国外生态村历史演进与整体设计研究
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摘要
生态村(Ecovillage)是20世纪下半叶主要在西方国家出现和发展起来的生活模式和居住社区类型。生态村的产生是在不同的国家和地区,在一定的社会背景和经济发展阶段,以一种自觉的形式出现的。在20世纪下半叶西方工业化完成和经济显现衰退的背景下,人们开始对城市的无限扩张,资源的过度消耗,生态环境的恶化,社会隔离的加剧等诸多问题深刻反思,伴随着绿色环境与和平运动以及公社与集体居住等生活方式的兴起,生态村应运而生。生态村以自发组织为社团,合作建设社区的形式蓬勃开展,作为人类理念社区发展的最新形态,生态村是一种融合了生态性、社会性和精神性的整体可持续社区。
首先,论文将生态村置于理念社区的历史范畴进行研究,通过大量资料查阅、实地调研和统计分析,从早期的理念社区(包括宗教与精神性社区、空想社会主义社区、集体农业合作社区)、当代的社区运动(camphill社区、嬉皮士公社与返土归田社区、合作居住社区)以及生态村在20世纪60年代后的发展三个阶段分析了生态村产生和发展的渊源和脉络,并通过永续栽培生态村、合作居住生态村和精神信仰生态村三种类型生态村的发展特性得出了生态村发展的三大核心驱动力(motivation):生态动力(ecologial)、社会动力(social)、精神动力(spiritual)。
其次,论文以生态村发展的动力为基础,通过对吉尔曼、道森和杰克逊等生态村主要研究者的整体设计思想比较分析,从生态层面、社会层面和精神层面提出了生态村整体设计的系统框架。并且以永续栽培理论、群体行为理论和心理学等相关理论作为生态村整体设计在生态、社会、精神三个维度上相对应的理论指导分别阐述,形成较为完整的生态村整体设计的思想理论体系。
再次,论文以生态村整体设计的思想理论体系为基础,根据国外生态村发展实践的具体形式,提出生态村整体设计的实践策略体系。生态村发展分别以“生态和谐”、“民主共享”、“精神凝聚”作为在生态层面、社会层面和精神层面的实践策略,积极开展有效利用当地资源,公众参与社区管理,强化精神凝聚力的社区实践,为可持续社区在当代社会的整体性发展做出积极的示范。
最后,论文以选取笔者实地调研的德国ZEGG生态村和主要参与的贵阳石板镇镇山生态村项目作为国外和国内主要案例对象,以生态村整体设计框架为基础,展开中外生态村发展比较分析,尝试提出我国在国际生态村运动和社会主义新农村建设的大背景下的生态村发展对策。
Ecovillages are the living mode and residential community typology which have been appearing and growing from late 20th century. Ecovillages were growing self-consciously in different region, in a specific social and economic background. After the western industrialization and economic recessionary, people started to rethink about the urban expanding, resource over-consumption, ecological deterioration, and social isolation. With the green movement and commune living growing, ecovillage was born at the right moment in self-organized community and cooperative living. As the latest form of intentional community, ecovillage is a kind of community which combined ecological, social and spiritual sustainability.
Firstly, the paper placed the ecovillage in a wider intentinal community and analysed the ecovillage origin and venation from earlier intentional community (religion and spiritual community, utopian community, agricultural cooperative community), modern community movement (camphill community, hippie and back-to-the-land community, cohousing), and 3 stages of ecovillage development after 1960s. Based on permaculture, cohousing and spiritual ecovillage, paper concluded the 3 motivations of ecovillage growing: ecologial, social, and spiritual motivations.
Then, based on the motivations and integrated design thoughts of Gilman, Dawson and Jackson, paper gave the ecovillage integrated design framework ecologically, socially and spiriturally, and illustrated the permaculture, group behavior, and psychology theory,in order to form the complete integrated design system.
And more, based on the concret practices of ecovillages, paper concluded the practice strategy of integrated design system. As the ecological in harmony, democratic sharing, spiritual condensation, ecovillages effectively utilize resources, public participative organization, strongthen the spiritual glue, and become the demonstration of modern sustainable community integraed development.
Finally, the paper gave a typical German ecovillage ZEGG and Zhenshan ecovillage project of China as case study, analysed ZEGG and Zhenshan in integrated design system, concluded the experience and realization of these sustainable practices and gave a comparation. Furthermore, paper looked forward the countermeasures of China ecovillages development under the new rural communities construction.
首先,论文将生态村置于理念社区的历史范畴进行研究,通过大量资料查阅、实地调研和统计分析,从早期的理念社区(包括宗教与精神性社区、空想社会主义社区、集体农业合作社区)、当代的社区运动(camphill社区、嬉皮士公社与返土归田社区、合作居住社区)以及生态村在20世纪60年代后的发展三个阶段分析了生态村产生和发展的渊源和脉络,并通过永续栽培生态村、合作居住生态村和精神信仰生态村三种类型生态村的发展特性得出了生态村发展的三大核心驱动力(motivation):生态动力(ecologial)、社会动力(social)、精神动力(spiritual)。
其次,论文以生态村发展的动力为基础,通过对吉尔曼、道森和杰克逊等生态村主要研究者的整体设计思想比较分析,从生态层面、社会层面和精神层面提出了生态村整体设计的系统框架。并且以永续栽培理论、群体行为理论和心理学等相关理论作为生态村整体设计在生态、社会、精神三个维度上相对应的理论指导分别阐述,形成较为完整的生态村整体设计的思想理论体系。
再次,论文以生态村整体设计的思想理论体系为基础,根据国外生态村发展实践的具体形式,提出生态村整体设计的实践策略体系。生态村发展分别以“生态和谐”、“民主共享”、“精神凝聚”作为在生态层面、社会层面和精神层面的实践策略,积极开展有效利用当地资源,公众参与社区管理,强化精神凝聚力的社区实践,为可持续社区在当代社会的整体性发展做出积极的示范。
最后,论文以选取笔者实地调研的德国ZEGG生态村和主要参与的贵阳石板镇镇山生态村项目作为国外和国内主要案例对象,以生态村整体设计框架为基础,展开中外生态村发展比较分析,尝试提出我国在国际生态村运动和社会主义新农村建设的大背景下的生态村发展对策。
Ecovillages are the living mode and residential community typology which have been appearing and growing from late 20th century. Ecovillages were growing self-consciously in different region, in a specific social and economic background. After the western industrialization and economic recessionary, people started to rethink about the urban expanding, resource over-consumption, ecological deterioration, and social isolation. With the green movement and commune living growing, ecovillage was born at the right moment in self-organized community and cooperative living. As the latest form of intentional community, ecovillage is a kind of community which combined ecological, social and spiritual sustainability.
Firstly, the paper placed the ecovillage in a wider intentinal community and analysed the ecovillage origin and venation from earlier intentional community (religion and spiritual community, utopian community, agricultural cooperative community), modern community movement (camphill community, hippie and back-to-the-land community, cohousing), and 3 stages of ecovillage development after 1960s. Based on permaculture, cohousing and spiritual ecovillage, paper concluded the 3 motivations of ecovillage growing: ecologial, social, and spiritual motivations.
Then, based on the motivations and integrated design thoughts of Gilman, Dawson and Jackson, paper gave the ecovillage integrated design framework ecologically, socially and spiriturally, and illustrated the permaculture, group behavior, and psychology theory,in order to form the complete integrated design system.
And more, based on the concret practices of ecovillages, paper concluded the practice strategy of integrated design system. As the ecological in harmony, democratic sharing, spiritual condensation, ecovillages effectively utilize resources, public participative organization, strongthen the spiritual glue, and become the demonstration of modern sustainable community integraed development.
Finally, the paper gave a typical German ecovillage ZEGG and Zhenshan ecovillage project of China as case study, analysed ZEGG and Zhenshan in integrated design system, concluded the experience and realization of these sustainable practices and gave a comparation. Furthermore, paper looked forward the countermeasures of China ecovillages development under the new rural communities construction.
引文
[1]范德霍恩生态村(Findhorn Foundation Ecovillage),位于苏格兰北部沿海的范德霍恩湾(Findhorn Bay)东部,始建于1962年,是发展最成功的生态村之一。
[2]该事件曾引起广泛的社会影响,BBC News以“Eco-village‘is model for us all’”为题在新闻首页对这一事件重点报道。(Lisa Mitchell, BBC News, Stirling, 5 July, 2005)。
[3]生态村学者Jonathan Dawson认为,这一活动“超越了传统的政治抗议,为更加公平、合理和可持续的生活方式做出了示范”,“…to move beyond protest and to create models of more sane, just and sustainable ways of living.”,参见Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p37-38。
[16]参考IISD. The Sustainable Development Timeline. 6th Edition, 2010
[17] EPI, Data Center. www.earthpolicy.org. updated 2010
[18] Caroline Lucas博士在为Jonathan Dawson的Ecovillage: New Frontiers for Sustainability一书所做的前言中提到,“…The ecovillage movement was born when the ancient idea of intentional communal living met the burgeoning international green movement of the 1960s and 1970s.…”,参见Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p9
[19]详见第二章2.2节。
[20]详见第二章2.2节。
[21]反正统文化,Counterculture,这里主要指20世纪60年代以美国为代表的“嬉皮士”文化,他们反抗主流社会,同时也是积极的环境运动和反战运动者。
[22] Kibbutz,基布兹,以色列的集体社区,是公有体制下发展成功的农业公社,已有上百年历史。
[27] Gaia Trust Foundation,盖亚基金会,由丹麦企业家Ross Jackson和社会活动家Hildur Jackson共同创立,致力于支持可持续和精神性的未来社会的创建。
[28] Robert Gilman,罗伯特·吉尔曼,美国著名生态村学者,20世纪70年代中叶由天体物理学研究转向全球可持续发展研究。
[29]报告提出了至今被最广泛使用的生态村概念,并且列举出全球26个发展成功的可持续社区典型代表。为建立生态村运动的全球网络合作提供了重要基础。
[30]丹麦语,可译作Danish Ecovillage Network。
[31] GEN,全球生态村网络,由三个地区网络组成:美洲区(Ecovillage Network America,ENA),欧洲、非洲及中东区(GEN-Europe),亚洲及环太平洋区(GENOA)。
[34] Communities: Life in Cooperative Future,季刊,自1972年开始,主要介绍北美和其他地区理念社区的发展和相关研究。http://communities.ic.org/
[35] Permaculture Magazine: Solutions for Sustainable Living,季刊,主要介绍欧洲和其他地区生态村和其他理念社区的发展和相关研究。www.permaculture.co.uk
[36] In Context,季刊,创办于1983年,自称为“A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture”,1996年开始并入到杂志YES! A Journal of Positive Futures。
[37] Robert Gilman. The Ecovillage Challenge. In Context(29). Summer 1991. p10
[38] http://ecovillagenews.org,由Diana Leafe Christian担任编辑。
[39] http://losnet.dk,季刊。
[40]由Communal Studies Association出版,www.communalstudies.info
[41]“ECOS”是澳大利亚在可持续发展领域最权威的杂志之一,自1974年开始由澳大利亚国家科学研究自1974年开始由澳大利亚国家科学研究局(CSIRO)出版。
[42] Laura Sevier. Ecovillages: A Model Life?. Ecologist. May 2008. p36-41
[43] The Worldwatch Institute. The State of the World: Innovations for a Sustainable Economy. 2008. p151-165
[44] http://gen.ecovillage.org/iservices/publications/articles.php
[45] 1982年到1989年“北欧替代运动”(the Nordic Alternative Campaign)由挪威社会活动者Erik Damman创立,他联合了100名北欧民众开展“科学社区运动”(movements with the best of the scientific community)从而创立了解决全球社会和环境问题的新视角。这一运动在欧洲社会具有深远影响。
[46]主要包括:Tendai Chitewere. Constructing A Green Lifestyle: Consumption and Environmentalism in an Ecovillage.博士学位论文. Binghamton University, State University of New York, 2006;Andrew Kirby. Self in Practice in An Ecological Community: Connecting Personal, Social, and Ecological Worlds at the Ecovillage at Ithaca.博士学位论文. The City University of New York, 2004
[47]如:Kelly Moore, Alan Wight. Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement. University of Cincinnati, 2007
[48]主要包括:Paul Anthony Cohen. Design for Sustainable Communities: An Integral Perspective.南非斯泰伦
[53]国家自然科学基金,中外生态村(Ecovillage)比较研究与实践,项目号:50678112
[54]何静,李京生,单晓菲.合作居住——一种源自欧洲的居住新模式.规划师,2002(04)
[55]李晓蕾.“合作居住”的设计理念及应用研究.硕士学位论文,天津大学,2007
[56]张睿,张玉坤.国外合作居住社区的发展历程及特征.建筑师,2010(02)
[59] 1979年,西德温德兰(Wendland)地区的农民自发走上街头,抗议向该地区的高雷本(Gorleben)核废料储存地运送核废料,当时在首府汉诺威游行的人数多达10万人。
[60] (?)kodorf,德语。“(?)ko”(eco),意为生态;“dorf”意为小村庄。
[61] (?)kodorf Informationen,德国期刊,可译为《生态村信息》,后被并入Eurotopia。
[62] Albert Bates. Ecovillage Roots (and Branches): When, where and how we re-invented this ancient village concept. Communities Magazine (#117), 2003. p1
[63]参考Kelly Moore, Alan Wight. Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement. University of Cincinnati, 2007. p2
[64] Corinne McLaughlin, Gordon Davidson. Builders of the dawn: community lifestyles in a changing world. Stillpoint Publishing, 1985. p22;同年另一部著作也简单提及“ecovillage”,参见Jefferson P. Selth. Alternative lifestyles: a guide to research collections on intentional communities, nudism, and sexual freedom. Greenwood Press, 1985. p29
[71] Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books, 2002. p10
[73] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p34-36
[74] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p36
[75] Spirituality,精神性,也可译为“灵性”。
[85]参见The American Heritage? Dictionary of the English Language. fourth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007 b. p911.原文为,“A small, localized, often rural community of persons or families pursuing common interests or concentrating on certain basic values.”笔者译。
[86]参见John Barry, E. Gene Frankland. International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. London: Routledge, 2002b. p279-281.原文为,“…groups of people with shared values who have chosen to live together in order to achieve common goals.”笔者译。
[87]参见www.ic.org
[88]笔者译。
[89]参考合作居住网站www.cohousing.org,笔者译。原文为“Cohousing is a type of collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods. Cohousing residents are consciously committed to living as a community. The physical design encourages both social contact and
[90]参考曾念平.自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004
[92] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p81-82
[93]曾念平.自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004. p13-16
[94] [美]纳什著;杨通进译.大自然的权利:环境伦理学史.青岛:青岛出版社,1999. p40
[95] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p102
[104] M. E. Zimmerman, eds.. Environmenal Philosophy: From Animal Right to Radical Ecology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1993. p3-11 [105] Arne N?ss. The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement. Inquiry 16, 1973. p95-100
[106] Cf. Pojman, Louis P. ed. Environmartal Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Boson: Jones and Haitlett Pubfishers Inc., 1998. p146
[108] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p439
[109] [美]斯蒂芬·施奈德著;诸大建、周祖冀译.地球——我们输不起的实验室.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1998. p14-18
[110] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p446-447
[111] William Godwin. An Enquiry concerning Political Justice. London, 1793
[112] [英]戴维·佩珀著;刘颖译.生态社会主义:从深层生态学到社会正义.济南:山东大学出版社,2005. p235-250
[113]参考[英]戴维·佩珀著;刘颖译.生态社会主义:从深层生态学到社会正义.济南:山东大学出版社,2005. p247。笔者整理。
[114] Peter Hall著;童明译.明日之城——一部关于20世纪城市规划与设计的思想史.上海:同济大学出版社,2009. p3
[115]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲.南京:东南大学出版社,2005. p228
[116] Lorenz von Stein,洛伦茨·冯·斯坦(1815-1890),德国经济学家、社会学家、公共行政学家。
[117]马克思,恩格斯.共产党宣言.北京:人民出版社,1997. p38-39
[118] Charles Tilly,查尔斯·蒂利(1929-2008),美国著名社会学家、政治学家,1958年在哈佛大学获得博士学位。主要研究集体行为的历史和动力、城市化的过程和民族国家的形成。
[119] [美]查尔斯·蒂利著,胡位钧译.社会运动,1768-2004.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009. p5
[121]其中包括了美国的反越南战争运动和反正统文化运动、法国学生与工人运动、捷克斯洛伐克的自由主义运动等。
[122] [美]查尔斯·蒂利著;胡位钧译.社会运动,1768-2004.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009. p98-99
[123]笔者统计。参考Albert Bates. Ecovillage Roots (and Branches): When, where and how we re-invented this ancient village concept. Communities Magazine (#117), 2003. p5-7。
[121]其中包括了美国的反越南战争运动和反正统文化运动、法国学生与工人运动、捷克斯洛伐克的自由主义运动等。
[122] [美]查尔斯·蒂利著;胡位钧译.社会运动,1768-2004.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009. p98-99
[123]笔者统计。参考Albert Bates. Ecovillage Roots (and Branches): When, where and how we re-invented this ancient village concept. Communities Magazine (#117), 2003. p5-7。
[125]参考曾念平.自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004. [
126] [美]纳什著;杨通进译.大自然的权利:环境伦理学史.青岛:青岛出版社,1999. p195
[127] Homakoeion,意为“人们学习的聚集地”。详见本章后节注释。
[128] Louise Meijering. Rural Intentional Communities in Northwest Europe [D]. University of Groninge, 2006. p15. 岳晓鹏译。
[143] Geoph Kozeny. Intentional Communities: Today’s Social Laboratories. A video documentary. p3
[152]有代表性的是普利茅斯社区与后来的马萨诸塞湾清教徒社区(Massachusetts Bay Colony)。
[153] Shakers,震教徒,震颤派,由英国基督新教的贵格会(Quaker)教派衍生而来,由Ann Lee在美国建立。
[154] Geoph Kozeny. Intentional Communities: Today’s Social Laboratories. A video documentary. p4
[155]震教徒有着优雅简约的家居设计,并且为螺旋桨、水车、打谷机等机械的发明做出了贡献。
[156]参考Sabbathday Lake社区组织网站:www.shaker.lib.me.us
[157] [英]托马斯·莫尔著;戴镏龄译.乌托邦.北京:商务印书馆,1982. p43-44
[162]参考[法]让-克里斯蒂安·珀蒂菲斯著;梁志斐,周铁山译.十九世纪乌托邦共同体的生活.上海:世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社,2007. p9-13,p23-28
[163]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲.南京:东南大学出版社,2005. p87-89
[164] [加]吉尔·格兰特著;叶齐茂,倪晓晖译.良好社区规划——新城市主义的理论与实践.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010. p29-30
[165]参见Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p15。原文为,“…sought not to retreat into a bucolic, spiritual, non-material world, but envisioned modern intentional communities, using modern technologies, to liberate people from capitalist oppression.”笔者译。
[166]王本力.基布兹的体制演变与历史贡献.科学社会主义,2008(5)
[167]笔者整理。
[168]参考坎普希尔网站www.camphill.net,以及维基百科en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_movement
[169]参考Marga Hogenboom. Living With Genetic Syndromes Associated With Mental Disability. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2001
[170]参考"The Deputy Prime Minister's Award." Learning Disability Practice 9.2 (March 2006): 26(1)
[171]参考维基百科http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_movement,数据截至2010年1月。
[172]参考Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural communes: A sociological perspective. Greenwood Press,1983
[173] Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural communes: A sociological perspective. Greenwood Press,1983. p128
[174]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动——嬉皮士文化研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2008. p48
[175]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动——嬉皮士文化研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2008. p46
[176]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动——嬉皮士文化研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2008. P52
[177] Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural communes: A sociological perspective. Greenwood Press,1983. p34-35
[178]参见Jeffrey Jacob. New Pioneers: The Back-to-the-Land Movement and the Search for a Sustainable Future. The Pennsylvania State University Press, PA, 1997
[179]笔者整理。
[180] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p16
[181] Karen Litfin. A whole New Way of Life: Ecovillages and the Revitalization of Deep Community. p2. www.tacoma.washington.edu/ias/PPE_Web_Docs/Litfin.pdf
[185] Martha Norbeck. www.Ekoby.com. chapter2-7.pdf
[186] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p23
[187] Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books, 2002. p23
[188]参考Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Harvard University Press, 1972. p8-9
[189] www.gaia.org/about/hietory.asp, p3
[190]参考Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities, www.gaia.org
[191]笔者根据Miki Yoshizumi的研究整理绘制。
[193] E.F舒马赫著,李华夏译,小是美好的,南京:译林出版社,2005. p39
[194]参考Hugh Barton. Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco-neighbourhoods. London: Earthscan Ltd., 2000. p68.笔者绘制。
[202] Jonathan Dawson. The Ecovillage Movement. Permaculture Magazine (40). p26
[203] Kanter认为乌托邦社区的这三种类型大体对应了美国社区的三个历史阶段:精神性社区在1845年以前占据主要地位;社会主义、无政府主义等政治经济改革社区主要发展在1820到1930年;强调个人成长和社会交往的社区主要在二战后期特别是1960年代得到大力发展。参见Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Harvard University Press,1972. p8-9。
[206] Robert Gilman, 1991a.“The Eco-village Challenge.”In Context Summer 29.
[208] Robert Gilman. A Guidelines for Eco-village Development. In Context. 29, 1991
[209] Alexander Grey Stuart. Regulatory Reform and Eco-Development in Winnipeg: The Westminster Square Eco-village, Canada. Department of City Planning Faculty of Architecture, University of Manitoba, 2000. p26-28
[218]参考Bill Mollison,Reny Mia Slay著;江千綺譯.永續栽培設計.臺北:田園城市,1999. p9
[219]参考刘学颖.永续耕作生态村社设计原理及其案例研究.硕士学位论文.天津大学,2008
[220]参考Bill Mollison,Reny Mia Slay著;江千綺譯.永續栽培設計.臺北:田園城市,1999. p9。“生命支持系统”,life-support system,在地理学上指地球有机界、人类社会与无机自然界相互作用构成的维持生命的体系;在生态学上指包括太阳辐射热、气、水、土和营养物等。它们提供了生物生存的场所、食物和能量。
[221]参考David Holmgren. Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, 2002. p286
[222]参考刘学颖.永续耕作生态村社设计原理及其案例研究: [硕士学位论文].天津大学,2008;参考David Holmgren. Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, 2002. p286
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[224]参考Bill Mollison,Reny Mia Slay著;江千綺譯.永續栽培設計.臺北:田園城市,1999. p21-24
[225]参考David Holmgren. Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, 2002. p286
[226]笔者绘制。参考Bill Mollison,Reny Mia Slay著;江千綺譯.永續栽培設計.臺北:田園城市,1999. p22
[230] Max-Neef. Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections. New York:Apex Press. 1991
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[232] Max-Neef,“Human Scale Development on Satisfaction of Fundamental Human Needs”, 1987. p12,笔者编译。
度的凝聚力对群体行为产生的影响;二是决定群体凝聚力大小的因素。
[234]美国社会心理学家费斯廷格(Leon Festinger)运用群体中出现的沟通频率和强度来分析群体凝聚力。前苏联社会心理学家的研究则侧重在群体的共同活动上,强调凝聚力的认知因素,并把建立在共同活动过程基础上的群体团结性看作是群体凝聚力。
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[245]在英国新城斯蒂夫尼奇(Stevenage)中的调查发现,只有30%的居民能叫出他们邻居的名字,受访者认为与自己有共同地区归属关系的居民仅有2000人,大大地低于设计单元的居民数。
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[251] Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books, 2002. p106,笔者译。
[252] Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books, 2002. p106,笔者译。
[253]丹麦生态村网络在对生态村的描述中提到,“restoring whole circulatory systems in people and nature on all levels”。
[254] Transpersonal psychology,部分学者称之为“后人本心理学”(许金声,2007)。
[255]在西方心理学史上,人们习惯于把行为主义心理学视为心理学的“第一势力”,把精神分析心理学视为心理学的“第二势力”。人本主义心理学是打着反对行为主义和扬弃精神分析的旗号起家的,因此它自诩为心理学的“第三势力”。而超个人心理学自认为在很多方面都超越了前面三种势力,因此称为心理学的“第四势力”。
[256]郭永玉.人本主义心理学的新进展——超个人心理学. 2003. p127
[257] Rowan,J. . The Transpersonal Psychotherapy and Counseling. New York: Routledge,1993. p1
[258] Sutich,A.. Transpersonal Psychology: An Emerging Force. Journal of Humanistic Psychology,8(1),1968. p77-78
[259]萨蒂奇认为,“超个人心理学(或第四势力)是心理学领域中正在形成的一种势力的名称,……超个人心理学在进行关于如下主题的科学研究和负责任的实践活动:成长、个体和种系的元需要、终极价值、统一意识、高峰体验、存在价值、入迷、神秘体验、敬畏、存在、自我实现、本质、极其快乐的境界、神奇、终极意义、自我超越、精神、一体性、宇宙意识、个体和种系的协同作用、最大限度的人际知遇、日常生活的神圣化、超越想象、宇宙的自我幽默和嬉戏、最大限度的感性觉知、反映和表达,以及一些有关的观念、体验和行为。参考杨韶刚.超个人心理学.上海:上海教育出版社. 2006. p6。
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[284]参考Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2003
[285]部分数据来自岳晓鹏对于丹麦Munksaegaard生态村民的采访。
[286] Karin Litfin. A Whole New Way of Life.
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[240] EC Mare. A Concise History of the Global Ecovillage Movement .参见http://www.samadhi-yoga.com/jai/yoglif.htm#2
[241] Miki Yoshizumi. Eco-village experiences in Japan. p7, On: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/workshop/IEDM%20Forum2006/Miki%20Yoshizumi.pdf
[242] Karen Litfin. Reinventing the Future: The Global Ecovillage Movement as a Pragmatic Systems Theoretic Knowledge Community. p18, On http://faculty.washington.edu/litfin/research/Reinventing.pdf
[243] Jonathan Dawson. How Ecovillage Can Grow Sustainable Local Economies. p3,On: http://gen.ecovillage.org/iservices/publications/articles/cmag133_dawson_economies.pdf
[244] Andy Kirby. Domestic Protest: The Ecovillage Movement as a Space of Resistance. Bad Subjects: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
[245] Kennedy, Joseph, F. Creating an Eco-village. On:http://www.newcollege.edu/news/ecovillage.html
[246] Dick Urban vestbro. Saving by Sharing—Collective Housing for Sustainable Lifestyles. paper for the Second International Conference on Degrowth, Barceloa,见http://www.slideshare.net/degrowthconf/saving-by-sharing-collective-housing-for-sustainable-lifestyles
[247] Jesper Holm, Inger Stauning, Bent Sondergard, ENSPAC, RUC. Climate andeco-adaptation in housing and construction local transition strategies. http://rucforsk.ruc.dk/site/da/publications/climate-and-ecoadaptation-in-housing-and-construction-local-transition-strategies(897b4660-7612-11de-973f-000ea68e967b).html
[248] David Amborski, Nina-Marie Lister, An Eco-Tech Village for Milton: Considerations for Policy, On: http://www.milton.ca/execserv/ecotech_greenpaper.pdf
[249] University of Kassel study into emissions in various German communities. On: www.usf.uni-kassel.de/glww/texte/ergebnisse/1bedarfsfeld0_zusammenfassung.pdf
[250] The history of“Community Sustainability Assessment”, On: http://www.csagroup.org/about/csahistory/CSA_Anniversary_Book_eng.pdf
[251] Community Sustainability Assessment, On: http://gen.ecovillage.org/activities/csa/pdf/CSA-English.pdf
[252] http://gen.ecovillage.org/activities/csa/pdf/CSA-English.pdf
[253]全球生态村网络http://gen.ecovillage.org/
[254]生态村盖娅教育网址www.gaiaeducation. org
[255]生态村盖亚大学网址www.gaiauniversity.org
[256]丹麦生态村网址http://www.losnet.dk
[257] Findhorn生态村网址http://www.ecovillagefindhorn.com/
[258] Uganda生态村网址http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/projects/uganda.htm
[259] Lebensgarten生态村网址http://www.lebensgarten.de
[260] BEDzed生态村网址www.bedzed.org.uk
[261] Damanhur生态村http://www.damanhur.org/
[262] Ithaca生态村网址http://www.ithaca.org
[263] Damanhur生态村网址http://www.damanhur.org/
[264] Earthaven生态村网址http://www.earthaven.org/
[265]永续栽培杂志网址www.permaculture.co.uk
[266]社区杂志网址www.commuities.ic.org
[267] www.ic.org/cmag/
[268] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement
[269] http://gen.ecovillage.org/iservices/publications/articles.php
[2]该事件曾引起广泛的社会影响,BBC News以“Eco-village‘is model for us all’”为题在新闻首页对这一事件重点报道。(Lisa Mitchell, BBC News, Stirling, 5 July, 2005)。
[3]生态村学者Jonathan Dawson认为,这一活动“超越了传统的政治抗议,为更加公平、合理和可持续的生活方式做出了示范”,“…to move beyond protest and to create models of more sane, just and sustainable ways of living.”,参见Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p37-38。
[16]参考IISD. The Sustainable Development Timeline. 6th Edition, 2010
[17] EPI, Data Center. www.earthpolicy.org. updated 2010
[18] Caroline Lucas博士在为Jonathan Dawson的Ecovillage: New Frontiers for Sustainability一书所做的前言中提到,“…The ecovillage movement was born when the ancient idea of intentional communal living met the burgeoning international green movement of the 1960s and 1970s.…”,参见Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p9
[19]详见第二章2.2节。
[20]详见第二章2.2节。
[21]反正统文化,Counterculture,这里主要指20世纪60年代以美国为代表的“嬉皮士”文化,他们反抗主流社会,同时也是积极的环境运动和反战运动者。
[22] Kibbutz,基布兹,以色列的集体社区,是公有体制下发展成功的农业公社,已有上百年历史。
[27] Gaia Trust Foundation,盖亚基金会,由丹麦企业家Ross Jackson和社会活动家Hildur Jackson共同创立,致力于支持可持续和精神性的未来社会的创建。
[28] Robert Gilman,罗伯特·吉尔曼,美国著名生态村学者,20世纪70年代中叶由天体物理学研究转向全球可持续发展研究。
[29]报告提出了至今被最广泛使用的生态村概念,并且列举出全球26个发展成功的可持续社区典型代表。为建立生态村运动的全球网络合作提供了重要基础。
[30]丹麦语,可译作Danish Ecovillage Network。
[31] GEN,全球生态村网络,由三个地区网络组成:美洲区(Ecovillage Network America,ENA),欧洲、非洲及中东区(GEN-Europe),亚洲及环太平洋区(GENOA)。
[34] Communities: Life in Cooperative Future,季刊,自1972年开始,主要介绍北美和其他地区理念社区的发展和相关研究。http://communities.ic.org/
[35] Permaculture Magazine: Solutions for Sustainable Living,季刊,主要介绍欧洲和其他地区生态村和其他理念社区的发展和相关研究。www.permaculture.co.uk
[36] In Context,季刊,创办于1983年,自称为“A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture”,1996年开始并入到杂志YES! A Journal of Positive Futures。
[37] Robert Gilman. The Ecovillage Challenge. In Context(29). Summer 1991. p10
[38] http://ecovillagenews.org,由Diana Leafe Christian担任编辑。
[39] http://losnet.dk,季刊。
[40]由Communal Studies Association出版,www.communalstudies.info
[41]“ECOS”是澳大利亚在可持续发展领域最权威的杂志之一,自1974年开始由澳大利亚国家科学研究自1974年开始由澳大利亚国家科学研究局(CSIRO)出版。
[42] Laura Sevier. Ecovillages: A Model Life?. Ecologist. May 2008. p36-41
[43] The Worldwatch Institute. The State of the World: Innovations for a Sustainable Economy. 2008. p151-165
[44] http://gen.ecovillage.org/iservices/publications/articles.php
[45] 1982年到1989年“北欧替代运动”(the Nordic Alternative Campaign)由挪威社会活动者Erik Damman创立,他联合了100名北欧民众开展“科学社区运动”(movements with the best of the scientific community)从而创立了解决全球社会和环境问题的新视角。这一运动在欧洲社会具有深远影响。
[46]主要包括:Tendai Chitewere. Constructing A Green Lifestyle: Consumption and Environmentalism in an Ecovillage.博士学位论文. Binghamton University, State University of New York, 2006;Andrew Kirby. Self in Practice in An Ecological Community: Connecting Personal, Social, and Ecological Worlds at the Ecovillage at Ithaca.博士学位论文. The City University of New York, 2004
[47]如:Kelly Moore, Alan Wight. Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement. University of Cincinnati, 2007
[48]主要包括:Paul Anthony Cohen. Design for Sustainable Communities: An Integral Perspective.南非斯泰伦
[53]国家自然科学基金,中外生态村(Ecovillage)比较研究与实践,项目号:50678112
[54]何静,李京生,单晓菲.合作居住——一种源自欧洲的居住新模式.规划师,2002(04)
[55]李晓蕾.“合作居住”的设计理念及应用研究.硕士学位论文,天津大学,2007
[56]张睿,张玉坤.国外合作居住社区的发展历程及特征.建筑师,2010(02)
[59] 1979年,西德温德兰(Wendland)地区的农民自发走上街头,抗议向该地区的高雷本(Gorleben)核废料储存地运送核废料,当时在首府汉诺威游行的人数多达10万人。
[60] (?)kodorf,德语。“(?)ko”(eco),意为生态;“dorf”意为小村庄。
[61] (?)kodorf Informationen,德国期刊,可译为《生态村信息》,后被并入Eurotopia。
[62] Albert Bates. Ecovillage Roots (and Branches): When, where and how we re-invented this ancient village concept. Communities Magazine (#117), 2003. p1
[63]参考Kelly Moore, Alan Wight. Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement. University of Cincinnati, 2007. p2
[64] Corinne McLaughlin, Gordon Davidson. Builders of the dawn: community lifestyles in a changing world. Stillpoint Publishing, 1985. p22;同年另一部著作也简单提及“ecovillage”,参见Jefferson P. Selth. Alternative lifestyles: a guide to research collections on intentional communities, nudism, and sexual freedom. Greenwood Press, 1985. p29
[71] Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books, 2002. p10
[73] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p34-36
[74] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p36
[75] Spirituality,精神性,也可译为“灵性”。
[85]参见The American Heritage? Dictionary of the English Language. fourth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007 b. p911.原文为,“A small, localized, often rural community of persons or families pursuing common interests or concentrating on certain basic values.”笔者译。
[86]参见John Barry, E. Gene Frankland. International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. London: Routledge, 2002b. p279-281.原文为,“…groups of people with shared values who have chosen to live together in order to achieve common goals.”笔者译。
[87]参见www.ic.org
[88]笔者译。
[89]参考合作居住网站www.cohousing.org,笔者译。原文为“Cohousing is a type of collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods. Cohousing residents are consciously committed to living as a community. The physical design encourages both social contact and
[90]参考曾念平.自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004
[92] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p81-82
[93]曾念平.自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004. p13-16
[94] [美]纳什著;杨通进译.大自然的权利:环境伦理学史.青岛:青岛出版社,1999. p40
[95] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p102
[104] M. E. Zimmerman, eds.. Environmenal Philosophy: From Animal Right to Radical Ecology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1993. p3-11 [105] Arne N?ss. The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement. Inquiry 16, 1973. p95-100
[106] Cf. Pojman, Louis P. ed. Environmartal Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Boson: Jones and Haitlett Pubfishers Inc., 1998. p146
[108] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p439
[109] [美]斯蒂芬·施奈德著;诸大建、周祖冀译.地球——我们输不起的实验室.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1998. p14-18
[110] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特著;侯文蕙译.自然的经济休系:生态思想史.北京:商务印书馆,1999. p446-447
[111] William Godwin. An Enquiry concerning Political Justice. London, 1793
[112] [英]戴维·佩珀著;刘颖译.生态社会主义:从深层生态学到社会正义.济南:山东大学出版社,2005. p235-250
[113]参考[英]戴维·佩珀著;刘颖译.生态社会主义:从深层生态学到社会正义.济南:山东大学出版社,2005. p247。笔者整理。
[114] Peter Hall著;童明译.明日之城——一部关于20世纪城市规划与设计的思想史.上海:同济大学出版社,2009. p3
[115]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲.南京:东南大学出版社,2005. p228
[116] Lorenz von Stein,洛伦茨·冯·斯坦(1815-1890),德国经济学家、社会学家、公共行政学家。
[117]马克思,恩格斯.共产党宣言.北京:人民出版社,1997. p38-39
[118] Charles Tilly,查尔斯·蒂利(1929-2008),美国著名社会学家、政治学家,1958年在哈佛大学获得博士学位。主要研究集体行为的历史和动力、城市化的过程和民族国家的形成。
[119] [美]查尔斯·蒂利著,胡位钧译.社会运动,1768-2004.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009. p5
[121]其中包括了美国的反越南战争运动和反正统文化运动、法国学生与工人运动、捷克斯洛伐克的自由主义运动等。
[122] [美]查尔斯·蒂利著;胡位钧译.社会运动,1768-2004.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009. p98-99
[123]笔者统计。参考Albert Bates. Ecovillage Roots (and Branches): When, where and how we re-invented this ancient village concept. Communities Magazine (#117), 2003. p5-7。
[121]其中包括了美国的反越南战争运动和反正统文化运动、法国学生与工人运动、捷克斯洛伐克的自由主义运动等。
[122] [美]查尔斯·蒂利著;胡位钧译.社会运动,1768-2004.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009. p98-99
[123]笔者统计。参考Albert Bates. Ecovillage Roots (and Branches): When, where and how we re-invented this ancient village concept. Communities Magazine (#117), 2003. p5-7。
[125]参考曾念平.自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探究.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004. [
126] [美]纳什著;杨通进译.大自然的权利:环境伦理学史.青岛:青岛出版社,1999. p195
[127] Homakoeion,意为“人们学习的聚集地”。详见本章后节注释。
[128] Louise Meijering. Rural Intentional Communities in Northwest Europe [D]. University of Groninge, 2006. p15. 岳晓鹏译。
[143] Geoph Kozeny. Intentional Communities: Today’s Social Laboratories. A video documentary. p3
[152]有代表性的是普利茅斯社区与后来的马萨诸塞湾清教徒社区(Massachusetts Bay Colony)。
[153] Shakers,震教徒,震颤派,由英国基督新教的贵格会(Quaker)教派衍生而来,由Ann Lee在美国建立。
[154] Geoph Kozeny. Intentional Communities: Today’s Social Laboratories. A video documentary. p4
[155]震教徒有着优雅简约的家居设计,并且为螺旋桨、水车、打谷机等机械的发明做出了贡献。
[156]参考Sabbathday Lake社区组织网站:www.shaker.lib.me.us
[157] [英]托马斯·莫尔著;戴镏龄译.乌托邦.北京:商务印书馆,1982. p43-44
[162]参考[法]让-克里斯蒂安·珀蒂菲斯著;梁志斐,周铁山译.十九世纪乌托邦共同体的生活.上海:世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社,2007. p9-13,p23-28
[163]张京祥.西方城市规划思想史纲.南京:东南大学出版社,2005. p87-89
[164] [加]吉尔·格兰特著;叶齐茂,倪晓晖译.良好社区规划——新城市主义的理论与实践.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010. p29-30
[165]参见Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p15。原文为,“…sought not to retreat into a bucolic, spiritual, non-material world, but envisioned modern intentional communities, using modern technologies, to liberate people from capitalist oppression.”笔者译。
[166]王本力.基布兹的体制演变与历史贡献.科学社会主义,2008(5)
[167]笔者整理。
[168]参考坎普希尔网站www.camphill.net,以及维基百科en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_movement
[169]参考Marga Hogenboom. Living With Genetic Syndromes Associated With Mental Disability. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2001
[170]参考"The Deputy Prime Minister's Award." Learning Disability Practice 9.2 (March 2006): 26(1)
[171]参考维基百科http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_movement,数据截至2010年1月。
[172]参考Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural communes: A sociological perspective. Greenwood Press,1983
[173] Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural communes: A sociological perspective. Greenwood Press,1983. p128
[174]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动——嬉皮士文化研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2008. p48
[175]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动——嬉皮士文化研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2008. p46
[176]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动——嬉皮士文化研究.北京:北京大学出版社,2008. P52
[177] Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural communes: A sociological perspective. Greenwood Press,1983. p34-35
[178]参见Jeffrey Jacob. New Pioneers: The Back-to-the-Land Movement and the Search for a Sustainable Future. The Pennsylvania State University Press, PA, 1997
[179]笔者整理。
[180] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p16
[181] Karen Litfin. A whole New Way of Life: Ecovillages and the Revitalization of Deep Community. p2. www.tacoma.washington.edu/ias/PPE_Web_Docs/Litfin.pdf
[185] Martha Norbeck. www.Ekoby.com. chapter2-7.pdf
[186] Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. Totnes: Green Books, 2006. p23
[187] Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People. Green Books, 2002. p23
[188]参考Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Harvard University Press, 1972. p8-9
[189] www.gaia.org/about/hietory.asp, p3
[190]参考Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities, www.gaia.org
[191]笔者根据Miki Yoshizumi的研究整理绘制。
[193] E.F舒马赫著,李华夏译,小是美好的,南京:译林出版社,2005. p39
[194]参考Hugh Barton. Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco-neighbourhoods. London: Earthscan Ltd., 2000. p68.笔者绘制。
[202] Jonathan Dawson. The Ecovillage Movement. Permaculture Magazine (40). p26
[203] Kanter认为乌托邦社区的这三种类型大体对应了美国社区的三个历史阶段:精神性社区在1845年以前占据主要地位;社会主义、无政府主义等政治经济改革社区主要发展在1820到1930年;强调个人成长和社会交往的社区主要在二战后期特别是1960年代得到大力发展。参见Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Harvard University Press,1972. p8-9。
[206] Robert Gilman, 1991a.“The Eco-village Challenge.”In Context Summer 29.
[208] Robert Gilman. A Guidelines for Eco-village Development. In Context. 29, 1991
[209] Alexander Grey Stuart. Regulatory Reform and Eco-Development in Winnipeg: The Westminster Square Eco-village, Canada. Department of City Planning Faculty of Architecture, University of Manitoba, 2000. p26-28
[218]参考Bill Mollison,Reny Mia Slay著;江千綺譯.永續栽培設計.臺北:田園城市,1999. p9
[219]参考刘学颖.永续耕作生态村社设计原理及其案例研究.硕士学位论文.天津大学,2008
[220]参考Bill Mollison,Reny Mia Slay著;江千綺譯.永續栽培設計.臺北:田園城市,1999. p9。“生命支持系统”,life-support system,在地理学上指地球有机界、人类社会与无机自然界相互作用构成的维持生命的体系;在生态学上指包括太阳辐射热、气、水、土和营养物等。它们提供了生物生存的场所、食物和能量。
[221]参考David Holmgren. Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, 2002. p286
[222]参考刘学颖.永续耕作生态村社设计原理及其案例研究: [硕士学位论文].天津大学,2008;参考David Holmgren. Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, 2002. p286
[223]刘学颖.永续耕作生态村社设计原理及其案例研究: [硕士学位论文].天津大学,2008;参考David Holmgren. Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability. Holmgren Design Services, 2002. p286
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