草酸降解菌的分离鉴定及其对犬草酸钙尿结石的预防作用与机理研究
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摘要
据美国明尼苏达州结石分析中心报道,草酸钙结石在犬上的发病率已经从1981年的5%上升到了2007年的41%,而曾是犬发病率最高的磷酸铵镁结石的发病率则从1981年的78%下降到了2007年的40%。同时,草酸钙结石也是人发病率最高的结石类型。不同于其他类型的结石,草酸钙结石一旦形成,只能通过手术的方法来移除,给病犬和患者带来极大的痛苦。
犬和人草酸钙尿石症发病的原因之一是饮食中摄入过量的草酸而引发高草酸尿,进而导致病的发生。因而通过减少肠道中可被机体吸收的草酸的量,进而降低尿液草酸浓度,可预防草酸钙结石。近年研究发现,肠道中的一些乳酸菌具有降解草酸的能力,但研究还不够深入,相关分离鉴定和试验研究以应用于动物为目的的则更少见到。同时,由于肠道是一个复杂的环境,而乳酸菌并不以草酸为唯一碳源,因此,其他碳源对细菌利用草酸能力的影响值得研究。在之前的报道中,乳酸菌的草酸降解力都是单株研究,但是由于动物肠道菌群包括大约400多种已被鉴定的菌种,因此,混合菌株降解草酸的能力也值得被研究。
本研究对南京地区临床上犬尿石症的自然病例的发病情况进行了调查,对收集到的尿结石样品的成分进行了分析研究；建立了食源性草酸过多导致的犬高草酸尿、草酸钙结石模型；从不同品种的健康犬粪便中分离筛选了具有降解草酸能力的细菌,并对其进行鉴定；在体外研究了筛选出的降解草酸能力较强的乳酸菌草酸降解率和细菌量、糖浓度以及单株或混合株之间的关系；研究了草酸降解乳酸菌对酸和胆盐的耐受能力,对抗生素的敏感性,对小白鼠的急性毒性,在犬肠道的定殖以及对高草酸尿症模型犬的生物预防作用。这些研究可为研制预防犬和人草酸钙尿石症的微生物添加剂提供科学依据。各试验的研究内容如下：
试验1南京地区犬尿石症的发病情况调查
通过对收集的146例犬尿结石进行分析,了解南京地区犬尿石症的详细资料及尿石晶体化学成分构成。收集南京地区3家大型动物医院的犬结石标本146份,采用化学方法对尿石中的主要成分进行分析,同时对尿石症患犬进行流行病学调查。结果表明,146例尿石标本中,鸟粪石(磷酸铵镁)成分占52.55%(76/146),尿酸及尿酸盐占17.81%(26/146),磷酸钙占2.74%(4/146),草酸钙占23.29%(34/146),复合型结石占4.11%(6/146)。患尿石症犬的性别倾向、发病部位、品种趋势、平均年龄和饮食习惯对结石的成分及发生部位都有一定的关系。
试验2草酸降解菌的分离鉴定
本试验分别使用乳杆菌选择性培养基(MRS-万古霉素固体培养基)和肠球菌选择性培养基(Pfizer肠球菌选择性固体培养基),从3个品种共36条健康犬粪便中筛选细菌。经形态学观察、革兰氏染色、过氧化氢反应和草酸耐受试验,筛选出47株细菌革兰氏阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性、能够在含有20 mmol-L-1草酸的MRS固体培养基上生长的细菌,经分离纯化后,使用离子色谱法测定其在含有20 mmo1·L-1草酸的MRS液体培养基中降解草酸的能力,并使用法国梅里埃VITEK2全自动细菌分析仪进行鉴定。47株犬源草酸耐受乳酸菌包括22株乳杆菌、6株乳球菌、4株肠膜明串珠菌和15株肠球菌。24/47(51.63%)株乳酸菌具有降解草酸的能力。其中16株细菌的草酸降解力低于5%,而另外8株[肠膜样明串珠菌(RL75),格氏乳球菌(CD2),乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(CS21),屎肠球菌(CL71、CL72),粪肠球菌(CD14、CS62、CD12)]能够降解5%以上的草酸,和空白对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。这8株细菌将用于下一步试验。
试验3不同糖浓度下细菌的草酸降解能力
观察了8株细菌在不同糖浓度MRS液体培养基中利用葡萄糖的情况,确定葡萄糖足够、不足、缺失的浓度分别为20 g·L-,2.5 g·L-’和0 g·L-1。调整8株细菌的新鲜菌液至1×106CFU-mL-1,按5%的接种量分别接种与三种不同糖浓度含量(足够、不足、缺失)的MRS-草酸液体培养基中,以测定他们草酸降解能力的变化。每个糖浓度都包括12个样品,分别是8株细菌的单个菌株、乳球菌混合菌株、肠球菌混合菌株以及所有细菌的混合株以及空白对照。和空白对照组相比,在三种糖浓度的情况下,所有菌株的草酸均显著降低(P<0.05)。不同菌株在三个糖浓度下草酸降解率的变化各不相同。CL72的草酸降解率随葡萄糖浓度升高而显著升高(P<0.05),RL75的草酸降解率在葡萄糖浓度为2.5 g·L-1时最高(P<0.05),CS62、CD14、和CS21的草酸降解率在三种糖浓度下无差异(P>0.05)。对于其他菌株,在20 g·L-1葡萄糖浓度的培养基中的草酸降解能率均高于葡萄糖浓度为2.5 g·L-1和0 g-L-1的培养基。所有细菌的混合株的草酸降解率强于单个菌株和其他两种混合菌株。各菌株的细菌量与葡萄糖浓度呈正相关(P<0.05); CL72、CD12、CD14、CD2、乳球菌混合菌,所有菌混合菌的草酸降解率和细菌量呈正相关(P<0.05), CL71、CS62、CS21、RL75、肠球菌混合菌的草酸降解率和细菌量无相关性。结果表明,葡萄糖对不同细菌的草酸代谢因菌株不同各异：一些细菌可以同时代谢葡萄糖和草酸,故当细菌量随葡萄糖浓度增大时,草酸降解率也增高；高浓度的葡萄糖可以抑制一些细菌草酸代谢。部分细菌的草酸降解率和细菌量正相关。不同种菌株混合后,有协同作用,草酸降解力强于单独菌株。RL75草酸降解力受其他碳源影响较大,另外7株细菌用于下一步试验。
试验4草酸降解菌体外及体内安全、定殖试验
本试验对筛选出来的7株犬源草酸降解菌的潜在益生作用做了进一步的评价,分别进行了耐酸试验、耐胆盐试验、抗生素敏感性试验、小白鼠急性毒性试验、犬体内定殖试验,并对进一步筛选出的两株细菌进行分子鉴定。将细菌以107CFU·mL-1分别接种于pH2.0、pH 3.0的MRS培养基后观察细菌的生长情况。结果表明,各菌株均能在pH 2.0的MRS培养基中耐受30 min,在pH3.0的MRS培养基中耐受4 h。其中,CL72在肠球菌中的耐酸能力较强,CS21在乳球菌中的耐酸能力较强。将细菌以107CFU·mL-1分别接种于0.3%、1%胆盐的MRS培养基后观察细菌的生长情况。各菌株均能耐受0.3%胆盐24 h,能耐受1%胆盐12 h。肠球菌耐受胆盐能力均较好。虽然各菌株耐药谱不同,但各菌株均对青霉素类、氟喹诺酮类、利福平、糖肽类、硝基呋喃类敏感。140只清洁级昆明小鼠随机分为7组,雌雄各半。将7株细菌冻干粉以101。CFU·g-,15 g·Kg-’的剂量给小鼠灌胃给药,灌胃2次,两周后观察未见小白鼠死亡表明细菌对小白鼠无急性毒性。将细菌驯化为耐受利福平的细菌,确定试验犬体内没有耐利福平的细菌后,每天补给5 mL 109CFU·mL-1草酸高效降解菌的耐利福平菌株,时间为10 d。结果表明,在饲喂第1d就能在犬粪便中分离到各菌株,且停止饲喂后,第20 d仍能在犬粪便中分离到各菌株。各菌株饲喂1d、5d、10d时细菌量差异不显著(P>0.05),停止饲喂后,15 d,20 d时细菌量差异显著(P<0.05)。结合细菌草酸降解能力及各试验结果,筛选出CL72和CS21做分子鉴定,使用16srRNA通用引物对两株细菌的16srRNA基因扩增并测序,将获得的序列输入数据库(GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB),登录号分别为JF895185, JF895186,与现有序列比对并制作分子进化树后,发现其分别与屎肠球菌、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种的相似性均为99%,与全自动细菌鉴定仪的鉴定结果一致。这两株细菌将用于下一步试验。
试验5食源性草酸过多草酸钙结石动物造模
采用0.5%和1%两种不同浓度草酸诱导犬肾草酸钙结石模型,检测0 d,15 d,30d各组犬24 h尿总钙和尿草酸,尿尿素氮,尿肌酐,血钙,血尿素氮和血肌酐,以比较这两种试验性犬食源性草酸摄入过多肾草酸钙结石模型。结果发现：在饲料中添加草酸后,1%草酸组的尿比重在第15d就显著增高(P<0.05),0.5%草酸组的尿比重在第30 d显著增高(P<0.05)。0.5%和1%试验组的犬,试验第15d尿液pH值均显著减小(P<0.05)。试验第15d及第30 d,0.5%和1%草酸组的血清钙较空白对照组均有显著降低(P<0.05),且1%草酸组的血清钙较0.5%组的血清钙降低的更显著(P<0.05)。相较于空白对照组,在整个试验期间,0.5%草酸组的血清肌酐和血清尿素氮均有升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。而1%草酸组的血清肌酐和血清尿素氮相较于另外两组,在饲喂草酸15d后,就有显著升高(P<0.05)。试验第15 d,1%草酸组的尿钙较空白对照组和0.5%草酸组的尿钙显著升高(P<0.05),试验第30d,0.5%草酸组的尿钙和1%草酸组的尿钙较空白对照组均显著升高(p<0.05),且1%草酸组的尿钙高于0.5%草酸组的尿钙(P<0.05)。试验第15d、30d,0.5%草酸组的尿草酸和1%草酸组的尿草酸较空白对照组均显著升高(P<0.05),且1%草酸组的尿草酸均显著高于0.5%草酸组的尿草酸(P<0.05)。试验第15 d,0.5%草酸组和1%草酸组的尿肌酐和尿尿素氮均无显著变化；试验第30 d,1%草酸组的尿肌酐和尿尿素氮显著高于空白对照组和0.5%草酸组(P<0.05)。1%组结晶成堆而且连接,上皮细胞明显肿胀、变性、坏死,管腔扩张明显。0.5%组仅有少数结晶分布,管腔内仅见散在草酸钙结晶,管腔扩大也较轻。
试验6草酸降解菌在犬体内的草酸降解能力
研究了草酸降解菌在体内降解草酸的能力。本地犬30条,分为5组,分别为空白对照组、0.5%草酸阳性对照组、0.5%草酸+屎肠球菌(CL72)组、0.5%草酸+乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(CS21)组、0.5%草酸+两株细菌的混合菌株组。细菌能够降低试验犬的尿比重,但差异不显著(P>0.05)；在试验第15d和第30 d,CL72和混菌的能够预防尿液pH值显著降低(P<0.05)。CL72和混菌在试验第15d和试验第30 d均能显著降低尿液草酸浓度(P<0.05),CS21也能降低尿液草酸浓度,但差异不显著(P>0.05)CL72和混菌在试验第15d和试验第30 d均能显著降低尿液草酸浓度(P<0.05),CS21也能降低尿液草酸浓度,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。三个试验组均能够防止血液肌酐和尿素氮的升高,同时防止尿液肌酐和尿素氮的降低,但是均不显著(P>0.05)。在试验第30 d时,草酸降解菌能够防止血钙浓度的下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在试验第30 d时,草酸降解菌能够显著降低尿钙水平,且差异显著(P<0.05)。
According to the report of the center of Minnesota Urolith, in 1981, calcium oxalate calculi represented only 5% of canine uroliths whereas struvite was detected in 78%. However, in 2007,41% of the urolithiasis in dogs was calcium oxalate calculi, while struvite represented 40%. In order to reduce struvite crystal formation, oxalic acid and its salts are widely distributed in dry commercially prepared dog food to make acidification of urine. Calcium oxalate calculi represent the most common type of stones in humans. Increased intestinal absorption of oxalate may lead to hyperoxaluria with significantly enhanced risk of urinary stone formation. Like human, increased dietary oxalate results in increased urinary oxalate and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy adult dogs.
Unlike other types of stones, calcium oxalate stones, once formed, can only be removed by surgical methods. It has brought great pain to the dogs. The calcium oxalate stones could be prevented by reducing the amount of oxalic acid of the intestinal tract.
Previous studies reported that lactic acid bacteria could reduce oxalate both in vitro and in vivo. However, only a few studies have reported the isolation of oxalate-degrading lactic acid bacteria. In addition, unlike O. formigenes, lactic acid bacteria are "generalists." The effect of the glucose concentration on the oxalate-degrading capacities of "generalists" is unclear, and further experiments are required to resolve this issue. Moreover, in these studies, the oxalate-degrading capacities of isolated strains were only evaluated individually. To our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the oxalate-degrading capacities of mixtures of strains of different species.
Investigation of canine urolithiasis of field cases was conducted. The compositions of urolith samples obtained from some clinics were analyzed. These results provided theoretical basis for controlling and preventing urolithiasis for clinical veterinary. Also, we want to build the animal model of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate calculi which were caused by diet intake too much oxalate, to isolate and identified a range of oxalate-degrading lactic acid bacteria which owe the stabile oxalate-degrading capacity and could be used as probiotics, and to use them in vivo.
Experiment 1 The investigation of urolithiasis and composition analysis of canine urinary calculi in Nanjing Area The investigation of field cases of canine urolithiasis was obtained form 3 representative animal hospitals in Nanjing area in recent three years. In the same time, the composition of 146 canine urinary stones was studied by chemical qualitative analysis. The results indicated that:Four types of calculi were found on the base of their main constituents:52.55%(76/146) were magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite),17.81%(26/146) were urat,2.74%(4/146) were calcium phosphate, 23.29%(34/146) were calcium oxalate,4.11%(6/146) were composite stone. It was analysed that the characters on the location of the calculi, breed, average easy-infected age, genders and food about the canine with urolithiasis, which provided clinical basis for controlling and preventing urolithiasis in Nanjing areas.
Experiment 2 Isolation and identification of oxalate-degrading bacteria Lactobacillius were isolated on MRS-vancomycin agar, while Enterococcus were isolated on bile aesculin agar. Fecal samples were collected from 36 dogs of three different breeds. After assessing the colony morphology, gram reaction, and catalase activity, the gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were selected as lactic acid bacteria. The isolated colonies were re-streaked on MRS agar to ensure their purity. The pure isolates were transferred to MRS-ox agar, and the strains that survived were selected for the next experiment. The oxalate-degrading capacities of isolates were detected in the MRS-ox broth by ion chromatography. And all of the isolated strains were identified by a commercial biochemical assay (V1TEK compact 2, Biomerieux, French). Forty-seven strains of lactic acid bacteria included 22 isolates of Lactobacillius,6 isolates of Lactococcus,4 isolates of Leuconostoc, and 15 isolates of Enterococcus. One representative isolate each from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (RL75), Lactococcus garvieae (CD2), and Lactococcus subsp. lactic (CS21) as well as two representative isolates from Enterococcus faecium (CL71 and CL72) and three representative isolates from Enterococcus faecalis (CD 14, CS62, and CD 12) degraded more than 5% of the oxalate present. These eight strains showed significant oxalate degradation (P<0.05) in comparison with the sodium oxalate media control. These 8 isolates were selected for the next experiment.
Experiment 3 Oxalate-degrading capacities of the isolates under different glucose concentrations The glucose consumptions of 8 isolates were observed in the MRS broth with different glucose concentrations, and a glucose concentration of 2.5 g-L-1 was regarded as insufficient, and a concentration of 20 g-L-1 was considered to be sufficient for the next experiment. There were 12 samples in each group of the same glucose concentration:each individual isolate, a mixture of the three Lactococcus, a mixture of the five Enterococcus, a mixture of eight isolates, and a medium blank. Isolates were grown in MRS broth for 24 h. The culture broths were inoculated at 5% into corresponding media containing 20 mmol·L-1 sodium oxalate and different concentrations of glucose. In comparison with the control medium, all of the individual isolates and mixtures of isolates could degrade oxalate in all three groups (P< 0.05). The oxalate degradation rates of CL72 were significantly increased (P< 0.05) among the three glucose concentrations. The oxalate degradation rate of RL75 in the medium containing 2.5 g·L-1 glucose was significantly higher than that in the medium containing 20 g·L-1 glucose and the medium containing 0 g·L-1 glucose (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the oxalate degradation rates of CS62, CD 14, and CS21 among the three glucose concentrations (P> 0.05). The other isolates showed higher oxalate degradation rates in media containing 2.5 g·L-1 or 20 g·L-1 glucose. The oxalate-degrading capacities of the isolates were isolate dependent. There may be different relationships between oxalate metabolism and glucose for different types of bacteria. For partial of lactic acid bacteria, the oxalate degrading rate was mainly influenced by bacterial count. The mixture of all isolates showed higher oxalate-degrading capacity than the individual isolates and other mixtures. Except RL75, the other 7 isolates were chosen for next experiments.
Experiment 4 The potential probiotic effection, safety evaluation, and in vivo gastric transit of seven isolated oxalate-degrading LAB The potential probiotic effect of seven oxalate-degrading LAB were futher evaluated. Resistance to low pH environment, resistance to bile salts, antibiotic susceptibility, acute toxicity, and assessment of gastric transit of 7 isolates in vivo were performed. Isolates were resuspended in the MRS broth at 107 CFU·mL-1, and the pH of MRS broth was adjusted to 2.0-3.0. All of the isolates survived in the pH 2.0 MRS broth for 30 min, and in the pH3.0 MRS broth for 4 h. Among them, CL72 and CS21 had better resistance to low pH environment than other isolates. Isolates were inoculated at 107CFU·mL-1 in the MRS broth with 0.3% and 1% w/v ox-bile purified added, and their survival measured at intervals of 0 h,12 h, and 24 h. All of the isolates survived in the MRS broth with 0.3% ox-bile for 24 h, and in the MRS broth with 1% ox-bile for 12 h. Antibiotic susceptibility for isolates were assayed with the agar diffusion disk method recommended. Different isolates had different antibiotic susceptibility. All of the isolates were sensitive to Penicillins, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampicin, Glycopeptides, and Nitrofurans. One hundred and forty Kunming mouse of clean grade of each sex were equally divided into 7 groups, fed the different eight strains at dose based on the maximum achievable concentration (>1010 CFU·mL-1) and the maximum dose volume (15 g·Kg-1). We observed no adverse effects and no deaths after 20 days. Necropsy showed no anomalous findings. Isolates were cultured onto MRS agar plates containing rifampicin to gain the rifampicin-resistant isolates. The rifampicin-resistant isolates were resuspended to a dose of 109 CFU·mL-1. Five mL resuspended isolates were administered to dogs for 10 days. Canine faecal pellets were collected prior to feeding (Day 0) and on Days 1,5,10,15, and 20. The CFU·g-1 was determined by plating onto MRS agar containing rifampicin, in order to facilitate uncomplicated identification of the rifampicin-resistant isolates from all other LAB. Prior to feeding rifampicin-resistant isolates, no rifampicin-resistant isolates were detected on culture plates. No significant difference was observed between transit levels on d 1,5, or 10 (P>0.05). Ten days after the experiments, the rifampicin-resistant isolates also could be isolated from the faecal pellets. Significant differences were observed between the faecal pellets on d 10,15, or 20 (P<0.05). CL72 and CS21 were selected for the next experiment. These 2 isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Contrasting the 16S rRNA sequence in the data base (GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB), the result showed that the CL72 belong to Enterococcus faecium, and CS21 belong to Lactococcus subsp. lactic. Sequence analysis of CL72 and CS21 were submitted to GenBank. The access numbers in data base (GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB) were JF895185 (CL72) and JF895186 (CS21), individually. These results were consistent with the results of commercial biochemical assay. These two isolates were chosen for next experiment.
Experiment 5 Establishment of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate calculus models in canie Two concentrations of oxalate were used to build the animal models. The urine calcium, urine oxalate, urine BUN, urine CA, serum BUN, and serum CA were detected on d 0,15, and 30. And when the experiment finished, the histopathological changes of kidney were monitored. The result showed that the urine specific gravity of 1% oxalate group significantly increased on d 15 (P< 0.05), while the urine specific gravity of 0.5% oxalate group significantly increased on d 30 (P<0.05). The urine pH of both oxalate concentrations group significantly decreased on d 15 (P<0.05). On d 15 and d 30, the serum calcium significantly decreased when compared to the control group (P<0.05); and the serum calcium of 1% oxalate group significantly decreased than 0.5% group (P< 0.05). The serium BUN and serium CA of 0.5% group showed no difference among d 0,15, and 30 (P>0.05); while the serum BUN and CA of 1% significantly increased on d 15 (P< 0.05). On d 15, the urine calcium of 1% group significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared to the control group; while on d 30, the urine calcium of two group both increased significantly (P<0.05). On d 15 and d 30, the urine oxalate concentration of both oxalate concentration group significantly increased (P<0.05), and the urine oxalate concentration of 1% group were significiantly higher than that of 0.5% group. On d 15, the urine BUN and the urine CA showed no difference with the control group (P>0.05); while on d 30, the urine BUN and CA of 1% oxalate group showed significiantly increase (P< 0.05). The crystal in 1% oxalate group were piling and connecting. The epithelial cells were swelling, degeneration, necrosis, lumen significiantly expansed.
Experiment 6 In vivo oxalate degradation of selected oxalate-degrading bacteria in a canine model Thirty local dogs were randomly allotted to groups A, B, C, D, E. Group A was designed as control group and only fed with commercial canine food,0.5% oxalate was provided in group B,0.5% oxalate+Enterococcus faecium (CL72) was provided in group C,0.5% oxalate+Lactococcus subsp. lactic (CS21) was provided in group D, and 0.5% oxalate+mixture was provided in group E. Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the concentration of Ca, BUN, CA, oxalate. The results showed that during the experiment, the urine specific gravity of the three oxalate-degrading LAB groups showed no difference(P>0.05). The urine oxalate concentration in CL72 and mixture isolate group showed significiant decreased than the 0.5% oxalate group. The urine BUN, urine CA, serum BUN, serum CA in all of the three oxalate-degrading LAB showed no difference with the 0.5% oxalate group (P>0.05). On d 30, the urine calcium of the three oxalate-degrading LAB group showed significiant decrease (P<0.05), while the serum calcium showed no difference (P>0.05).
犬和人草酸钙尿石症发病的原因之一是饮食中摄入过量的草酸而引发高草酸尿,进而导致病的发生。因而通过减少肠道中可被机体吸收的草酸的量,进而降低尿液草酸浓度,可预防草酸钙结石。近年研究发现,肠道中的一些乳酸菌具有降解草酸的能力,但研究还不够深入,相关分离鉴定和试验研究以应用于动物为目的的则更少见到。同时,由于肠道是一个复杂的环境,而乳酸菌并不以草酸为唯一碳源,因此,其他碳源对细菌利用草酸能力的影响值得研究。在之前的报道中,乳酸菌的草酸降解力都是单株研究,但是由于动物肠道菌群包括大约400多种已被鉴定的菌种,因此,混合菌株降解草酸的能力也值得被研究。
本研究对南京地区临床上犬尿石症的自然病例的发病情况进行了调查,对收集到的尿结石样品的成分进行了分析研究；建立了食源性草酸过多导致的犬高草酸尿、草酸钙结石模型；从不同品种的健康犬粪便中分离筛选了具有降解草酸能力的细菌,并对其进行鉴定；在体外研究了筛选出的降解草酸能力较强的乳酸菌草酸降解率和细菌量、糖浓度以及单株或混合株之间的关系；研究了草酸降解乳酸菌对酸和胆盐的耐受能力,对抗生素的敏感性,对小白鼠的急性毒性,在犬肠道的定殖以及对高草酸尿症模型犬的生物预防作用。这些研究可为研制预防犬和人草酸钙尿石症的微生物添加剂提供科学依据。各试验的研究内容如下：
试验1南京地区犬尿石症的发病情况调查
通过对收集的146例犬尿结石进行分析,了解南京地区犬尿石症的详细资料及尿石晶体化学成分构成。收集南京地区3家大型动物医院的犬结石标本146份,采用化学方法对尿石中的主要成分进行分析,同时对尿石症患犬进行流行病学调查。结果表明,146例尿石标本中,鸟粪石(磷酸铵镁)成分占52.55%(76/146),尿酸及尿酸盐占17.81%(26/146),磷酸钙占2.74%(4/146),草酸钙占23.29%(34/146),复合型结石占4.11%(6/146)。患尿石症犬的性别倾向、发病部位、品种趋势、平均年龄和饮食习惯对结石的成分及发生部位都有一定的关系。
试验2草酸降解菌的分离鉴定
本试验分别使用乳杆菌选择性培养基(MRS-万古霉素固体培养基)和肠球菌选择性培养基(Pfizer肠球菌选择性固体培养基),从3个品种共36条健康犬粪便中筛选细菌。经形态学观察、革兰氏染色、过氧化氢反应和草酸耐受试验,筛选出47株细菌革兰氏阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性、能够在含有20 mmol-L-1草酸的MRS固体培养基上生长的细菌,经分离纯化后,使用离子色谱法测定其在含有20 mmo1·L-1草酸的MRS液体培养基中降解草酸的能力,并使用法国梅里埃VITEK2全自动细菌分析仪进行鉴定。47株犬源草酸耐受乳酸菌包括22株乳杆菌、6株乳球菌、4株肠膜明串珠菌和15株肠球菌。24/47(51.63%)株乳酸菌具有降解草酸的能力。其中16株细菌的草酸降解力低于5%,而另外8株[肠膜样明串珠菌(RL75),格氏乳球菌(CD2),乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(CS21),屎肠球菌(CL71、CL72),粪肠球菌(CD14、CS62、CD12)]能够降解5%以上的草酸,和空白对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。这8株细菌将用于下一步试验。
试验3不同糖浓度下细菌的草酸降解能力
观察了8株细菌在不同糖浓度MRS液体培养基中利用葡萄糖的情况,确定葡萄糖足够、不足、缺失的浓度分别为20 g·L-,2.5 g·L-’和0 g·L-1。调整8株细菌的新鲜菌液至1×106CFU-mL-1,按5%的接种量分别接种与三种不同糖浓度含量(足够、不足、缺失)的MRS-草酸液体培养基中,以测定他们草酸降解能力的变化。每个糖浓度都包括12个样品,分别是8株细菌的单个菌株、乳球菌混合菌株、肠球菌混合菌株以及所有细菌的混合株以及空白对照。和空白对照组相比,在三种糖浓度的情况下,所有菌株的草酸均显著降低(P<0.05)。不同菌株在三个糖浓度下草酸降解率的变化各不相同。CL72的草酸降解率随葡萄糖浓度升高而显著升高(P<0.05),RL75的草酸降解率在葡萄糖浓度为2.5 g·L-1时最高(P<0.05),CS62、CD14、和CS21的草酸降解率在三种糖浓度下无差异(P>0.05)。对于其他菌株,在20 g·L-1葡萄糖浓度的培养基中的草酸降解能率均高于葡萄糖浓度为2.5 g·L-1和0 g-L-1的培养基。所有细菌的混合株的草酸降解率强于单个菌株和其他两种混合菌株。各菌株的细菌量与葡萄糖浓度呈正相关(P<0.05); CL72、CD12、CD14、CD2、乳球菌混合菌,所有菌混合菌的草酸降解率和细菌量呈正相关(P<0.05), CL71、CS62、CS21、RL75、肠球菌混合菌的草酸降解率和细菌量无相关性。结果表明,葡萄糖对不同细菌的草酸代谢因菌株不同各异：一些细菌可以同时代谢葡萄糖和草酸,故当细菌量随葡萄糖浓度增大时,草酸降解率也增高；高浓度的葡萄糖可以抑制一些细菌草酸代谢。部分细菌的草酸降解率和细菌量正相关。不同种菌株混合后,有协同作用,草酸降解力强于单独菌株。RL75草酸降解力受其他碳源影响较大,另外7株细菌用于下一步试验。
试验4草酸降解菌体外及体内安全、定殖试验
本试验对筛选出来的7株犬源草酸降解菌的潜在益生作用做了进一步的评价,分别进行了耐酸试验、耐胆盐试验、抗生素敏感性试验、小白鼠急性毒性试验、犬体内定殖试验,并对进一步筛选出的两株细菌进行分子鉴定。将细菌以107CFU·mL-1分别接种于pH2.0、pH 3.0的MRS培养基后观察细菌的生长情况。结果表明,各菌株均能在pH 2.0的MRS培养基中耐受30 min,在pH3.0的MRS培养基中耐受4 h。其中,CL72在肠球菌中的耐酸能力较强,CS21在乳球菌中的耐酸能力较强。将细菌以107CFU·mL-1分别接种于0.3%、1%胆盐的MRS培养基后观察细菌的生长情况。各菌株均能耐受0.3%胆盐24 h,能耐受1%胆盐12 h。肠球菌耐受胆盐能力均较好。虽然各菌株耐药谱不同,但各菌株均对青霉素类、氟喹诺酮类、利福平、糖肽类、硝基呋喃类敏感。140只清洁级昆明小鼠随机分为7组,雌雄各半。将7株细菌冻干粉以101。CFU·g-,15 g·Kg-’的剂量给小鼠灌胃给药,灌胃2次,两周后观察未见小白鼠死亡表明细菌对小白鼠无急性毒性。将细菌驯化为耐受利福平的细菌,确定试验犬体内没有耐利福平的细菌后,每天补给5 mL 109CFU·mL-1草酸高效降解菌的耐利福平菌株,时间为10 d。结果表明,在饲喂第1d就能在犬粪便中分离到各菌株,且停止饲喂后,第20 d仍能在犬粪便中分离到各菌株。各菌株饲喂1d、5d、10d时细菌量差异不显著(P>0.05),停止饲喂后,15 d,20 d时细菌量差异显著(P<0.05)。结合细菌草酸降解能力及各试验结果,筛选出CL72和CS21做分子鉴定,使用16srRNA通用引物对两株细菌的16srRNA基因扩增并测序,将获得的序列输入数据库(GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB),登录号分别为JF895185, JF895186,与现有序列比对并制作分子进化树后,发现其分别与屎肠球菌、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种的相似性均为99%,与全自动细菌鉴定仪的鉴定结果一致。这两株细菌将用于下一步试验。
试验5食源性草酸过多草酸钙结石动物造模
采用0.5%和1%两种不同浓度草酸诱导犬肾草酸钙结石模型,检测0 d,15 d,30d各组犬24 h尿总钙和尿草酸,尿尿素氮,尿肌酐,血钙,血尿素氮和血肌酐,以比较这两种试验性犬食源性草酸摄入过多肾草酸钙结石模型。结果发现：在饲料中添加草酸后,1%草酸组的尿比重在第15d就显著增高(P<0.05),0.5%草酸组的尿比重在第30 d显著增高(P<0.05)。0.5%和1%试验组的犬,试验第15d尿液pH值均显著减小(P<0.05)。试验第15d及第30 d,0.5%和1%草酸组的血清钙较空白对照组均有显著降低(P<0.05),且1%草酸组的血清钙较0.5%组的血清钙降低的更显著(P<0.05)。相较于空白对照组,在整个试验期间,0.5%草酸组的血清肌酐和血清尿素氮均有升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。而1%草酸组的血清肌酐和血清尿素氮相较于另外两组,在饲喂草酸15d后,就有显著升高(P<0.05)。试验第15 d,1%草酸组的尿钙较空白对照组和0.5%草酸组的尿钙显著升高(P<0.05),试验第30d,0.5%草酸组的尿钙和1%草酸组的尿钙较空白对照组均显著升高(p<0.05),且1%草酸组的尿钙高于0.5%草酸组的尿钙(P<0.05)。试验第15d、30d,0.5%草酸组的尿草酸和1%草酸组的尿草酸较空白对照组均显著升高(P<0.05),且1%草酸组的尿草酸均显著高于0.5%草酸组的尿草酸(P<0.05)。试验第15 d,0.5%草酸组和1%草酸组的尿肌酐和尿尿素氮均无显著变化；试验第30 d,1%草酸组的尿肌酐和尿尿素氮显著高于空白对照组和0.5%草酸组(P<0.05)。1%组结晶成堆而且连接,上皮细胞明显肿胀、变性、坏死,管腔扩张明显。0.5%组仅有少数结晶分布,管腔内仅见散在草酸钙结晶,管腔扩大也较轻。
试验6草酸降解菌在犬体内的草酸降解能力
研究了草酸降解菌在体内降解草酸的能力。本地犬30条,分为5组,分别为空白对照组、0.5%草酸阳性对照组、0.5%草酸+屎肠球菌(CL72)组、0.5%草酸+乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(CS21)组、0.5%草酸+两株细菌的混合菌株组。细菌能够降低试验犬的尿比重,但差异不显著(P>0.05)；在试验第15d和第30 d,CL72和混菌的能够预防尿液pH值显著降低(P<0.05)。CL72和混菌在试验第15d和试验第30 d均能显著降低尿液草酸浓度(P<0.05),CS21也能降低尿液草酸浓度,但差异不显著(P>0.05)CL72和混菌在试验第15d和试验第30 d均能显著降低尿液草酸浓度(P<0.05),CS21也能降低尿液草酸浓度,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。三个试验组均能够防止血液肌酐和尿素氮的升高,同时防止尿液肌酐和尿素氮的降低,但是均不显著(P>0.05)。在试验第30 d时,草酸降解菌能够防止血钙浓度的下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在试验第30 d时,草酸降解菌能够显著降低尿钙水平,且差异显著(P<0.05)。
According to the report of the center of Minnesota Urolith, in 1981, calcium oxalate calculi represented only 5% of canine uroliths whereas struvite was detected in 78%. However, in 2007,41% of the urolithiasis in dogs was calcium oxalate calculi, while struvite represented 40%. In order to reduce struvite crystal formation, oxalic acid and its salts are widely distributed in dry commercially prepared dog food to make acidification of urine. Calcium oxalate calculi represent the most common type of stones in humans. Increased intestinal absorption of oxalate may lead to hyperoxaluria with significantly enhanced risk of urinary stone formation. Like human, increased dietary oxalate results in increased urinary oxalate and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy adult dogs.
Unlike other types of stones, calcium oxalate stones, once formed, can only be removed by surgical methods. It has brought great pain to the dogs. The calcium oxalate stones could be prevented by reducing the amount of oxalic acid of the intestinal tract.
Previous studies reported that lactic acid bacteria could reduce oxalate both in vitro and in vivo. However, only a few studies have reported the isolation of oxalate-degrading lactic acid bacteria. In addition, unlike O. formigenes, lactic acid bacteria are "generalists." The effect of the glucose concentration on the oxalate-degrading capacities of "generalists" is unclear, and further experiments are required to resolve this issue. Moreover, in these studies, the oxalate-degrading capacities of isolated strains were only evaluated individually. To our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the oxalate-degrading capacities of mixtures of strains of different species.
Investigation of canine urolithiasis of field cases was conducted. The compositions of urolith samples obtained from some clinics were analyzed. These results provided theoretical basis for controlling and preventing urolithiasis for clinical veterinary. Also, we want to build the animal model of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate calculi which were caused by diet intake too much oxalate, to isolate and identified a range of oxalate-degrading lactic acid bacteria which owe the stabile oxalate-degrading capacity and could be used as probiotics, and to use them in vivo.
Experiment 1 The investigation of urolithiasis and composition analysis of canine urinary calculi in Nanjing Area The investigation of field cases of canine urolithiasis was obtained form 3 representative animal hospitals in Nanjing area in recent three years. In the same time, the composition of 146 canine urinary stones was studied by chemical qualitative analysis. The results indicated that:Four types of calculi were found on the base of their main constituents:52.55%(76/146) were magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite),17.81%(26/146) were urat,2.74%(4/146) were calcium phosphate, 23.29%(34/146) were calcium oxalate,4.11%(6/146) were composite stone. It was analysed that the characters on the location of the calculi, breed, average easy-infected age, genders and food about the canine with urolithiasis, which provided clinical basis for controlling and preventing urolithiasis in Nanjing areas.
Experiment 2 Isolation and identification of oxalate-degrading bacteria Lactobacillius were isolated on MRS-vancomycin agar, while Enterococcus were isolated on bile aesculin agar. Fecal samples were collected from 36 dogs of three different breeds. After assessing the colony morphology, gram reaction, and catalase activity, the gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were selected as lactic acid bacteria. The isolated colonies were re-streaked on MRS agar to ensure their purity. The pure isolates were transferred to MRS-ox agar, and the strains that survived were selected for the next experiment. The oxalate-degrading capacities of isolates were detected in the MRS-ox broth by ion chromatography. And all of the isolated strains were identified by a commercial biochemical assay (V1TEK compact 2, Biomerieux, French). Forty-seven strains of lactic acid bacteria included 22 isolates of Lactobacillius,6 isolates of Lactococcus,4 isolates of Leuconostoc, and 15 isolates of Enterococcus. One representative isolate each from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (RL75), Lactococcus garvieae (CD2), and Lactococcus subsp. lactic (CS21) as well as two representative isolates from Enterococcus faecium (CL71 and CL72) and three representative isolates from Enterococcus faecalis (CD 14, CS62, and CD 12) degraded more than 5% of the oxalate present. These eight strains showed significant oxalate degradation (P<0.05) in comparison with the sodium oxalate media control. These 8 isolates were selected for the next experiment.
Experiment 3 Oxalate-degrading capacities of the isolates under different glucose concentrations The glucose consumptions of 8 isolates were observed in the MRS broth with different glucose concentrations, and a glucose concentration of 2.5 g-L-1 was regarded as insufficient, and a concentration of 20 g-L-1 was considered to be sufficient for the next experiment. There were 12 samples in each group of the same glucose concentration:each individual isolate, a mixture of the three Lactococcus, a mixture of the five Enterococcus, a mixture of eight isolates, and a medium blank. Isolates were grown in MRS broth for 24 h. The culture broths were inoculated at 5% into corresponding media containing 20 mmol·L-1 sodium oxalate and different concentrations of glucose. In comparison with the control medium, all of the individual isolates and mixtures of isolates could degrade oxalate in all three groups (P< 0.05). The oxalate degradation rates of CL72 were significantly increased (P< 0.05) among the three glucose concentrations. The oxalate degradation rate of RL75 in the medium containing 2.5 g·L-1 glucose was significantly higher than that in the medium containing 20 g·L-1 glucose and the medium containing 0 g·L-1 glucose (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the oxalate degradation rates of CS62, CD 14, and CS21 among the three glucose concentrations (P> 0.05). The other isolates showed higher oxalate degradation rates in media containing 2.5 g·L-1 or 20 g·L-1 glucose. The oxalate-degrading capacities of the isolates were isolate dependent. There may be different relationships between oxalate metabolism and glucose for different types of bacteria. For partial of lactic acid bacteria, the oxalate degrading rate was mainly influenced by bacterial count. The mixture of all isolates showed higher oxalate-degrading capacity than the individual isolates and other mixtures. Except RL75, the other 7 isolates were chosen for next experiments.
Experiment 4 The potential probiotic effection, safety evaluation, and in vivo gastric transit of seven isolated oxalate-degrading LAB The potential probiotic effect of seven oxalate-degrading LAB were futher evaluated. Resistance to low pH environment, resistance to bile salts, antibiotic susceptibility, acute toxicity, and assessment of gastric transit of 7 isolates in vivo were performed. Isolates were resuspended in the MRS broth at 107 CFU·mL-1, and the pH of MRS broth was adjusted to 2.0-3.0. All of the isolates survived in the pH 2.0 MRS broth for 30 min, and in the pH3.0 MRS broth for 4 h. Among them, CL72 and CS21 had better resistance to low pH environment than other isolates. Isolates were inoculated at 107CFU·mL-1 in the MRS broth with 0.3% and 1% w/v ox-bile purified added, and their survival measured at intervals of 0 h,12 h, and 24 h. All of the isolates survived in the MRS broth with 0.3% ox-bile for 24 h, and in the MRS broth with 1% ox-bile for 12 h. Antibiotic susceptibility for isolates were assayed with the agar diffusion disk method recommended. Different isolates had different antibiotic susceptibility. All of the isolates were sensitive to Penicillins, Fluoroquinolones, Rifampicin, Glycopeptides, and Nitrofurans. One hundred and forty Kunming mouse of clean grade of each sex were equally divided into 7 groups, fed the different eight strains at dose based on the maximum achievable concentration (>1010 CFU·mL-1) and the maximum dose volume (15 g·Kg-1). We observed no adverse effects and no deaths after 20 days. Necropsy showed no anomalous findings. Isolates were cultured onto MRS agar plates containing rifampicin to gain the rifampicin-resistant isolates. The rifampicin-resistant isolates were resuspended to a dose of 109 CFU·mL-1. Five mL resuspended isolates were administered to dogs for 10 days. Canine faecal pellets were collected prior to feeding (Day 0) and on Days 1,5,10,15, and 20. The CFU·g-1 was determined by plating onto MRS agar containing rifampicin, in order to facilitate uncomplicated identification of the rifampicin-resistant isolates from all other LAB. Prior to feeding rifampicin-resistant isolates, no rifampicin-resistant isolates were detected on culture plates. No significant difference was observed between transit levels on d 1,5, or 10 (P>0.05). Ten days after the experiments, the rifampicin-resistant isolates also could be isolated from the faecal pellets. Significant differences were observed between the faecal pellets on d 10,15, or 20 (P<0.05). CL72 and CS21 were selected for the next experiment. These 2 isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Contrasting the 16S rRNA sequence in the data base (GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB), the result showed that the CL72 belong to Enterococcus faecium, and CS21 belong to Lactococcus subsp. lactic. Sequence analysis of CL72 and CS21 were submitted to GenBank. The access numbers in data base (GenBank+EMBL+DDBJ+PDB) were JF895185 (CL72) and JF895186 (CS21), individually. These results were consistent with the results of commercial biochemical assay. These two isolates were chosen for next experiment.
Experiment 5 Establishment of hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate calculus models in canie Two concentrations of oxalate were used to build the animal models. The urine calcium, urine oxalate, urine BUN, urine CA, serum BUN, and serum CA were detected on d 0,15, and 30. And when the experiment finished, the histopathological changes of kidney were monitored. The result showed that the urine specific gravity of 1% oxalate group significantly increased on d 15 (P< 0.05), while the urine specific gravity of 0.5% oxalate group significantly increased on d 30 (P<0.05). The urine pH of both oxalate concentrations group significantly decreased on d 15 (P<0.05). On d 15 and d 30, the serum calcium significantly decreased when compared to the control group (P<0.05); and the serum calcium of 1% oxalate group significantly decreased than 0.5% group (P< 0.05). The serium BUN and serium CA of 0.5% group showed no difference among d 0,15, and 30 (P>0.05); while the serum BUN and CA of 1% significantly increased on d 15 (P< 0.05). On d 15, the urine calcium of 1% group significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared to the control group; while on d 30, the urine calcium of two group both increased significantly (P<0.05). On d 15 and d 30, the urine oxalate concentration of both oxalate concentration group significantly increased (P<0.05), and the urine oxalate concentration of 1% group were significiantly higher than that of 0.5% group. On d 15, the urine BUN and the urine CA showed no difference with the control group (P>0.05); while on d 30, the urine BUN and CA of 1% oxalate group showed significiantly increase (P< 0.05). The crystal in 1% oxalate group were piling and connecting. The epithelial cells were swelling, degeneration, necrosis, lumen significiantly expansed.
Experiment 6 In vivo oxalate degradation of selected oxalate-degrading bacteria in a canine model Thirty local dogs were randomly allotted to groups A, B, C, D, E. Group A was designed as control group and only fed with commercial canine food,0.5% oxalate was provided in group B,0.5% oxalate+Enterococcus faecium (CL72) was provided in group C,0.5% oxalate+Lactococcus subsp. lactic (CS21) was provided in group D, and 0.5% oxalate+mixture was provided in group E. Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the concentration of Ca, BUN, CA, oxalate. The results showed that during the experiment, the urine specific gravity of the three oxalate-degrading LAB groups showed no difference(P>0.05). The urine oxalate concentration in CL72 and mixture isolate group showed significiant decreased than the 0.5% oxalate group. The urine BUN, urine CA, serum BUN, serum CA in all of the three oxalate-degrading LAB showed no difference with the 0.5% oxalate group (P>0.05). On d 30, the urine calcium of the three oxalate-degrading LAB group showed significiant decrease (P<0.05), while the serum calcium showed no difference (P>0.05).
引文
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