“源”文化影响下潮汕小城镇空间集约规划方法研究
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摘要
我国有众多具有独特地域文化和巨大发展潜力的小城镇正陷入经济社会快速发展受限于空间不足的困境。小城镇的空间集约是其面对资源环境压力的必然选择,然而既有的“自上而下”的、盲从于经济发展需要的小城镇空间集约规划方法往往在实践中失去其预期的集约效果。潮汕地区小城镇规划当前所面临的严峻的空间不足的问题就是典型代表。历史上,潮汕地区就一直以其善于利用非常稀缺的环境资源而为世人所认可与称道,其中地域文化心理被认为是重要动因。当前,若在小城镇规划过程中能关注“源”文化(即地域文化心理的深层次内核)并加以利用,那将不仅能改善空间集约的效果,也能显现地域特色。
本论文力图进行小城镇空间规划设计的“文化心理寻根”,探索地域文化心理对小城镇空间集约的影响,并试从在规划方法中发挥其作用。研究的缘起来自于两个方面:一方面是以潮汕地区为代表,我国小城镇规划工作面对环境资源条件制约而妨碍其又好又快发展的现实问题,迫切需要寻找改进的途径;另一方面是当前城市规划学科的研究语境已经发生了重要的变化。在当前的信息时代,多元文化的倡导和人本主义思潮推动下,促成了规划理论向后现代主义转型的学术范式转向。多途径的借鉴各种理论资源去进行审视、探索以寻求合理的解释成为必然。建筑设计、城市规划等空间学科与社会学、心理学、政治学、文化研究等人文学科之间广泛地交叉融合,已经成为今天深入生活、研究规划实际问题难以回避的逻辑起点和研究策略。本研究立足于地域文化的特质,紧密结合潮汕地区小城镇规划工作的实际和发展需要,从城市规划学、文化生态学、社会心理学等多学科视角,对潮汕地区小城镇规划中的空间集约问题进行剖析和探讨,探索适宜的规划方法。
本论文的主要内容如下:
第一部分(第二章),论证和提取“源”文化。本部分首先对文化和文化心理的含义及结构关系进行梳理,认清了观念文化是包括城乡规划在内的人类物质文化创造的驱动力。人们的物质创造不止是一种改变环境的工具,更是充满渴望和理想的人类心灵对更丰富的文化内容、更美好的生活方式的追求和限定,是由人类特定文化心理结构决定的、是充满美好愿望的人类心态的体现。被创造出来的物质文化使得思想观念得到广泛传播,为人类带来福音。接着在此基础上,创建了“源”文化的概念。“源”文化即具有地域特点的文化心理的深层内核,她来自于文化的“原始积淀”、是人们自然秉赋的观念,是公众的“集体无意识”。然后,深入分析潮汕文化形成的自然地理环境特质和社会生活,并选取潮汕传统民居开展考据的研究,提取出潮汕“源”文化——用文字表述的由四个方面构成的心理结构框架。最后,通过问卷调查的形式对考据得到的成果进行验证,结果表明考据得到的成果得到公众的认可,从而最终确认潮汕“源”文化。
第二部分(第三章),探讨“源”文化在小城镇空间集约规划中的作用机理。首先,分析指出当前小城镇规划中普遍存在的空间利用粗放问题的危害以及走空间集约道路的必然;其次,剖析当前导致“空间不集约”的规划策略的几个理念误区,论证失去对“源”文化的信任和传承,而仅凭规划设计者的主观以及盲从所谓理性设计,是造成目前小城镇空间利用难题的深层内因;最后,以龙湖寨和峡山镇为例,追溯潮汕地区小城镇空间发展与其“源”文化的内在联系,归纳出“源”文化对小城镇空间集约的影响和作用机理;
第三部分(第四、五、六章),探讨利用“源”文化驱动小城镇空间集约的三个规划方法,分别是“双向适应的规划模式”,基于“源”文化的空间集约规划导则的提出、评价和优化以及实质性的基于“源”文化的居民参与机制。
本研究的创新之处主要有:
(1)在思路上,以更宽的视野提出将地域文化心理引入城乡规划设计和管理中并采用多学科交叉的研究思路,突破了我国既有的小城镇规划方法的局限;
(2)在研究上,第一次系统研究潮汕地区独特地域文化心理要素的特质及其对空间形态的影响,并将其与空间规划工作方法结合起来。
(3)在应用前景上,该研究探索出针对潮汕地区小城镇规划实践中面临的环境资源难题时发挥“源文化”作用的空间集约规划设计新方法,该方法也可以作为其他地区小城镇规划方法改进的参考。
A great number of small towns in China with unique regional cultures and a great development potential have been stuck in the dilemma that their fast economic and social development is restrained by limited space. Space intensification thus becomes an inevitable choice for small towns to deal with the environmental and resource pressures they are facing. However, the existing“top-down”space intensification strategies at the technical level usually fail to have the anticipated effects in practice. The reason for that lies in the lack of one of the most fundamental driving forces for the formation of space in the planning process of small towns, that is, the concern of people’s cultural psychological characteristics and the utilization of the“source culture”(namely the deep kernel of regional cultural psychology).
This paper tries to“search for the cultural psychological roots”regarding space planning and design in small towns, explore the influence and propulsion of regional cultural psychology to the space intensification in small towns, and give play to the role of regional cultural psychology in planning and strategies preparation. The origin of the study comes from two aspects: one is represented by Chaoshan area. The planning of small towns in China is facing the real problem that environmental and resource conditions are constraining its good and fast development, thus new methods are needed to alleviate the situation and space intensification serves as the must and badly-needed choice; the other is that significant changes have been made to the existing research context of urban planning. In the current information age, the advocacy of multiple cultures and the promotion of humanistic thoughts have contributed to the shift of planning theories to the academic paradigm of postmodernism. It becomes a natural thing to explore and inspect the situation by borrowing a variety of theoretic sources so as to get a reasonable explanation. The extensive cross-integration of space disciplines such as architectural design and urban planning with academic disciplines such as sociology, psychology, political science and cultural studies have become an unavoidable logical starting point and a research strategy to plunge into the thick of life and study real planning problems. Based on the characteristics of local culture, the study closely connects the status quo and development demands of the planning of small towns in Chaoshan area, and from the angles of a variety of disciplines such as urban planning, cultural ecology and social psychology, analyzes and discusses the problem of space intensification in the process of planning small towns in Chaoshan area, and tries to explore the appropriate planning strategies.
Main contents of this paper are as follows:
Part I (Chapter II) extracts the“source”culture. In this part, the definitions of culture and cultural psychology, as well as the structural relationship between the two are combed first to make clear that culture is the driving force for the material creation by the human beings. Such creation activities include urban and rural planning. The material creation of the human beings is not only a tool to change the environment, but also a presentation of the human mind-set full of good wishes and determined by the human-unique cultural and psychological structure. The created material civilization facilitates the extensive dissemination of ideology and conception and brings Gospel to the mankind. The concept of“source”culture is then established on the basis of it.“Source”culture refers to the deep kernel of the cultural psychology with unique regional characteristics. Coming from the“primitive accumulation”, the“source”culture is a naturally endowed concept of the human beings and the“collective unconsciousness”of the public. After that, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the natural geological environment and the social life in which Chaoshan culture has been nourished, and carries out a research over the textual criticism by selecting the traditional folk houses in Chaoshan area before extracting the“source”culture - the framework of the psychological structure composed of four aspects and expressed in words. The results show that the achievements got by textual criticism are recognized by the public. The“source”culture of Chaoshan area is finally extracted.
Part II (Chapter III) explores the mechanism of the effects of“source”culture on the space intensification of small towns. Firstly, the problem and dangers of extensive space utilization popular in the planning of small towns today, and the unavoidable choice of adopting space intensification are analyzed and pointed out; secondly, the current several erroneous notions that lead to the“extensive space utilization”strategy are analyzed; the fact that failing to trust and carry forward the“source”culture, relying mainly on the subjective ideas of the designer, or blindly following the so-called rational design is the deep-seated internal cause resulting in the problem of space utilization by small towns; finally, Longhu Village and Xiashan Township are taken as the examples to retrace the internal relationship of the space development of small towns in Chaoshan area with its“source”culture and to summarize the influence and mechanism of effects of the“source”culture on space intensification of small towns.
Part III (Chapters IV, V and VI) discusses the three planning strategies for utilizing the“source”culture to promote the space utilization of small towns. The three strategies are“two-way adaptive planning model”, the“source”culture-based space utilization planning strategy and its cultural psychological adaptation degrees’evaluation index system, as well as the substantial resident participation mechanism. Major innovations of this study lie in:
(1) Ideas. It introduces the regional cultural psychology into the design and research of urban and rural planning and adopts the studying idea of intercrossing a number of disciplines, thus breaking through the limitations of the existing planning methods of small towns in China.
(2) The research. It studies the characteristics of the unique regional cultural psychology elements in Chaoshan area and their influence in spatial forms, and combines them with space planning to finally find the“two-way adaptive planning model”integrating the advantages of the“top-down”and“bottom-up”planning methods.
(3) Application Prospect. The study has not only explored new methods to solve the environmental and resource difficulties faced by Chaoshan area in its practice of planning small towns, but also will play a demonstrative role in planning small towns in the next phase in China.
本论文力图进行小城镇空间规划设计的“文化心理寻根”,探索地域文化心理对小城镇空间集约的影响,并试从在规划方法中发挥其作用。研究的缘起来自于两个方面:一方面是以潮汕地区为代表,我国小城镇规划工作面对环境资源条件制约而妨碍其又好又快发展的现实问题,迫切需要寻找改进的途径;另一方面是当前城市规划学科的研究语境已经发生了重要的变化。在当前的信息时代,多元文化的倡导和人本主义思潮推动下,促成了规划理论向后现代主义转型的学术范式转向。多途径的借鉴各种理论资源去进行审视、探索以寻求合理的解释成为必然。建筑设计、城市规划等空间学科与社会学、心理学、政治学、文化研究等人文学科之间广泛地交叉融合,已经成为今天深入生活、研究规划实际问题难以回避的逻辑起点和研究策略。本研究立足于地域文化的特质,紧密结合潮汕地区小城镇规划工作的实际和发展需要,从城市规划学、文化生态学、社会心理学等多学科视角,对潮汕地区小城镇规划中的空间集约问题进行剖析和探讨,探索适宜的规划方法。
本论文的主要内容如下:
第一部分(第二章),论证和提取“源”文化。本部分首先对文化和文化心理的含义及结构关系进行梳理,认清了观念文化是包括城乡规划在内的人类物质文化创造的驱动力。人们的物质创造不止是一种改变环境的工具,更是充满渴望和理想的人类心灵对更丰富的文化内容、更美好的生活方式的追求和限定,是由人类特定文化心理结构决定的、是充满美好愿望的人类心态的体现。被创造出来的物质文化使得思想观念得到广泛传播,为人类带来福音。接着在此基础上,创建了“源”文化的概念。“源”文化即具有地域特点的文化心理的深层内核,她来自于文化的“原始积淀”、是人们自然秉赋的观念,是公众的“集体无意识”。然后,深入分析潮汕文化形成的自然地理环境特质和社会生活,并选取潮汕传统民居开展考据的研究,提取出潮汕“源”文化——用文字表述的由四个方面构成的心理结构框架。最后,通过问卷调查的形式对考据得到的成果进行验证,结果表明考据得到的成果得到公众的认可,从而最终确认潮汕“源”文化。
第二部分(第三章),探讨“源”文化在小城镇空间集约规划中的作用机理。首先,分析指出当前小城镇规划中普遍存在的空间利用粗放问题的危害以及走空间集约道路的必然;其次,剖析当前导致“空间不集约”的规划策略的几个理念误区,论证失去对“源”文化的信任和传承,而仅凭规划设计者的主观以及盲从所谓理性设计,是造成目前小城镇空间利用难题的深层内因;最后,以龙湖寨和峡山镇为例,追溯潮汕地区小城镇空间发展与其“源”文化的内在联系,归纳出“源”文化对小城镇空间集约的影响和作用机理;
第三部分(第四、五、六章),探讨利用“源”文化驱动小城镇空间集约的三个规划方法,分别是“双向适应的规划模式”,基于“源”文化的空间集约规划导则的提出、评价和优化以及实质性的基于“源”文化的居民参与机制。
本研究的创新之处主要有:
(1)在思路上,以更宽的视野提出将地域文化心理引入城乡规划设计和管理中并采用多学科交叉的研究思路,突破了我国既有的小城镇规划方法的局限;
(2)在研究上,第一次系统研究潮汕地区独特地域文化心理要素的特质及其对空间形态的影响,并将其与空间规划工作方法结合起来。
(3)在应用前景上,该研究探索出针对潮汕地区小城镇规划实践中面临的环境资源难题时发挥“源文化”作用的空间集约规划设计新方法,该方法也可以作为其他地区小城镇规划方法改进的参考。
A great number of small towns in China with unique regional cultures and a great development potential have been stuck in the dilemma that their fast economic and social development is restrained by limited space. Space intensification thus becomes an inevitable choice for small towns to deal with the environmental and resource pressures they are facing. However, the existing“top-down”space intensification strategies at the technical level usually fail to have the anticipated effects in practice. The reason for that lies in the lack of one of the most fundamental driving forces for the formation of space in the planning process of small towns, that is, the concern of people’s cultural psychological characteristics and the utilization of the“source culture”(namely the deep kernel of regional cultural psychology).
This paper tries to“search for the cultural psychological roots”regarding space planning and design in small towns, explore the influence and propulsion of regional cultural psychology to the space intensification in small towns, and give play to the role of regional cultural psychology in planning and strategies preparation. The origin of the study comes from two aspects: one is represented by Chaoshan area. The planning of small towns in China is facing the real problem that environmental and resource conditions are constraining its good and fast development, thus new methods are needed to alleviate the situation and space intensification serves as the must and badly-needed choice; the other is that significant changes have been made to the existing research context of urban planning. In the current information age, the advocacy of multiple cultures and the promotion of humanistic thoughts have contributed to the shift of planning theories to the academic paradigm of postmodernism. It becomes a natural thing to explore and inspect the situation by borrowing a variety of theoretic sources so as to get a reasonable explanation. The extensive cross-integration of space disciplines such as architectural design and urban planning with academic disciplines such as sociology, psychology, political science and cultural studies have become an unavoidable logical starting point and a research strategy to plunge into the thick of life and study real planning problems. Based on the characteristics of local culture, the study closely connects the status quo and development demands of the planning of small towns in Chaoshan area, and from the angles of a variety of disciplines such as urban planning, cultural ecology and social psychology, analyzes and discusses the problem of space intensification in the process of planning small towns in Chaoshan area, and tries to explore the appropriate planning strategies.
Main contents of this paper are as follows:
Part I (Chapter II) extracts the“source”culture. In this part, the definitions of culture and cultural psychology, as well as the structural relationship between the two are combed first to make clear that culture is the driving force for the material creation by the human beings. Such creation activities include urban and rural planning. The material creation of the human beings is not only a tool to change the environment, but also a presentation of the human mind-set full of good wishes and determined by the human-unique cultural and psychological structure. The created material civilization facilitates the extensive dissemination of ideology and conception and brings Gospel to the mankind. The concept of“source”culture is then established on the basis of it.“Source”culture refers to the deep kernel of the cultural psychology with unique regional characteristics. Coming from the“primitive accumulation”, the“source”culture is a naturally endowed concept of the human beings and the“collective unconsciousness”of the public. After that, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the natural geological environment and the social life in which Chaoshan culture has been nourished, and carries out a research over the textual criticism by selecting the traditional folk houses in Chaoshan area before extracting the“source”culture - the framework of the psychological structure composed of four aspects and expressed in words. The results show that the achievements got by textual criticism are recognized by the public. The“source”culture of Chaoshan area is finally extracted.
Part II (Chapter III) explores the mechanism of the effects of“source”culture on the space intensification of small towns. Firstly, the problem and dangers of extensive space utilization popular in the planning of small towns today, and the unavoidable choice of adopting space intensification are analyzed and pointed out; secondly, the current several erroneous notions that lead to the“extensive space utilization”strategy are analyzed; the fact that failing to trust and carry forward the“source”culture, relying mainly on the subjective ideas of the designer, or blindly following the so-called rational design is the deep-seated internal cause resulting in the problem of space utilization by small towns; finally, Longhu Village and Xiashan Township are taken as the examples to retrace the internal relationship of the space development of small towns in Chaoshan area with its“source”culture and to summarize the influence and mechanism of effects of the“source”culture on space intensification of small towns.
Part III (Chapters IV, V and VI) discusses the three planning strategies for utilizing the“source”culture to promote the space utilization of small towns. The three strategies are“two-way adaptive planning model”, the“source”culture-based space utilization planning strategy and its cultural psychological adaptation degrees’evaluation index system, as well as the substantial resident participation mechanism. Major innovations of this study lie in:
(1) Ideas. It introduces the regional cultural psychology into the design and research of urban and rural planning and adopts the studying idea of intercrossing a number of disciplines, thus breaking through the limitations of the existing planning methods of small towns in China.
(2) The research. It studies the characteristics of the unique regional cultural psychology elements in Chaoshan area and their influence in spatial forms, and combines them with space planning to finally find the“two-way adaptive planning model”integrating the advantages of the“top-down”and“bottom-up”planning methods.
(3) Application Prospect. The study has not only explored new methods to solve the environmental and resource difficulties faced by Chaoshan area in its practice of planning small towns, but also will play a demonstrative role in planning small towns in the next phase in China.
引文
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