源于玉米酒精废渣和禽羽开发的热塑性材料
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摘要
Biodegradable thermoplastics have been traditionally obtained from modified cellulose and starch. In addition to biopolymers such as cellulose and starch, agricultural byproducts such as corn stover and wheat straw, poultry byproducts such as feathers and coproducts of biofuel production such as distillers dried grains are inexpensive and abundant sources that could be used to develop biodegradable thermoplastics. Finding alternative sources for biodegradable thermoplastics will be necessary in the near future due to the issues concerning the price and availability of the cellulose, starch and synthetic thermoplastics currently in use.
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an inexpensive and abundant co-product of ethanol production with limited industrial applications. Similarly, poultry feathers are renewable resources, inexpensive and abundantly available but have limited applications. Although these byproducts are non-thermoplastic, they can be chemically modified and made into thermoplastic products. Using the byproducts for high value industrial applications will increase the value of these agricultural crops, poultry business and reduce our dependence on petroleum resources by providing cheap and sustainable resource for biodegradable thermoplastics.
In this research, DDGS and chicken feathers have been modified to produce biodegradable thermoplastics for the first time. Acetylation and cyanoethylation were used to obtain thermoplastics from DDGS and chicken feathers with properties similar to or better than those of modified cellulose or proteins such as cellulose triacetate and acetylated soy protein, respectively. The products obtained were studied for their chemical structure, thermal behavior, morphological and mechanical properties.
This research demonstrates that co-products of biofuel production and poultry byproducts can be modified to obtain biodegradable thermoplastics with properties suitable for textile, composite and other film applications. The modified DDGS and feathers have been compression molded to form useful thermoplastic films. This research also demonstrates the feasibility of using agricultural and poultry byproducts and co-products for biothermoplastics and could lead to the industrial development of biothermoplastics from inexpensive, abundant and renewable resources.
Creativity in this research falls into the following two aspects:we developed degradable thermoplastic materials from oil-and-zein-free corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) using acetylation and cyanoethylation for the first time, and reported the effect of different reaction conditions on the properties of modified DDGS products. We also first showed that degradable thermoplastic materials can be made from chicken feathers by acetylation and cyanoethylation, and reported the effect of different reaction conditions on the properties of modified chicken feather products.
引文
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Bonacucina G., Di Martino P., Piombetti M., Colombo A., Roversi F. and Palmieri G. F. Effect of plasticizers on properties of pregelatinised starch acetate (Amprac 01) free films. International Journal of Pharmaceutics.2006; 313(1-2):72-77.
Bondeson D. and Oksman K. Polylactic acid/cellulose whisker nanocomposites modified by polyvinyl alcohol. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing.2007; 38(12):2486-2492.
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Cho S. Y. and Rhee C. Sorption Characteristics of soy protein films and their relation to mechanical properties. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie.2002; 35(2):151-157.
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Godbole S., Gote S., Latkar M. and Chakrabarti T. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-starch blend films. Bioresource Technology.2003; 86(1):33-37.
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Hassan M. L., El-Wakil N. A. and Sefain M. Z. Thermoplasticization of bagasse by cyanoethylation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.2001; 79(11):1965-1978.
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Hendrix B. M. and Paquin F. The effect of alkali treatment upon acetyl proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry.1938; 124(1):135-145.
Hu C, Reddy N., Luo Y., Yan K. and Yang Y. Thermoplastics from acetylated zein-and-oil-free corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2011; 35(2):884-892.
Hu C, Reddy N., Yan K. and Yang Y. Synthesis and characterization of highly flexible thermoplastic films from cyanoethylated corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2011; 59(5):1723-1728.
Huda S. and Yang Y. Composites from ground chicken quill and polypropylene. Composites Science and Technology.2008; 68(3-4):790-798.
Huda S. and Yang Y. Feather Fiber Reinforced Light-Weight Composites with Good Acoustic Properties. Journal of Polymers and the Environment.2009; 17(2): 131-142.
Hurd C. D. and Blunck F. H. The pyrolysis of esters. Journal of the American Chemical Society.1938; 60(10):2419-2425.
Ifuku S., Morooka S., Morimoto M. and Saimoto H. Acetylation of chitin nanofibers and their transparent nanocomposite films. Biomacromolecules.2010; 11(5):1326-1330.
James L. J., Gurram S., Stokke D. D., Heath H. G. and Muthukumarappan K. Mechanical properties of biorenewable fiber/plastic composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.2004; 93(5):2484-2493.
Jin E., Reddy N., Zhu Z. and Yang Y. Graft polymerization of native chicken feathers for thermoplastic applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 59(5):1729-1738.
Khullar R., Varshney V. K., Naithan S. and Soni P. L. Study of the Influence of Reaction Conditions for Production of Cyanoethyl cellulose from Cellulosic Material from Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus). Journal of Natural Fibers.2008; 5(2): 138-147.
Kim Y, Mosier N. S., Hendrickson R., Ezeji T., Blaschek H., Dien B., Cotta M., Dale B. and Ladisch M. R. Composition of corn dry-grind ethanol by-products: DDGS, wet cake, and thin stillage. Bioresource Technology.2008; 99(12): 5165-5176.
Li A., Zhang J. and Wang A. Utilization of starch and clay for the preparation of superabsorbent composite. Bioresource Technology.2007; 98(2):327-332.
Lu S., Wang X., Lu Q., Zhang X., Kluge J. A., Uppal N., Omenetto F. and Kaplan D. L. Insoluble and flexible silk films containing glycerol. Biomacromolecules.2009; 11(1):143-150.
Lu Q., Zhang X., Hu X. and Kaplan D. L. Green process to prepare silk fibroin/gelatin biomaterial scaffolds. Macromolecular Bioscience.2010; 10(3): 289-298.
Lv P., Bin Y, Li Y, Chen R., Wang X. and Zhao B. Studies on graft copolymerization of chitosan with acrylonitrile by the redox system. Polymer.2009; 50(24):5675-5680.
Mangavel C., Rossignol N., Perronnet A., Barbot J., Popineau Y. and Gueguen J. Properties and microstructure of thermo-pressed wheat gluten films:a comparison with cast films. Biomacromolecules.2004; 5(4):1596-1601.
Mano J. F., Koniarova D. and Reis R. L. Thermal properties of thermoplastic starch/synthetic polymer blends with potential biomedical applicability. Journal of Materials Science:Materials in Medicine.2003; 14(2):127-135.
Mark A. M. and Mehltretter C. L. Acetylation of high-Amylose corn Starch. Influence of pretreatment techniques on reaction rate and triacetate solubility. Starch-Starke.1970; 22(4):108-110.
Mark H. F. Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology. John Wiley & Sons, New York,2004.
Martinez-Hernandez A. L., Santiago-Valtierra A. L. and Alvarez-Ponce M. J. Chemical modification of keratin biofibres by graft polymerisation of methyl methacrylate using redox initiation. Materials Research Innovations.2008; 12(4): 184-191.
Miladinov V. D., Hanna, M. A. Physical and molecular properties of starch acetates extruded with water and ethanol. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.1999; 38(10):3892-3897.
Nakayama E. and Azuma J.-I. Substituent distribution of cyanoethyl cellulose. Cellulose.1998; 5(3):175-185.
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