次同步振荡抑制装置及其控制策略研究
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摘要
交流线路的串联补偿技术和直流输电技术是增加电网远距离输电容量和提高电力系统稳定性的经济有效方法,但这两种方法都有可能引起次同步振荡(SSO)问题,对发电机轴系造成损害。随着“十二五”期间我国西部大型能源基地的不断建设,大量电力的送出势必需要更多的串联补偿交流线路和直流输电线路投入运行,可以预料电力系统次同步振荡问题将会更加突出。本文正是在这一背景下,对电力系统次同步振荡的抑制装置及其控制策略进行了研究,研究的主要内容如下：
(1)介绍了测试信号法的原理及具体实现方法。通过分别计算出系统的电气阻尼和机械阻尼系数来判断系统次同步振荡的稳定性。基于加入TCSC的IEEE次同步谐振(SSR)第一标准测试系统,使用Prony方法分析时域仿真曲线,将辨识得到的模态阻尼与测试信号法分析结果进行比较,验证了测试信号法的有效性。将测试信号法扩展应用于多机系统的次同步振荡分析,通过对单厂多机系统各种运行工况的计算和分析,给出了一套适用于多机系统次同步振荡分析的测试信号法应用准则。
(2)研究了使用晶闸管控制的串联补偿电容器(TCSC)抑制次同步振荡及附加阻尼控制器设计方法。介绍了TCSC的基本构造和运行原理,通过电气阻尼特性分析表明TCSC和固定串补的组合串补方式无法完全阻止次同步振荡的发生。针对此问题,基于相位补偿原理设计了TCSC的附加阻尼控制器。通过对发电机转速差信号进行适当的放大和移相,产生附加控制信号来调节TCSC的触发角,使TCSC能够在整个次同步频段提供正的电气阻尼来抑制次同步振荡。最后通过基于IEEE SSR第一标准测试系统的频域和时域仿真验证了所设计的TCSC附加控制器的有效性。
(3)使用了基于电压源换流器(VSC)的新型串联补偿装置-静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)来抑制次同步振荡。研究了SSSC基本运行原理和控制方法,分析了不同容量的SSSC的电气阻尼特性。设计了通带内低相移的扭振模式带通滤波器,通过带通滤波器对系统每个扭振模式分别进行相位补偿,使SSSC能够在所有扭振频率附近提供正的电气阻尼,达到抑制次同步振荡的目的。基于改进的IEEE次同步谐振第一标准测试系统的仿真结果表明,所设计的SSSC次同步振荡多模式阻尼控制器能够阻止发电机和线路之间次同步振荡的产生。
(4)对门极控制串联电容器(GCSC)在抑制电力系统次同步振荡方面的应用进行了研究。介绍了GCSC的结构及基本控制原理,分析了GCSC稳态运行特性。对基于GCSC的各种不对称串补结构抑制SSO的能力做了相关研究,并采用测试信号法求取电气阻尼来展示不对称串补结构缓解SSO的效果。针对单相GCSC设计了次同步振荡阻尼控制器,在成功抑制次同步振荡的同时,减少了工程费用。
(5)提出了一种基于附加励磁阻尼控制器(SEDC)和感应电机阻尼器(IMDU)的组合式次同步振荡抑制方案。SEDC通过对发电机转速信号的反馈控制持续地提供阻尼,能够抑制稳态和小扰动时SSO的发生：在系统受到大扰动后,通过加装在发电机轴系一端的IMDU来抑制故障时的暂态力矩放火。首先分析了SEDC控制器的设计过程,然后对IMDU的结构和参数的选取做了详细的研究。最后通过时域仿真分析验证了所设计的组合式次同步振荡抑制方案能较好地防范电力系统在稳态和暂态产生SSO的风险,弥补了SEDC在暂态故障时阻尼不足的缺点。
Series capacitor compensation of ac transmission lines and high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems have been recognized as useful and economical means to increase long distance power transfer capability and to improve system stability. However, both of the two methods may lead to subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) problems and cause a great damage to the turbine-generator system. During the National 12th Five-Year Plan period, with the rapid growth of large energy bases in Western China, more series compensated transmission lines and HVDC transmission lines are needed in order to send large amount of electric power from West to East. The risks of SSO will be more severe than ever. In such circumstances, this dissertation studies the suppression devices and their control strategies of subsynchronous oscillation. The main works are organized as follows.
(1) The basic principle of test signal method and its realization is introduced. Electrical damping and mechanical damping are calculated separately, and the results are used to indicate the system SSO stability. Based on the IEEE SSR first benchmark model (FBM), the analysis results of Prony modal identification and test signal method are compared in order to validate the effectiveness of the test signal method. The test signal method is then extended to multi-machine system. Different working conditions of a plant with three generators are analyzed and some rules are summarized.
(2) The thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is adopted to suppress SSO. The basic structure and operating principles of the TCSC are studied. The electrical damping torque analysis shows in a hybrid system which includes both fixed series compensator and TCSC, disturbances may still excite torsional mode oscillations. A supplementary damping controller of the TCSC is then designed to solve this problem. The design method is based on phase compensation principle and the procedure for the syntheses of the controller is presented in detail. The effectiveness of the controller has been validated using modified IEEE SSR FBM in frequency domain and time domain simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed controller is effective to mitigate SSO.
(3) The application of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) for damping subsynchronous resonance in series compensated system is examined. The modeling and basic operating principles of the SSSC are analyzed. A case study based on modified IEEE FBM is adopted to investigate the SSSC damping characteristics with varied SSSC rating. Special band-pass filters having low passband phase shift are designed. With these filters, a multimode controller design method is developed to suppress multiple unstable torsional frequencies. Simulation results based on IEEE FBM show the proposed controller can provide positive electrical damping around each torsional frequency and is effective to mitigate the torsional interaction between the electrical network and the turbine-generator shafts.
(4) A series-connected FACTS device named gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) is investigated to mitigate subsynchronous oscillation. The fundamental structure and basic control method of the GCSC is firstly introduced, and the steady state characteristics of the GCSC are also analyzed. The GCSC with different asymmetric compensation structures are proposed. The ability of asymmetric structure to reduce the SSO destabilization is studied by test signal method. A single phase GCSC subsynchronous oscillation damping controller is then designed to suppress SSO and to reduce the rating and cost of the GCSC.
(5) A new scheme to solve SSO problem with a combination of a supplementary excitation damping controller (SEDC) and an additional induction machine damping unit (1MDU) is proposed. By phase shifting and amplifying of the feedback control signal, the SEDC can provide effective damping under steady state and small disturbance operations. The IMDU is mechanically coupled to the generator shaft, acting like an active damping controller to mitigate the transient torque amplification during transients. Firstly, the design method of the SEDC is analyzed. The configuration of the IMDU is then introduced, and the influences of IMDU mechanical and electrical parameters are also discussed. Time domain simulation results based on IEEE SSR first benchmark indicate that, the SEDC may fail to damp SSO under some large disturbances, while the combination control scheme can eliminate SSO instabilities in both steady and transient states of power systems.
(1)介绍了测试信号法的原理及具体实现方法。通过分别计算出系统的电气阻尼和机械阻尼系数来判断系统次同步振荡的稳定性。基于加入TCSC的IEEE次同步谐振(SSR)第一标准测试系统,使用Prony方法分析时域仿真曲线,将辨识得到的模态阻尼与测试信号法分析结果进行比较,验证了测试信号法的有效性。将测试信号法扩展应用于多机系统的次同步振荡分析,通过对单厂多机系统各种运行工况的计算和分析,给出了一套适用于多机系统次同步振荡分析的测试信号法应用准则。
(2)研究了使用晶闸管控制的串联补偿电容器(TCSC)抑制次同步振荡及附加阻尼控制器设计方法。介绍了TCSC的基本构造和运行原理,通过电气阻尼特性分析表明TCSC和固定串补的组合串补方式无法完全阻止次同步振荡的发生。针对此问题,基于相位补偿原理设计了TCSC的附加阻尼控制器。通过对发电机转速差信号进行适当的放大和移相,产生附加控制信号来调节TCSC的触发角,使TCSC能够在整个次同步频段提供正的电气阻尼来抑制次同步振荡。最后通过基于IEEE SSR第一标准测试系统的频域和时域仿真验证了所设计的TCSC附加控制器的有效性。
(3)使用了基于电压源换流器(VSC)的新型串联补偿装置-静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)来抑制次同步振荡。研究了SSSC基本运行原理和控制方法,分析了不同容量的SSSC的电气阻尼特性。设计了通带内低相移的扭振模式带通滤波器,通过带通滤波器对系统每个扭振模式分别进行相位补偿,使SSSC能够在所有扭振频率附近提供正的电气阻尼,达到抑制次同步振荡的目的。基于改进的IEEE次同步谐振第一标准测试系统的仿真结果表明,所设计的SSSC次同步振荡多模式阻尼控制器能够阻止发电机和线路之间次同步振荡的产生。
(4)对门极控制串联电容器(GCSC)在抑制电力系统次同步振荡方面的应用进行了研究。介绍了GCSC的结构及基本控制原理,分析了GCSC稳态运行特性。对基于GCSC的各种不对称串补结构抑制SSO的能力做了相关研究,并采用测试信号法求取电气阻尼来展示不对称串补结构缓解SSO的效果。针对单相GCSC设计了次同步振荡阻尼控制器,在成功抑制次同步振荡的同时,减少了工程费用。
(5)提出了一种基于附加励磁阻尼控制器(SEDC)和感应电机阻尼器(IMDU)的组合式次同步振荡抑制方案。SEDC通过对发电机转速信号的反馈控制持续地提供阻尼,能够抑制稳态和小扰动时SSO的发生：在系统受到大扰动后,通过加装在发电机轴系一端的IMDU来抑制故障时的暂态力矩放火。首先分析了SEDC控制器的设计过程,然后对IMDU的结构和参数的选取做了详细的研究。最后通过时域仿真分析验证了所设计的组合式次同步振荡抑制方案能较好地防范电力系统在稳态和暂态产生SSO的风险,弥补了SEDC在暂态故障时阻尼不足的缺点。
Series capacitor compensation of ac transmission lines and high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems have been recognized as useful and economical means to increase long distance power transfer capability and to improve system stability. However, both of the two methods may lead to subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) problems and cause a great damage to the turbine-generator system. During the National 12th Five-Year Plan period, with the rapid growth of large energy bases in Western China, more series compensated transmission lines and HVDC transmission lines are needed in order to send large amount of electric power from West to East. The risks of SSO will be more severe than ever. In such circumstances, this dissertation studies the suppression devices and their control strategies of subsynchronous oscillation. The main works are organized as follows.
(1) The basic principle of test signal method and its realization is introduced. Electrical damping and mechanical damping are calculated separately, and the results are used to indicate the system SSO stability. Based on the IEEE SSR first benchmark model (FBM), the analysis results of Prony modal identification and test signal method are compared in order to validate the effectiveness of the test signal method. The test signal method is then extended to multi-machine system. Different working conditions of a plant with three generators are analyzed and some rules are summarized.
(2) The thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is adopted to suppress SSO. The basic structure and operating principles of the TCSC are studied. The electrical damping torque analysis shows in a hybrid system which includes both fixed series compensator and TCSC, disturbances may still excite torsional mode oscillations. A supplementary damping controller of the TCSC is then designed to solve this problem. The design method is based on phase compensation principle and the procedure for the syntheses of the controller is presented in detail. The effectiveness of the controller has been validated using modified IEEE SSR FBM in frequency domain and time domain simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed controller is effective to mitigate SSO.
(3) The application of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) for damping subsynchronous resonance in series compensated system is examined. The modeling and basic operating principles of the SSSC are analyzed. A case study based on modified IEEE FBM is adopted to investigate the SSSC damping characteristics with varied SSSC rating. Special band-pass filters having low passband phase shift are designed. With these filters, a multimode controller design method is developed to suppress multiple unstable torsional frequencies. Simulation results based on IEEE FBM show the proposed controller can provide positive electrical damping around each torsional frequency and is effective to mitigate the torsional interaction between the electrical network and the turbine-generator shafts.
(4) A series-connected FACTS device named gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) is investigated to mitigate subsynchronous oscillation. The fundamental structure and basic control method of the GCSC is firstly introduced, and the steady state characteristics of the GCSC are also analyzed. The GCSC with different asymmetric compensation structures are proposed. The ability of asymmetric structure to reduce the SSO destabilization is studied by test signal method. A single phase GCSC subsynchronous oscillation damping controller is then designed to suppress SSO and to reduce the rating and cost of the GCSC.
(5) A new scheme to solve SSO problem with a combination of a supplementary excitation damping controller (SEDC) and an additional induction machine damping unit (1MDU) is proposed. By phase shifting and amplifying of the feedback control signal, the SEDC can provide effective damping under steady state and small disturbance operations. The IMDU is mechanically coupled to the generator shaft, acting like an active damping controller to mitigate the transient torque amplification during transients. Firstly, the design method of the SEDC is analyzed. The configuration of the IMDU is then introduced, and the influences of IMDU mechanical and electrical parameters are also discussed. Time domain simulation results based on IEEE SSR first benchmark indicate that, the SEDC may fail to damp SSO under some large disturbances, while the combination control scheme can eliminate SSO instabilities in both steady and transient states of power systems.
引文
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