异色瓢虫卵子发生及饲料对其卵黄发生的影响
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摘要
异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis Pallas)隶属于鞘翅目(Coleoptera),瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)是多种蚜虫、粉虱、螨、鳞翅目昆虫卵和低龄幼虫以及介壳虫等害虫的主要捕食性天敌,并具有捕食量大、寿命长、繁殖力强等特点,是一种具备开发潜力的天敌昆虫。本文对异色瓢虫的雌性生殖系统、卵子发生过程进行了观察,研究了不同饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖,以及卵黄发生的影响,并对其影响生殖的原因进行了分析。以揭示异色瓢虫卵形成过程,并为替代饲料的寻找和提高人工饲料饲养异色瓢虫的生殖力提供参考和依据。主要结果如下：
1.观察了异色瓢虫雌性内生殖系统,并根据卵室的有无和卵黄沉积情况将初羽化至卵发育成熟的卵巢划分为4个等级。采用石蜡切片的方法对异色瓢虫卵子发生过程进行观察,根据卵母细胞所在位置、体积和细胞核的变化,滋养细胞和滤泡细胞的形态变化,以及卵黄沉积沉积情况,将异色瓢虫卵子发生划分为卵母细胞分化期、卵母细胞营养期和卵黄形成期3个时期,并进一步将其分为7个阶段。
2.用蒸馏水沉淀法对异色瓢虫卵内主要蛋白——卵黄蛋白进行了纯化,通过Native-PAGE和SDS-PAGE分析,表明异色瓢虫卵黄蛋白为糖脂复合蛋白,其天然蛋白分子量为625.9 kDa。由4个亚基构成,亚基分子量分别为154.6 kDa、133.2 kDa、44.1 kDa和40.0 kDa,分为大、小两种。对其氨基酸组成和含量分析发现,在所测氨基酸种类中,以谷氨酸和脯氨酸的含量较高,分别为11.32%和10.83%。已见报道的,昆虫体内所必需的10种氨基酸占总量的41.47%,其中以赖氨酸和缬氨酸含量较高,分别为6.93%和6.94%。
3.用以猪肝为主体的9种人工饲料、冷藏和冷冻麦蛾卵并以桃蚜为对照饲养异色瓢虫,结果表明,麦蛾卵能够满足异色瓢虫幼虫生长发育的需要,并且冷冻麦蛾卵的饲喂效果明显好于冷藏麦蛾卵。冷冻麦蛾卵饲喂异色瓢虫,其幼虫发育历期为10.9d,成虫获得率高达91.0%,与对照(10.4天和72.8%)差异不显著。但羽化雌虫10.0%不能产卵,产卵前期平均为18.2天,显著长于对照组(8.1天)；单雌产卵量424.7粒,仅为对照组(938.4粒)的1/2。冷冻麦蛾卵可以作为异色瓢虫幼虫期的替代饲料,当成虫期蚜虫不足时亦可以作为补充饲料,但是不宜全程饲喂。9种人工饲料饲养异色瓢虫仍存在很多不足,会导致其幼虫历期延长、死亡率高、成虫生殖力下降、卵孵化率低等。其中,以猪肝、蜂蜜、蔗糖、昆虫维生素、酵母抽提物和橄榄油配制的饲料,成虫获得率较高为43.7%,但其中17.6%的雌虫不能产卵,单雌平均产卵量仅为231.3粒。
4.以异色瓢虫的卵黄蛋白作为抗原,制备抗卵黄蛋白的多克隆抗体,建立卵黄蛋白测定方法,研究桃蚜和冷冻麦蛾卵对异色瓢虫卵黄发生的影响。结果表明异色瓢虫与大多数昆虫相同,其卵黄蛋白前体主要在脂肪体中合成,并通过血淋巴输送至卵巢。冷冻麦蛾卵饲喂的异色瓢虫脂肪体中卵黄蛋白始终保持在低水平,进而影响卵巢中卵黄蛋白的沉积；总蛋白含量分析表明,两处理间初羽化雌虫脂肪中的总蛋白含量差异较小,随瓢虫发育,对照组总蛋白含量波动较大,卵黄蛋白亦随总蛋白含量发生变化；而麦蛾卵组瓢虫脂肪中的总蛋白含量始终保持在较高水平,但卵黄蛋白合成量明显低于对照。
5.分别以液质和气质联用测定两种饲料间,以及其所饲喂的初羽化和产卵雌虫间的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成差异。结果表明,桃蚜所含氨基酸含量为2718.7nmol/mg约为麦蛾卵(1431.8nmol/mg)的两倍,但两饲料氨基酸相对组成相似；而麦蛾卵中总脂肪酸含量为77.3μg/mg较桃蚜(31.41μg/mg)明显偏高,并且组成不同,桃蚜中肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸分别占总含量的58.4%和18.7%,而麦蛾卵中则为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量较高,分别为54.0%、14.1%和13.7%。两饲料所饲喂的初羽化和产卵雌虫体内氨基酸组成均基本一致,可见氨基酸含量和组成并非麦蛾卵影响异色瓢虫生殖力的原因；两者脂肪酸组成均以硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量较高。但肉豆蔻酸含量差异显著,桃蚜饲喂瓢虫初羽化和初产卵期体内分别为8.3%和4.5%,而于麦蛾卵处理中分别为0.5%和1.6%,因此推测,肉豆蔻酸的缺乏应为麦蛾卵饲喂雌虫产卵低的主要原因之一。
6.用直接ELISA和SDS-PAGE分析了异色瓢虫胚胎和胚后发育过程中卵黄蛋白的变化动态,发现,异色瓢虫卵中的卵黄蛋白在胚胎发育过程中是逐渐被降解利用的,其中部分保留至幼虫阶段,为幼虫的发育提供营养。
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a well-known aphidophagous, but also feeds on other small insects, such as eggs and larvae of Lepidoptera, whiteflies, mites and scale insects. Because of its characters, such as very prolificacy, long lifespan and voracious, H. axyridis is a potential biological natural enemies insect. In this paper, the structure of female reproductive system, ovarian development and oogenesis in H. axyridis were investigated. Effect of different diets on the development, oviposition and vitellogenesis of H. axyridis was studied. And then, in order to explore the reasons of poor fecundity of H. axyridis females on substitution prey, biochemical analyses were conducted on preys and ladybeetles. Aiming at offering theoretical reference and basis for developing the substitution prey and raising H. axyridis reproductive efficiency. The main results are as follows:
1. Based on external morphology characteristics and the vitellines deposition conditions, the ovarian development in the adult stage of H. axyridis could be divided into 4 stages. The oogenesis was studied using histological techniques. Basing on the changes of the oocyte's size, nucleus of the oocyte, follicle cells and the accumulation of vitellines, oogenesis in the adult stage could be divided into 3 periods which were oocytes differentiation, oocytes growth and the oocytes maturation. And the 3 periods could be divided into 7 stages.
2. The vitellin of H. axyridis was extracted with 0.4mol/L NaCl and then precipitated in cold distilled water. The characterization of vitellin was carried out by Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE analyses. The results shown that the vitellin had a native molecular mass of 625.9 kDa and was composed of four subunits, two large ones 154.6 kDa and 133.2 kDa, and two small ones 44.1 kDa and 40.0 kDa. Carbohydrates and lipids were found assoeiated with it. The content of insects'essential amino acid was 41.47%, and the higher contents between them was Lys and Val, which were 6.93% and 6.94%. The Glu and Pro were higher among all the species, which were 11.32% and 10.83%.
3. The potential of rearing H. axyridis on 11 different diets was evaluated, and using Myzus persicae as control. The results indicated that Sitotroga cerealella eggs could satisfy the nutritional requirements ofH.axyridis larvae, and the freezing ones was better than the refrigerated ones. The duration of larvae and survival rate from larvae to adults were 10.9 days and 91.0%, respectively, on freezing S. cerealella eggs. They had no significantly difference with the control (10.4 days and 72.8%). Preoviposition of S. cerealella eggs were 18.2 days, which was significantly longer than control (8.1 days). The number of eggs laid was 424.7 and twofold higher in control (938.4). The freezing S. cerealella eggs could be used as supplementary diet to keep the larvae or adults of H. axyridis, when natural prey is inadequate or absent. The 9 artificial diets in this paper shown low values. The best one among them was Diet 7, which was prepared by a portion of fresh pork liver, honey, sucrose, olive oil, yeast extract and Vanderzant's vitamin mixture. The viability from larvae to adults and number of eggs laid of H. axyridis fed on it were 17.6%and 231.3, respectively.17.6% females did not lay eggs.
4. A polyclonal antibody against vitellin was prepared in male rabbit. After purification, HRP was used to mark the antibody, then ELISA was set up to detect vitellin content in fat body, hemolymph and ovary ofH.axyridis fed on freezing S. cerealella eggs and M. persicae The results suggested that the vitellogenin was synthesized in fat body and transferred to ovary. The content of vitellin in ovary of H. axyridis fed on freezing S. cerealella eggs was lower, because of its low content in fat body. But there was no difference between the contents of total protein in fat bodys of 2 treatments.
5. Biochemical analyses were conducted on the proteins and lipids of these two different prey species as above. M. persicae were 2 times richer in amino acids than S. cerealella eggs (2718.7 nmol/mg vs1431.8 nmol/mg). Thus, the patterns of amino acids expressed in% of total amino acids were similar for the two kinds of prey. While, S. cerealella eggs were 2 times richer in fatty acids than M. persicae (77.3μg/mg vs 31.4μg/mg). The patterns were completely different for the two kinds of prey, aphids had high quantities of myristic acid (58.4%) and palmitic acid (18.7%), and S. cerealella eggs was high in oleic acid (54.0%), linoleic acid (14.1%) and palmitic acid (13.7%). The food source had no significant effect on amino acids composition of H. axyridis adults. The patterns of relative fatty acid content were also similar for females ofH. axyridis grown on M. persicae or S. cerealella eggs. Stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were higher in them. Significant differences were observed for myristic acid, it was 8.3% and 4.5% in newly-emerged and females at the first oviposition ofH. axyridis fed on M. persicae, but only 0.5% and 1.6% in them which fed on S. cerealella eggs. So the deficiencies in myristic acid could partially explain the poor fecundity of females grown on S. cerealella eggs.
6. The variation to vitellin was studied by SDS-PAGE and direct ELISA during embryogenic and postembryonic development to H. axyridis. The results indicated that vitellin was degradated constantly during embryonic development, but some of them were retained after eggs hatched.
1.观察了异色瓢虫雌性内生殖系统,并根据卵室的有无和卵黄沉积情况将初羽化至卵发育成熟的卵巢划分为4个等级。采用石蜡切片的方法对异色瓢虫卵子发生过程进行观察,根据卵母细胞所在位置、体积和细胞核的变化,滋养细胞和滤泡细胞的形态变化,以及卵黄沉积沉积情况,将异色瓢虫卵子发生划分为卵母细胞分化期、卵母细胞营养期和卵黄形成期3个时期,并进一步将其分为7个阶段。
2.用蒸馏水沉淀法对异色瓢虫卵内主要蛋白——卵黄蛋白进行了纯化,通过Native-PAGE和SDS-PAGE分析,表明异色瓢虫卵黄蛋白为糖脂复合蛋白,其天然蛋白分子量为625.9 kDa。由4个亚基构成,亚基分子量分别为154.6 kDa、133.2 kDa、44.1 kDa和40.0 kDa,分为大、小两种。对其氨基酸组成和含量分析发现,在所测氨基酸种类中,以谷氨酸和脯氨酸的含量较高,分别为11.32%和10.83%。已见报道的,昆虫体内所必需的10种氨基酸占总量的41.47%,其中以赖氨酸和缬氨酸含量较高,分别为6.93%和6.94%。
3.用以猪肝为主体的9种人工饲料、冷藏和冷冻麦蛾卵并以桃蚜为对照饲养异色瓢虫,结果表明,麦蛾卵能够满足异色瓢虫幼虫生长发育的需要,并且冷冻麦蛾卵的饲喂效果明显好于冷藏麦蛾卵。冷冻麦蛾卵饲喂异色瓢虫,其幼虫发育历期为10.9d,成虫获得率高达91.0%,与对照(10.4天和72.8%)差异不显著。但羽化雌虫10.0%不能产卵,产卵前期平均为18.2天,显著长于对照组(8.1天)；单雌产卵量424.7粒,仅为对照组(938.4粒)的1/2。冷冻麦蛾卵可以作为异色瓢虫幼虫期的替代饲料,当成虫期蚜虫不足时亦可以作为补充饲料,但是不宜全程饲喂。9种人工饲料饲养异色瓢虫仍存在很多不足,会导致其幼虫历期延长、死亡率高、成虫生殖力下降、卵孵化率低等。其中,以猪肝、蜂蜜、蔗糖、昆虫维生素、酵母抽提物和橄榄油配制的饲料,成虫获得率较高为43.7%,但其中17.6%的雌虫不能产卵,单雌平均产卵量仅为231.3粒。
4.以异色瓢虫的卵黄蛋白作为抗原,制备抗卵黄蛋白的多克隆抗体,建立卵黄蛋白测定方法,研究桃蚜和冷冻麦蛾卵对异色瓢虫卵黄发生的影响。结果表明异色瓢虫与大多数昆虫相同,其卵黄蛋白前体主要在脂肪体中合成,并通过血淋巴输送至卵巢。冷冻麦蛾卵饲喂的异色瓢虫脂肪体中卵黄蛋白始终保持在低水平,进而影响卵巢中卵黄蛋白的沉积；总蛋白含量分析表明,两处理间初羽化雌虫脂肪中的总蛋白含量差异较小,随瓢虫发育,对照组总蛋白含量波动较大,卵黄蛋白亦随总蛋白含量发生变化；而麦蛾卵组瓢虫脂肪中的总蛋白含量始终保持在较高水平,但卵黄蛋白合成量明显低于对照。
5.分别以液质和气质联用测定两种饲料间,以及其所饲喂的初羽化和产卵雌虫间的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成差异。结果表明,桃蚜所含氨基酸含量为2718.7nmol/mg约为麦蛾卵(1431.8nmol/mg)的两倍,但两饲料氨基酸相对组成相似；而麦蛾卵中总脂肪酸含量为77.3μg/mg较桃蚜(31.41μg/mg)明显偏高,并且组成不同,桃蚜中肉豆蔻酸和棕榈酸分别占总含量的58.4%和18.7%,而麦蛾卵中则为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量较高,分别为54.0%、14.1%和13.7%。两饲料所饲喂的初羽化和产卵雌虫体内氨基酸组成均基本一致,可见氨基酸含量和组成并非麦蛾卵影响异色瓢虫生殖力的原因；两者脂肪酸组成均以硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量较高。但肉豆蔻酸含量差异显著,桃蚜饲喂瓢虫初羽化和初产卵期体内分别为8.3%和4.5%,而于麦蛾卵处理中分别为0.5%和1.6%,因此推测,肉豆蔻酸的缺乏应为麦蛾卵饲喂雌虫产卵低的主要原因之一。
6.用直接ELISA和SDS-PAGE分析了异色瓢虫胚胎和胚后发育过程中卵黄蛋白的变化动态,发现,异色瓢虫卵中的卵黄蛋白在胚胎发育过程中是逐渐被降解利用的,其中部分保留至幼虫阶段,为幼虫的发育提供营养。
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a well-known aphidophagous, but also feeds on other small insects, such as eggs and larvae of Lepidoptera, whiteflies, mites and scale insects. Because of its characters, such as very prolificacy, long lifespan and voracious, H. axyridis is a potential biological natural enemies insect. In this paper, the structure of female reproductive system, ovarian development and oogenesis in H. axyridis were investigated. Effect of different diets on the development, oviposition and vitellogenesis of H. axyridis was studied. And then, in order to explore the reasons of poor fecundity of H. axyridis females on substitution prey, biochemical analyses were conducted on preys and ladybeetles. Aiming at offering theoretical reference and basis for developing the substitution prey and raising H. axyridis reproductive efficiency. The main results are as follows:
1. Based on external morphology characteristics and the vitellines deposition conditions, the ovarian development in the adult stage of H. axyridis could be divided into 4 stages. The oogenesis was studied using histological techniques. Basing on the changes of the oocyte's size, nucleus of the oocyte, follicle cells and the accumulation of vitellines, oogenesis in the adult stage could be divided into 3 periods which were oocytes differentiation, oocytes growth and the oocytes maturation. And the 3 periods could be divided into 7 stages.
2. The vitellin of H. axyridis was extracted with 0.4mol/L NaCl and then precipitated in cold distilled water. The characterization of vitellin was carried out by Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE analyses. The results shown that the vitellin had a native molecular mass of 625.9 kDa and was composed of four subunits, two large ones 154.6 kDa and 133.2 kDa, and two small ones 44.1 kDa and 40.0 kDa. Carbohydrates and lipids were found assoeiated with it. The content of insects'essential amino acid was 41.47%, and the higher contents between them was Lys and Val, which were 6.93% and 6.94%. The Glu and Pro were higher among all the species, which were 11.32% and 10.83%.
3. The potential of rearing H. axyridis on 11 different diets was evaluated, and using Myzus persicae as control. The results indicated that Sitotroga cerealella eggs could satisfy the nutritional requirements ofH.axyridis larvae, and the freezing ones was better than the refrigerated ones. The duration of larvae and survival rate from larvae to adults were 10.9 days and 91.0%, respectively, on freezing S. cerealella eggs. They had no significantly difference with the control (10.4 days and 72.8%). Preoviposition of S. cerealella eggs were 18.2 days, which was significantly longer than control (8.1 days). The number of eggs laid was 424.7 and twofold higher in control (938.4). The freezing S. cerealella eggs could be used as supplementary diet to keep the larvae or adults of H. axyridis, when natural prey is inadequate or absent. The 9 artificial diets in this paper shown low values. The best one among them was Diet 7, which was prepared by a portion of fresh pork liver, honey, sucrose, olive oil, yeast extract and Vanderzant's vitamin mixture. The viability from larvae to adults and number of eggs laid of H. axyridis fed on it were 17.6%and 231.3, respectively.17.6% females did not lay eggs.
4. A polyclonal antibody against vitellin was prepared in male rabbit. After purification, HRP was used to mark the antibody, then ELISA was set up to detect vitellin content in fat body, hemolymph and ovary ofH.axyridis fed on freezing S. cerealella eggs and M. persicae The results suggested that the vitellogenin was synthesized in fat body and transferred to ovary. The content of vitellin in ovary of H. axyridis fed on freezing S. cerealella eggs was lower, because of its low content in fat body. But there was no difference between the contents of total protein in fat bodys of 2 treatments.
5. Biochemical analyses were conducted on the proteins and lipids of these two different prey species as above. M. persicae were 2 times richer in amino acids than S. cerealella eggs (2718.7 nmol/mg vs1431.8 nmol/mg). Thus, the patterns of amino acids expressed in% of total amino acids were similar for the two kinds of prey. While, S. cerealella eggs were 2 times richer in fatty acids than M. persicae (77.3μg/mg vs 31.4μg/mg). The patterns were completely different for the two kinds of prey, aphids had high quantities of myristic acid (58.4%) and palmitic acid (18.7%), and S. cerealella eggs was high in oleic acid (54.0%), linoleic acid (14.1%) and palmitic acid (13.7%). The food source had no significant effect on amino acids composition of H. axyridis adults. The patterns of relative fatty acid content were also similar for females ofH. axyridis grown on M. persicae or S. cerealella eggs. Stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were higher in them. Significant differences were observed for myristic acid, it was 8.3% and 4.5% in newly-emerged and females at the first oviposition ofH. axyridis fed on M. persicae, but only 0.5% and 1.6% in them which fed on S. cerealella eggs. So the deficiencies in myristic acid could partially explain the poor fecundity of females grown on S. cerealella eggs.
6. The variation to vitellin was studied by SDS-PAGE and direct ELISA during embryogenic and postembryonic development to H. axyridis. The results indicated that vitellin was degradated constantly during embryonic development, but some of them were retained after eggs hatched.
引文
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