有机无机肥配施对土壤微生物与养分动态及作物生长的影响研究
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摘要
采用连续2年的田间小区试验,研究探明不同有机无机肥配施处理对作物生长的影响,并从土壤肥力、养分淋失和作物生理特性等方面揭示其作用机理,为猪粪型有机肥的应用,并减少环境污染提供科学依据。以氮素施用量为计算标准,分别以稻草、猪粪、沼渣沼液和猪粪堆肥与化肥配施,磷、钾折算,确保各处理N、P、K肥料施用量相等。双季稻试验共设8个处理：T1(10%的稻草N+90%的化肥N)；T2(20%猪粪N+80%的化肥N)；T3(20%猪粪堆肥N+80%的化肥N)；T4(20%的沼渣沼液N+80%的化肥N)；T5(10%的猪粪堆肥N+90%的化肥N)；T6(30%猪粪堆肥N+70%的化肥N)；T7(施纯化肥)；CK(不施肥)。旱地试验采用春玉米-小白菜轮作,共设7个处理：Ta(20%的猪粪N+80%的化肥N)；Tb(20%的猪粪堆肥N+80%的化肥N)；Tc(20%的沼渣沼液N+80%的化肥N)；Td(10%猪粪堆肥N+90%的化肥N)；Te(30%的猪粪堆肥N+70%的化肥N)；Tf(施纯化肥)；CK(不施肥)。主要研究结果如下：
1.与施纯化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可增加稻田和旱地土壤可培养微生物数量及土壤微生物量碳(SMNC)和土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量,提高SMNC向土壤有机碳(SOC)和SMBN向总氮(TN)转化的潜力,从而增加SOC与TN累积量。以20%的猪粪堆肥N+80%的化肥N效果最明显,2年后,与施纯化肥相比,稻田土壤可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别提高38.07%、9.9%和27.01%, SMBC、SMBN、SOC、TN含量可分别提高125.62%、134.26%、60.47%和13.44%；旱地土壤可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别提高了447.85、60.87和160.8倍,SMBC、SMBN、SOC、TN含量可分别提高97.51%、68.26%、16.49%和7.95%。有机无机肥配施下的稻田土壤中SMBC、SMBN和SOC三者间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),旱地土壤中的SMBC、SMBN、SOC和TN四者之间也有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。
2.有机无机肥配施有利于稻田和旱地土壤N、P、K养分和有机质(OM)含量增加,减缓土壤酸化进程。2年后,以稻草或猪粪与化肥配施有利于增加稻田土壤碱解N含量,以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施有利于促进稻田土壤P、K的累积,且土壤K素和OM含量随猪粪堆肥用量的增加而增加；以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施能明显提高旱地土壤中P、K和OM含量,且在供试的配比范围内,其土壤全P、速效P、速效K和OM含量均随猪粪堆肥配施量的增加而增加；20%的猪粪N+80%的化肥N处理的旱地土壤全N、速效N分别较Tf提高了18.54%和8.14%。
3.稻田氮素淋溶以有机态氮为主,旱地土壤地表径流以无机态氮为主,且矿质氮淋溶和径流损失均以硝态氮为主。合理的有机无机肥配施有利于降低稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度,减少旱地地表氮磷径流损失,促进水稻、春玉米和小白菜对养分的吸收并提高肥料利用率。水稻试验表明,与T7相比,T3的稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度明显降低,N、P、K养分累积量分别提高7.83,0.33,3.14 g.kg-1,氮磷钾肥料利用率分别提高5.22,0.55和3.50个百分点。旱地试验表明,以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施最有利于减少氮素流失,且其流失量随猪粪堆肥配施量的增加而降低；以20%的猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施可降低磷素径流损失,过高或过低配比的猪粪堆肥及猪粪与化肥配施对降低磷素径流损失的效果不明显；Tb、Tc第2年的作物(春玉米+小白菜)地上部氮素总累积量分别较Tf提高了20.28%和34.32%,两年总氮肥利用率分别较Tf提高了2.96和2.75个百分点。
4.有机无机肥配施有利于改善水稻、春玉米和小白菜叶片光合特性,提高其功能叶NR和SPS酶活性,促进产量提高并改善品质。三种作物试验的结果均表明,以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施较其他有机无机肥配施处理具有较明显优势。与T7相比,T3的早稻孕穗期功能叶NR酶活性提高了65.06%,蜡熟期SPS活性提高了7.70%,游离氨基酸含量提高43.87 mg·kg-1,产量增加19.65%。第2年春玉米试验表明,Tb的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率分别较Tf提高了13.35%和9.81%；灌浆期功能叶NR和SPS活性分别较Tf提高了17.96%和9.98%；籽粒中粗蛋白、粗淀粉含量分别提高30.4%和7.48%,硝酸盐含量降低了49.97%,增产7.94%。第2年小白菜试验表明,与Tf相比,Tb的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别提高了18.35%、4.16%和1.53%,胞间CO2浓度降低16.48%；移栽后第10d,叶片NR活性提高69.5%；移栽后第20d,叶片SPS活性提高8.24%；产量提高0.85%；Te最有利于改善小白菜品质,其小白菜体内可溶性糖、Vc含量分别提高22.82%、46.02%,硝酸盐含量降低29.93%。
This study aims to investigate effect mechanisms of organic and inorganic combination fertilizer on soil microorganisms, nutrient dynamics and crops growth of rice, spring maize and cabbage. Two years field plot trials were conducted to explain the function mechanism based on soil fertility, nutrient leaching loss and crop physiological characteristics. Nitrogen (N) application amount is used as standard calculation for application amount of rice straw, pig feces, biogas and pig manure composting respectively, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application amount of organic and inorganic fertilizer were converted as chemical P and K fertilizer also, aims to equal amounts of nutrient application. There are 8 treatments for two years double cropping rice trial:T1 (10% rice straw N+90% chemical N); T2 (20% pig feces N+80% chemical N); T3 (20% pig manure composting nitrogen+80% chemical N); T4 (20% biogas N+80% chemical N); T5 (10% pig manure composting N+90% chemical N); T6 (30% pig manure composting N+70% chemical N); T7 (chemical fertilizer); CK (no fertilizer). There are 7 treatments for two years spring maize/cabbage rotation trial:Ta (20% pig feces N+80% chemical N); Tb (20% pig manure composting N+80% chemical N); Tc (20% biogas N+80% chemical N); Td (10% pig manure composting N+90% chemical N); Te (30% pig manure composting N+70% chemical N); Tf (chemical fertilizer); CK (no fertilizer). The main results are showed as below:
1. Compared with chemical fertilizer application, combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased the number of cultivable bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) in paddy and dryland soil are increased also, the potentiality of SMBC transformed into soil organic carbon (SOC) and SMBN transformed into soil total nitrogen(TN) are improved, and accumulation amount of SOC and TN are increased also. And the effects of T3 and Tb treatments are the highest. Two years later, compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, the number of cultivable bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in paddy soil are increased by 38.07%, 9.9% and 27.01% respectively, and increased by 447.85,60.87 and 160.8 times in dryland soil, the contents of SMBC, SMBN, SOC and TN in paddy soil are increased by 125.62%,134.26%,60.47% and 13.44%, and increased by 97.51%,68.26%, 16.49% and 7.95% in dryland soil respectivly. There are significant positive correlation between SMBC, SMBN and SOC under combinations application of organic and inorganic fertilizer in paddy soil (p<0.01), and positive correlation between SMBC, SMBN, SOC and TN in dryland soil are significant also (p<0.01 or p<0.05).
2. Combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is benefit to increase of N, P, K and organic matter (OM) content in paddy soil and dryland soil. Combination application of rice straw or pig manure and chemical fertilizer is benefit to increase of available N contents after two years later, P and K accumulation are accelerated by combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer in paddy soil. K and OM contents are increased with application of pig manure composting increasing. P, K and OM contents are accelerated by combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer. While the contents TN and available N of Ta are 18.54% and 8.14% higher than Tf.
3. Organic N is the main form of N leakage loss from paddy field, while mineral N is the main form of N surface runoff loss from dryland field, and a large portion of mineral N loss are nitrate N in paddy and dryland soil. Reasonable combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is benefit to reduce amount of TN, TP, NH4+-N and NO3--N leakage loss from paddy field, and reduce the N and P loss, nutrient uptake of rice, spring maize and cabbage are accelerated and utilization rate of fertilizer is increased. The rice results showed that compared with T7, concentration of TN, TP, NH4+-N and NO3--N leakage loss from paddy field of T3 are obviously reduced, N, P, K uptake are increased by 7.83,0.33 and 3.14 g.kg-1, Utilization rate of N, P, K fertilizer are increased by 5.22%,0.55% and 3.50% respectively. The dryland results showed that N runoff loss of combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer is more reduced than other treatments. Larger amount of organic fertilizer application with smaller amount of N runoff loss. Phosphorus runoff loss can be reduced by combination application of pig manure composting or biogas by 20% and chemical fertilizer. Compare with Tf, N uptake of Tb and Tc in dryland crops are increased by 20.38% and 34.32% in the second year, and the total N utilization rate during two years are increased by 2.96% and 2.75% respectively.
4. Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is benefit to improve photosynthetic characteristics of rice, spring maize and cabbage, nitrate reductase (NR) and phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of functional leaves are increased, and crop yields and quality are improved also. All the above results showed that combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer has obviously advantages than other treatments. Compared with T7, NR activity of T3 in early rice flag leaves at booting stage is increased by 65.06%, SPS activity is increased by 7.70%, free amino acid contents is increased by 43.87 mg·kg-1, grain yield is increased by 19.65%. The second year of spring maize trial showed that compared with Tf, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Tb are increased by 13.35% and 9.81%, NR and SPS activities in spring maize functional leaves at filling stage are increased by 17.96% and 9.98%, crude protein and raw starch contents in spring maize corn are increased by 30.4% and 7.48%, while nitrates content is decreased by 49.97%, yield is increased by 7.94%. The second year of cabbage trial showed that compared with Tf, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of Tb are increased by 18.35%,4.16% and 1.53% respectively, intercellular CO2 concentration is decreased by 16.48%; NR activity is increased by 69.5% after 10 days transplanting, and SPS activity in functional leaves is increased by 8.24% after 20 days ransplanting; yield is increased by 0.85%. Te is benefit for cabbage quality improvement, soluble sugar and vitamin C content of cabbage are increased by 22.82% and 46.02% respectively, nitrate accumulation is decreased by 29.39%.
1.与施纯化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可增加稻田和旱地土壤可培养微生物数量及土壤微生物量碳(SMNC)和土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量,提高SMNC向土壤有机碳(SOC)和SMBN向总氮(TN)转化的潜力,从而增加SOC与TN累积量。以20%的猪粪堆肥N+80%的化肥N效果最明显,2年后,与施纯化肥相比,稻田土壤可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别提高38.07%、9.9%和27.01%, SMBC、SMBN、SOC、TN含量可分别提高125.62%、134.26%、60.47%和13.44%；旱地土壤可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别提高了447.85、60.87和160.8倍,SMBC、SMBN、SOC、TN含量可分别提高97.51%、68.26%、16.49%和7.95%。有机无机肥配施下的稻田土壤中SMBC、SMBN和SOC三者间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),旱地土壤中的SMBC、SMBN、SOC和TN四者之间也有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。
2.有机无机肥配施有利于稻田和旱地土壤N、P、K养分和有机质(OM)含量增加,减缓土壤酸化进程。2年后,以稻草或猪粪与化肥配施有利于增加稻田土壤碱解N含量,以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施有利于促进稻田土壤P、K的累积,且土壤K素和OM含量随猪粪堆肥用量的增加而增加；以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施能明显提高旱地土壤中P、K和OM含量,且在供试的配比范围内,其土壤全P、速效P、速效K和OM含量均随猪粪堆肥配施量的增加而增加；20%的猪粪N+80%的化肥N处理的旱地土壤全N、速效N分别较Tf提高了18.54%和8.14%。
3.稻田氮素淋溶以有机态氮为主,旱地土壤地表径流以无机态氮为主,且矿质氮淋溶和径流损失均以硝态氮为主。合理的有机无机肥配施有利于降低稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度,减少旱地地表氮磷径流损失,促进水稻、春玉米和小白菜对养分的吸收并提高肥料利用率。水稻试验表明,与T7相比,T3的稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度明显降低,N、P、K养分累积量分别提高7.83,0.33,3.14 g.kg-1,氮磷钾肥料利用率分别提高5.22,0.55和3.50个百分点。旱地试验表明,以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施最有利于减少氮素流失,且其流失量随猪粪堆肥配施量的增加而降低；以20%的猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施可降低磷素径流损失,过高或过低配比的猪粪堆肥及猪粪与化肥配施对降低磷素径流损失的效果不明显；Tb、Tc第2年的作物(春玉米+小白菜)地上部氮素总累积量分别较Tf提高了20.28%和34.32%,两年总氮肥利用率分别较Tf提高了2.96和2.75个百分点。
4.有机无机肥配施有利于改善水稻、春玉米和小白菜叶片光合特性,提高其功能叶NR和SPS酶活性,促进产量提高并改善品质。三种作物试验的结果均表明,以猪粪堆肥与化肥配施较其他有机无机肥配施处理具有较明显优势。与T7相比,T3的早稻孕穗期功能叶NR酶活性提高了65.06%,蜡熟期SPS活性提高了7.70%,游离氨基酸含量提高43.87 mg·kg-1,产量增加19.65%。第2年春玉米试验表明,Tb的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率分别较Tf提高了13.35%和9.81%；灌浆期功能叶NR和SPS活性分别较Tf提高了17.96%和9.98%；籽粒中粗蛋白、粗淀粉含量分别提高30.4%和7.48%,硝酸盐含量降低了49.97%,增产7.94%。第2年小白菜试验表明,与Tf相比,Tb的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别提高了18.35%、4.16%和1.53%,胞间CO2浓度降低16.48%；移栽后第10d,叶片NR活性提高69.5%；移栽后第20d,叶片SPS活性提高8.24%；产量提高0.85%；Te最有利于改善小白菜品质,其小白菜体内可溶性糖、Vc含量分别提高22.82%、46.02%,硝酸盐含量降低29.93%。
This study aims to investigate effect mechanisms of organic and inorganic combination fertilizer on soil microorganisms, nutrient dynamics and crops growth of rice, spring maize and cabbage. Two years field plot trials were conducted to explain the function mechanism based on soil fertility, nutrient leaching loss and crop physiological characteristics. Nitrogen (N) application amount is used as standard calculation for application amount of rice straw, pig feces, biogas and pig manure composting respectively, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application amount of organic and inorganic fertilizer were converted as chemical P and K fertilizer also, aims to equal amounts of nutrient application. There are 8 treatments for two years double cropping rice trial:T1 (10% rice straw N+90% chemical N); T2 (20% pig feces N+80% chemical N); T3 (20% pig manure composting nitrogen+80% chemical N); T4 (20% biogas N+80% chemical N); T5 (10% pig manure composting N+90% chemical N); T6 (30% pig manure composting N+70% chemical N); T7 (chemical fertilizer); CK (no fertilizer). There are 7 treatments for two years spring maize/cabbage rotation trial:Ta (20% pig feces N+80% chemical N); Tb (20% pig manure composting N+80% chemical N); Tc (20% biogas N+80% chemical N); Td (10% pig manure composting N+90% chemical N); Te (30% pig manure composting N+70% chemical N); Tf (chemical fertilizer); CK (no fertilizer). The main results are showed as below:
1. Compared with chemical fertilizer application, combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased the number of cultivable bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) in paddy and dryland soil are increased also, the potentiality of SMBC transformed into soil organic carbon (SOC) and SMBN transformed into soil total nitrogen(TN) are improved, and accumulation amount of SOC and TN are increased also. And the effects of T3 and Tb treatments are the highest. Two years later, compared with chemical fertilizer treatment, the number of cultivable bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in paddy soil are increased by 38.07%, 9.9% and 27.01% respectively, and increased by 447.85,60.87 and 160.8 times in dryland soil, the contents of SMBC, SMBN, SOC and TN in paddy soil are increased by 125.62%,134.26%,60.47% and 13.44%, and increased by 97.51%,68.26%, 16.49% and 7.95% in dryland soil respectivly. There are significant positive correlation between SMBC, SMBN and SOC under combinations application of organic and inorganic fertilizer in paddy soil (p<0.01), and positive correlation between SMBC, SMBN, SOC and TN in dryland soil are significant also (p<0.01 or p<0.05).
2. Combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is benefit to increase of N, P, K and organic matter (OM) content in paddy soil and dryland soil. Combination application of rice straw or pig manure and chemical fertilizer is benefit to increase of available N contents after two years later, P and K accumulation are accelerated by combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer in paddy soil. K and OM contents are increased with application of pig manure composting increasing. P, K and OM contents are accelerated by combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer. While the contents TN and available N of Ta are 18.54% and 8.14% higher than Tf.
3. Organic N is the main form of N leakage loss from paddy field, while mineral N is the main form of N surface runoff loss from dryland field, and a large portion of mineral N loss are nitrate N in paddy and dryland soil. Reasonable combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is benefit to reduce amount of TN, TP, NH4+-N and NO3--N leakage loss from paddy field, and reduce the N and P loss, nutrient uptake of rice, spring maize and cabbage are accelerated and utilization rate of fertilizer is increased. The rice results showed that compared with T7, concentration of TN, TP, NH4+-N and NO3--N leakage loss from paddy field of T3 are obviously reduced, N, P, K uptake are increased by 7.83,0.33 and 3.14 g.kg-1, Utilization rate of N, P, K fertilizer are increased by 5.22%,0.55% and 3.50% respectively. The dryland results showed that N runoff loss of combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer is more reduced than other treatments. Larger amount of organic fertilizer application with smaller amount of N runoff loss. Phosphorus runoff loss can be reduced by combination application of pig manure composting or biogas by 20% and chemical fertilizer. Compare with Tf, N uptake of Tb and Tc in dryland crops are increased by 20.38% and 34.32% in the second year, and the total N utilization rate during two years are increased by 2.96% and 2.75% respectively.
4. Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is benefit to improve photosynthetic characteristics of rice, spring maize and cabbage, nitrate reductase (NR) and phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of functional leaves are increased, and crop yields and quality are improved also. All the above results showed that combination application of pig manure composting and chemical fertilizer has obviously advantages than other treatments. Compared with T7, NR activity of T3 in early rice flag leaves at booting stage is increased by 65.06%, SPS activity is increased by 7.70%, free amino acid contents is increased by 43.87 mg·kg-1, grain yield is increased by 19.65%. The second year of spring maize trial showed that compared with Tf, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of Tb are increased by 13.35% and 9.81%, NR and SPS activities in spring maize functional leaves at filling stage are increased by 17.96% and 9.98%, crude protein and raw starch contents in spring maize corn are increased by 30.4% and 7.48%, while nitrates content is decreased by 49.97%, yield is increased by 7.94%. The second year of cabbage trial showed that compared with Tf, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of Tb are increased by 18.35%,4.16% and 1.53% respectively, intercellular CO2 concentration is decreased by 16.48%; NR activity is increased by 69.5% after 10 days transplanting, and SPS activity in functional leaves is increased by 8.24% after 20 days ransplanting; yield is increased by 0.85%. Te is benefit for cabbage quality improvement, soluble sugar and vitamin C content of cabbage are increased by 22.82% and 46.02% respectively, nitrate accumulation is decreased by 29.39%.
引文
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