sources and has caused serious damages to the environments. This situation has been a serious restriction to the development of society and economy. Hence, how to use coals with higher efficiency and lower pollutive emissions becomes extremely important. Researchers over the world have been working on NO_x and SOx which can cause direct damages such as acid rain and photochemical smoke for years and have obtained lots of meaningful achievements. In recent years, the greenhouse effect caused by emissions of carbon dioxide has attracted more and more attention. So there will be a huge market potential to explore one kind of new combustion technique which can realize reducing pollutive emissions efficently, capturing CO_2 easily and having good combustion performances simultaneously in the same facility.
A series of studies had been conducted on the surface morphology, microstructure and chemical characteristics of superfine pulverized coal by applying several advancing equipments such as SSRF, AFM, NMR, EPR, XPS and XRD. Combustion and pollutants emission properties were also investigated using fixed bed reactor and coal combustion system. Fractal theory, mechanochemical effect analysis and abundant testing methods were also adopted based on detailed experimental works. The results could provide a reference for refining the oxy-fuel combustion theory, revealing the NO_x reduction mechanism and studying the influence of surface chemistry and microstructure on the combustion process.
The physical characteristics of pulverized coal is an important influencing factor which determine the mass, heat transferring rate in the particle and the reactive areas. Huge evolutions of physical characteristics will occur during processes of combustion, gasification and liquefaction. So it is meaningful to study the physical characteristics of superfine pulverized coal which is helpful for further understanding the ignition and combustion processes. Several advancing equipments such as AFM, SSRF were applied to study the physical characteristics combining fractal theory. The surface morphology, particle size distribution (PSD), comminution theory and pore structures were studied in detail. The results show that with increasing of the particle size, the surface fractal dimensions increase and the surface roughnesses also increase. On the contrary, with decreasing of the particle, the PSD fractal dimensions increase, which represents that the higher degree of particle fragmentation will be and the distribution is more concentrated. The piecewise fractal model is successfully adopted to study the PSD of the superfine pulverized coal and the results show that there are three different fractal dimensions in the whole range and each of them is corresponding to one kind of comminution theory and fragmentation mechanism. A new economic fineness of pulverized coal is defined which can better evaluate the relationship between the particle size and performance of the combustion apparatus. After studing the pore structures of superfine pulverized coal, it is found that the surface fractal dimension decreases with decreasing of the particle size which indicates that the smaller the mean coal particle size is, the smoother the interfacial boundary will be. On the other hand, with decreasing of the particle size, the pore structure fractal dimension increases which indicates that the more complex pore network will be. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that with the decrease of the coal particle size, the channels for reactant gas transportation become smoother and the mass transfer resistance lowers down which is easier for the gas transportation.Consequently, the reaction rate increases. On the other hand, the increase of the pore structure fractal dimensions can provide more reactive surfaces which are also advantageous for coal combustion.
Mechanochemical effect occurs during the comminution process of superfine pulverized coal and the chemical properties of coal determine the combustion and pollutants emission characteristics. Some advancing equipments such as SSRF, XPS, NMR and EPR were applied to study the chemical characteristics from several aspects such as elements constitution, carbon skeleton structure, free radical and surface organic groups. The results from this study can provide the foundation and guidance for further study of coal/char strutrure model and pollutants emission characteristics. EPR results show that with decrease of particle size, the free radical increases. The free radical increases in coal during the acid washing process. The particle size influences the oxygen containing type most. NMR spectra indicate that with decrease of particle size, the aromatic carbons and hydrogens increase, the aliphatic carbons decrease, protonated aliphatic decrease obviously and aliphatic carbons bonded to oxygen decrease while aromatic carbons bonded to oxygen increase. XPS results suggest that with decrease of particle size, pyridine nitrogen decreases while pyrrole nitrogen increases. It is concluded from the SSRF results that there is surface interfacial layer in coal particles which is caused by the organic groups linked to the matrix of the coals. The interfacial thickness of superfine pulverized coal particles decreases with increasing coal quality and particle size.
For the char particles, the interfacial thickness decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Furthermore, the interfacial thickness of NMG chars formed in CO_2 atmosphere is thinner than that of the chars formed in N_2 atmosphere. Pyrolysis is the initial stage of coal conversion process and has important, sometimes crucial influence on the whole combustion process. Pyrolysis experiments of superfine pulverized coal were carried out using the fixed bed reactor. Moreover, the effects of coal type, particle size and temperature on the gas releasing mechanism and evolution of gas compositions were analyzed. The results show that there are three main stages during CH4 releasing process and each type of CH4 consists with NMR analysis very well. During pyrolysis of pulverized coal, the amount of CO increases with decrease of particle size but a best size exists. The amount of CO yielding in CO_2 atmosphere is much higher than that in N2 atmophere because of the gasification effects. It is found that the gasification effects have a close relationship with pore structures of coal. With decrease of the particle size, there are more pores in coal which can intensify the gasfication effects. The results show that there are four main stages during CO releasing process and each type of CO has a close relationship with carbon contained organic groups in coal. The formation of NH3 is related with the free radical in coal which has to be actived by hydrogen contained radical outside. The smaller the coal particle size is, the more easily the fuel nitrogen converts to volatile nitrogen.
A thorough study on O_2/CO_2 staged combustion was conducted on the one dimensional coal combustion experimental system. The results show that in O_2/CO_2 atmosphere, when it is under fuel lean combustion condition, volatile nitrogen increases with decrease of particle size which results in the increase of total NO_x. On the other hand, when it is under fuel rich combustion condition, volatile nitrogen lowers down with decrease of particle size and the reducing capability on NO_x of chars increases which induces the decrease of total NO_x. The reduction of NO_x is obvious when oxidant staged technique is adopted in O_2/CO_2 combustion and the superfine pulverized coal can reduce NO_x emissions more efficiently than larger particles in this new technology. It is found that the NO_x emissions along the furnace appear as‘M’type. The homogenious reduction effect of NO_x is more efficient at higher temperature while it is disadvantageous for the heterogeneous reduction effect.
Oxidant staged combustion of superfine pulverized coal in O_2/CO_2 atmosphere is a brand new technology which realize simultaneously the removal of NO_x and capturing CO_2 easily. Also this technology can solve the inherent disadvantages in normal air staged combustion or O_2/CO_2 combustion such as low combustion efficiency, high combustion loss and slagging issues to a certain extent. Furthermore, this technology is feasible and easy to realize with few reconstructing on the exsiting devices. Therefore the oxidant staged O_2/CO_2 combustion technology will become a useful and promising method on controlling CO_2 and NO_x emissions in the future.
引文
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