蓝藻细胞及藻类有机物在氯化消毒中副产物的形成机理与控制
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摘要
随着我国工农业高速发展,人口迅速增长,而污水排放管理与处理技术仍然不完善,导致水体(尤其是湖泊水库)的富营养化问题日益严重,并引发了大规模的蓝藻水华。蓝藻水华给饮用水处理带来一系列的挑战,如:混凝沉淀对藻细胞和藻类有机物(AOM)的去除效率有限;不能被混凝沉淀去除的藻细胞会堵塞滤池,影响过滤效果;蓝藻产生的藻毒素和嗅味物质会导致水质恶化,并增加毒性;藻细胞和AOM经常规氯/氯胺消毒会产生消毒副产物(DBP);AOM会增加管网微生物风险等。其中,由藻细胞和AOM引起的消毒副产物问题并未引起广泛关注。本研究主要通过对藻细胞和AOM进行表征,并研究其在氯/氯胺消毒过程中产生的含氮消毒副产物(N-DBP)和含碳消毒副产物(C-DBP)的影响因素和生成途径,建立了AOM特性与氯化过程中副产物生成规律间的关系,最后考察了臭氧预氧化对其产生的消毒副产物的控制效果并提出了控制措施。
选取蓝藻中最有代表性的铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱、有机氮与有机碳分析、分子量分布、极性分布等检测手段对藻细胞和藻类有机物(AOM)的特性进行表征。荧光光谱分析表明藻细胞的主要成分为含芳香结构的蛋白质、类色氨酸型蛋白质和叶绿素,对应荧光光谱中以激发波长/发射波长对为230/334、280/334、620/642 nm/nm为中心的三个荧光团。研究结果表明,荧光强度FL_(230/334)随着NO_3~-、NO_2~-、Fe~(3+)浓度的升高以指数函数减小;FL_(280/334)随着Fe~(3+)浓度的升高以指数函数减小;FL_(230/334)、FL_(280/334)和FL_(620/642)随着NOM浓度的增大,均直线下降。藻细胞荧光特性以及水质条件对其荧光光谱的影响,对天然水体中采用荧光光谱对藻细胞浓度的测定具有一定的指导作用。
藻类有机物(AOM)比天然有机物(NOM)含有更丰富的有机氮和较少的芳香结构,其有机氮的分子量和极性分布范围较宽,分子量约为13.5 kDa和70-1000 Da;而有机碳的分子量和极性分布范围较窄,大约为几百Da。胞外有机物(EOM)和胞内有机物(IOM)的特性有些不同:IOM比EOM中含有较多的弱极性的大分子有机物和较少的强极性小分子有机物;EOM中脂肪胺的含量高于IOM,而有机氮含量与氨基酸的含量低于IOM。
藻细胞消毒过程中C-DBPs和N-DBPs的生成量取决于氯化条件。较稳定的C-DBPs如:三卤甲烷(THM),卤乙酸(HAA)和卤代醛(CH),以及三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)的生成量随反应时间的延长、氯投量的增加和温度的升高,而增加;而二氯乙腈(DCAN)的浓度则随着反应时间延长和氯投量的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。随着pH值的增大,THM的生成量增大,卤代酮(HKs)减小,其它消毒副产物的生成量则随pH值的增大先增加后减小。氨的存在会使大部分消毒副产物的生成量减小,但TCNM变化不大,1,1-DCP则增加。溴离子浓度的增加会促进氯代DBPs向溴代DBPs的转化,但不一定会增加某类消毒副产物的生成量(以物质的量浓度计)。大部分C-DBPs随着藻细胞生长期的延长增加;而N-DBPs(如DCAN,TCNM),随着藻细胞的对数期到稳定期,其生成量先增加,而后基本不变。
藻细胞/AOM中有机氮含量高,相比于天然有机物(NOM),其在氯化过程中C-DBPs的形成速度较慢;而N-DBPs的生成速度与NOM氯化接近,并且,藻细胞/AOM比NOM能产生更多的N-DBPs与CH,更少的C-DBPs。在AOM/藻细胞的氯化过程初期会产生有机氯胺,同时生成少量的无机氯胺;随着反应的进行,有机氯胺逐渐减少,而无机氯胺逐渐增加。在AOM/藻细胞与氯胺反应过程中,3天产生的有机氯胺量大于相应氯化过程。在氯化反应中藻细胞/AOM比SNOM产生更少的C-DBPs(除CH和DCA外)和更多的N-DBPs和卤代醛(HAs)。在氯胺反应中,AOM产生的N-DBPs和C-DBPs均小于NOM。EOM在氯/氯胺化过程中所产生的消毒副产物均小于藻细胞和IOM,这是由EOM和IOM的不同特性所决定的。
AOM的含氮量与荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ的荧光体积总和成正相关,与SUVA值成负相关。氯化使有机氮区域的荧光光谱体积(Φ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n))快速减小,而有机碳区域的荧光光谱体积(Φ_(Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n))减小较慢。AOM氯化过程中所产生的消毒副产物之间具有一些相关性,如DCAN、CH、TCAN之间,DCAA、TCAA、DCAN之间都具有很好的相关性。各种消毒副产物间良好的相关性说明其可能来源于类似的前体物。有机氮含量(DON)与HAAs、CH、HANs的生成量呈正相关,而与TOX短时间的生成量呈负相关,与TCM、TCNM和HKs生成量没有相关性;SUVA值与消毒副产物的生成量没有相关性,但氯化前后UVA_(254)与UVA_(272)差值与消毒副产物的生成正相关。有机氮在AOM氯化过程中起着非常重要的作用,是N-DBPs与C-DBPs的共同前体物;同时,在氯胺存在的情况下,有机碳也可能是N-DBPs的前体物。
臭氧和高锰酸钾预氧化可以起到很好的强化混凝去除藻细胞的效果。臭氧预氧化会破坏藻细胞,引起胞内有机物的释放,这部分物质很难通过后续的混凝过程去除,会导致沉后水中消毒副产物生成量大量增加,其中水合氯醛(CH)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)增加最多,是单纯混凝的19倍和44倍,其他的消毒副产物生成量如THMs、HAAs和HKs是单纯混凝的3~7倍。高锰酸钾预氧化可以改变藻细胞的表面形态,但对藻细胞整体的破坏程度较小,水的溶解性有机物基本不升高,相比于单纯混凝,高锰酸钾预氧化可以控制藻细胞产生的消毒副产物:大部分消毒副产物如THMs、HAAs和HANs的生成量减少10~30%,CH不变,只有HKs和TCNM分别升高10~70%和50%。因此,相比于臭氧预氧化处理含藻水,高锰酸钾预氧化是一种更为有效而安全的控制水中藻细胞和藻细胞产生消毒副产物的方法。
The incidence of algal blooms in source waters has increased significantly in both the number and magnitude over the past few years as a result of unbalanced rapid economical development but poor nutrient control in both wastewater effluent discharge and excessive agricultural fertilization in China. Fresh, vivid algal blooms by blue-green algae in 2007 hit the nation’s several major water systems including Taihu Lake, Caohu Lake, Dianchi Lake. Algal blooms cause lots of challenges in drinking water treatment. One aspect is from algae cells, which can cause poor settling, clogging filters and breakthrough of small-size algae from sand filters. And the other aspect is from algal organic matter (AOM), which was not readily removed by coagulation or pre-oxidation enhanced coagulation processes. Algal blooms also cause water quality problems in water supplies including obnoxious taste and odors and release of algal toxins. In addition, algae cells can serve as precursors to form disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination/chloramination. The aim of this study is to characterize algae cells and AOM, to assess the role of AOM in the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) and carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) upon adding chlorine or monochloramine, and to get the relationships between AOM and their DBP formation.
The EEM fluorescence spectra of algae cells centered at the Ex/Em of 230/334, 280/334, and 620/642 nm/nm, which represent the aromatic proteins, the tryptophan-like proteins and the chlorophyll. The presence of NO_3~-, NO_2~-, Fe~(3+) and NOM affected the EEM spectra of algae cells greatly. FL_(230/334) decreased with the negative exponential functions of the concentrations of NO_3~- and NO_2~-. Both FL_(230/334) and FL_(280/334) decreased with the negative exponential functions of the concentrations of Fe~(3+) increased. FL_(230/334), FL_(280/334) and FL_(620/642) decreased with the negative linear functions of the concentrations of NOM increased. The fluorescence property of algae cells can be applied to detect the concentration of algae cells both in axenic algae solutions and in natural water.
AOM was characterized by UV absorbance spectra, EEM fluorescence spectra, organic nitrogen and organic carbon analysis, molecular weight distribution, polarity distribution and free amino acids/aliphatic amines analysis. AOM was enriched in organic nitrogen (org-N). Org-N in AOM contains both high (13500 Da) and low molecular weight (MW) (70-1000 Da) organic matter, while the organic carbon (org-C) contains relatively lower MW organic matter with MW from several dozens to several hundreds Da. Specific free amino acids and aliphatic amines only occupied 2.5% and 11.3% of the total org-N in EOM and IOM, respectively. IOM posed different characteristics from EOM, such as IOM had higher concentrations of total org-N, free amino acids, but lower concentrations of aliphatic amines than EOM; the org-N in IOM contained more proportion of higher MW and more hydrophobic contents than EOM.
Formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloketones (HKs), chloral hydrate (CH), and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs), including haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) from chlorination of microcystis aeruginous, a blue-green algae, under different conditions was investigated. Factors evaluated include contact time, chlorine dosages, pH, temperature, ammonia concentrations, bromide ion concentrations and algae growth stages. Increased reaction time, chlorine dosage and temperature enhanced the formation of the relatively stable C-DBPs (e.g., THM, HAA, and CH) and TCNM. Formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) followed an increasing and then decreasing pattern with prolonged reaction time and increased chlorine dosages. The pH affected DBP formation differently, with THM increasing, HKs decreasing, and other DBPs having maximum concentrations at certain pH. The addition of ammonia significantly reduced the formation of most DBPs, but TCNM formation was not affected and 1,1-dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP) formation was higher with the addition of ammonia. Increasing bromide concentrations increased the incorporation of bromine into DBPs, but did not necessarily increase the total molar concentrations of DBPs. Most DBPs increased as the growth period of algae cells increased. Chlorination of algae cells of higher organic nitrogen content generated higher concentrations of N-DBPs (e.g., HANs and TCNM) and CH, comparable DCAA concentration but much lower concentrations of other C-DBPs (e.g., THM, TCAA and HKs) than did natural organic matter (NOM).
Organic chloramine concentrations in AOM chlorination/chloramination were much higher than those from SNOM. During chlorination of AOM, organic chloramine formed in the beginning 2 hours, and inorganic chloramines showed a max concentration on 1d of chlorination. The inorganic chloramines formed in AOM chlorination included monochloramine, dichloramine and trichlormine. The remaining organic chloramine concentrations were about 1.0 mg/L (as Cl_2) after 3-day chloramination of AOM with performened monochloramine. During the chlorination of AOM, organic chloramines were not detected after 1 day and more nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) and haloaldehydes and less carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) were formed than the chlorination of SNOM. Organic chloramines were found after 3-day chloramination of AOM and the formation of most N-DBPs and C-DBPs were much less than that of SNOM. EOM formed less DBPs (except for TCNM) than IOM and algae cells in chlorination and chloramination.
The content of organic nitrogen (DON) of AOM showed linear relationships with the cumulative normalized EEM volumes at regionsⅠ、ⅡandⅣΦ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n), and negative linear relationship with SUVA.Φ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n), which represents the organic nitrogen contents, decreased rapidly in chlorination, while theΦ_(Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n) decreased much slower thanΦ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n). The concentrations of specific DBPs had some correlations, such as the concentrations of DCAN, CH and TCAN, DCAA, TCAA and DCAN had good positive correlations, which implicated that these DBPs came from the similar precursors. DON showed positive relationships with HAAs, CH and HANs yields, and it showed negative relationships with TOX yields in 3h, but it had no relationships with the yields of TCM, TCNM and HKs. SUVA had no relationships with DBPs, but the variation of UVA_(254) and UVA_(272) before and after chlorination had positive linear relationships with DBPs. Organic nitrogen in AOM is the precursors of N-DBPs and C-DBPs, and organic carbon can also be the precursor of N-DBP in the presence of monochloramine.
Preoxidation by ozone and potassium permanganate enhanced the algal removal in the coagulation/sedimentation process. Preozonation destructed the algal cells and caused the release of IOM dramaticly. The released IOM was not readily removed by the following coagulation process, and played as the precusors of DBPs. The formation of various DBPs increased dramaticly in the water treated by preozonation-coagulation-sedimentation compared to that treated by coagulation-sedimentation, such as the formation of CH and TCNM increased by 18 and 43 times, respectively, and other DBPs such THMs, HAAs and HKs increased 2~6 times. Preoxidation by potassium permanganate changed the surface of the algal cells, but did not detruct the algal cells serverely. The dissolved organic matter decreased slightly in the water treated by permanganate preoxidation-coagulation-sedimentation compared to that treated by coagulation-sedimentation. The formation of various DBPs decreased about 10~30% in the water treated by preoxidation-coagulation-sedimentation compared to that treated by coagulation-sedimentation, except that HKs and TCNM increased about 10~70% and 50%, respectively, and CH remained unchanged. In summary, preoxidation by permanganate was a better strategy to control the algal cells and the DBP formation in the treatment of algae-containing water.
选取蓝藻中最有代表性的铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱、有机氮与有机碳分析、分子量分布、极性分布等检测手段对藻细胞和藻类有机物(AOM)的特性进行表征。荧光光谱分析表明藻细胞的主要成分为含芳香结构的蛋白质、类色氨酸型蛋白质和叶绿素,对应荧光光谱中以激发波长/发射波长对为230/334、280/334、620/642 nm/nm为中心的三个荧光团。研究结果表明,荧光强度FL_(230/334)随着NO_3~-、NO_2~-、Fe~(3+)浓度的升高以指数函数减小;FL_(280/334)随着Fe~(3+)浓度的升高以指数函数减小;FL_(230/334)、FL_(280/334)和FL_(620/642)随着NOM浓度的增大,均直线下降。藻细胞荧光特性以及水质条件对其荧光光谱的影响,对天然水体中采用荧光光谱对藻细胞浓度的测定具有一定的指导作用。
藻类有机物(AOM)比天然有机物(NOM)含有更丰富的有机氮和较少的芳香结构,其有机氮的分子量和极性分布范围较宽,分子量约为13.5 kDa和70-1000 Da;而有机碳的分子量和极性分布范围较窄,大约为几百Da。胞外有机物(EOM)和胞内有机物(IOM)的特性有些不同:IOM比EOM中含有较多的弱极性的大分子有机物和较少的强极性小分子有机物;EOM中脂肪胺的含量高于IOM,而有机氮含量与氨基酸的含量低于IOM。
藻细胞消毒过程中C-DBPs和N-DBPs的生成量取决于氯化条件。较稳定的C-DBPs如:三卤甲烷(THM),卤乙酸(HAA)和卤代醛(CH),以及三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)的生成量随反应时间的延长、氯投量的增加和温度的升高,而增加;而二氯乙腈(DCAN)的浓度则随着反应时间延长和氯投量的增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。随着pH值的增大,THM的生成量增大,卤代酮(HKs)减小,其它消毒副产物的生成量则随pH值的增大先增加后减小。氨的存在会使大部分消毒副产物的生成量减小,但TCNM变化不大,1,1-DCP则增加。溴离子浓度的增加会促进氯代DBPs向溴代DBPs的转化,但不一定会增加某类消毒副产物的生成量(以物质的量浓度计)。大部分C-DBPs随着藻细胞生长期的延长增加;而N-DBPs(如DCAN,TCNM),随着藻细胞的对数期到稳定期,其生成量先增加,而后基本不变。
藻细胞/AOM中有机氮含量高,相比于天然有机物(NOM),其在氯化过程中C-DBPs的形成速度较慢;而N-DBPs的生成速度与NOM氯化接近,并且,藻细胞/AOM比NOM能产生更多的N-DBPs与CH,更少的C-DBPs。在AOM/藻细胞的氯化过程初期会产生有机氯胺,同时生成少量的无机氯胺;随着反应的进行,有机氯胺逐渐减少,而无机氯胺逐渐增加。在AOM/藻细胞与氯胺反应过程中,3天产生的有机氯胺量大于相应氯化过程。在氯化反应中藻细胞/AOM比SNOM产生更少的C-DBPs(除CH和DCA外)和更多的N-DBPs和卤代醛(HAs)。在氯胺反应中,AOM产生的N-DBPs和C-DBPs均小于NOM。EOM在氯/氯胺化过程中所产生的消毒副产物均小于藻细胞和IOM,这是由EOM和IOM的不同特性所决定的。
AOM的含氮量与荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ的荧光体积总和成正相关,与SUVA值成负相关。氯化使有机氮区域的荧光光谱体积(Φ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n))快速减小,而有机碳区域的荧光光谱体积(Φ_(Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n))减小较慢。AOM氯化过程中所产生的消毒副产物之间具有一些相关性,如DCAN、CH、TCAN之间,DCAA、TCAA、DCAN之间都具有很好的相关性。各种消毒副产物间良好的相关性说明其可能来源于类似的前体物。有机氮含量(DON)与HAAs、CH、HANs的生成量呈正相关,而与TOX短时间的生成量呈负相关,与TCM、TCNM和HKs生成量没有相关性;SUVA值与消毒副产物的生成量没有相关性,但氯化前后UVA_(254)与UVA_(272)差值与消毒副产物的生成正相关。有机氮在AOM氯化过程中起着非常重要的作用,是N-DBPs与C-DBPs的共同前体物;同时,在氯胺存在的情况下,有机碳也可能是N-DBPs的前体物。
臭氧和高锰酸钾预氧化可以起到很好的强化混凝去除藻细胞的效果。臭氧预氧化会破坏藻细胞,引起胞内有机物的释放,这部分物质很难通过后续的混凝过程去除,会导致沉后水中消毒副产物生成量大量增加,其中水合氯醛(CH)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)增加最多,是单纯混凝的19倍和44倍,其他的消毒副产物生成量如THMs、HAAs和HKs是单纯混凝的3~7倍。高锰酸钾预氧化可以改变藻细胞的表面形态,但对藻细胞整体的破坏程度较小,水的溶解性有机物基本不升高,相比于单纯混凝,高锰酸钾预氧化可以控制藻细胞产生的消毒副产物:大部分消毒副产物如THMs、HAAs和HANs的生成量减少10~30%,CH不变,只有HKs和TCNM分别升高10~70%和50%。因此,相比于臭氧预氧化处理含藻水,高锰酸钾预氧化是一种更为有效而安全的控制水中藻细胞和藻细胞产生消毒副产物的方法。
The incidence of algal blooms in source waters has increased significantly in both the number and magnitude over the past few years as a result of unbalanced rapid economical development but poor nutrient control in both wastewater effluent discharge and excessive agricultural fertilization in China. Fresh, vivid algal blooms by blue-green algae in 2007 hit the nation’s several major water systems including Taihu Lake, Caohu Lake, Dianchi Lake. Algal blooms cause lots of challenges in drinking water treatment. One aspect is from algae cells, which can cause poor settling, clogging filters and breakthrough of small-size algae from sand filters. And the other aspect is from algal organic matter (AOM), which was not readily removed by coagulation or pre-oxidation enhanced coagulation processes. Algal blooms also cause water quality problems in water supplies including obnoxious taste and odors and release of algal toxins. In addition, algae cells can serve as precursors to form disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination/chloramination. The aim of this study is to characterize algae cells and AOM, to assess the role of AOM in the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) and carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) upon adding chlorine or monochloramine, and to get the relationships between AOM and their DBP formation.
The EEM fluorescence spectra of algae cells centered at the Ex/Em of 230/334, 280/334, and 620/642 nm/nm, which represent the aromatic proteins, the tryptophan-like proteins and the chlorophyll. The presence of NO_3~-, NO_2~-, Fe~(3+) and NOM affected the EEM spectra of algae cells greatly. FL_(230/334) decreased with the negative exponential functions of the concentrations of NO_3~- and NO_2~-. Both FL_(230/334) and FL_(280/334) decreased with the negative exponential functions of the concentrations of Fe~(3+) increased. FL_(230/334), FL_(280/334) and FL_(620/642) decreased with the negative linear functions of the concentrations of NOM increased. The fluorescence property of algae cells can be applied to detect the concentration of algae cells both in axenic algae solutions and in natural water.
AOM was characterized by UV absorbance spectra, EEM fluorescence spectra, organic nitrogen and organic carbon analysis, molecular weight distribution, polarity distribution and free amino acids/aliphatic amines analysis. AOM was enriched in organic nitrogen (org-N). Org-N in AOM contains both high (13500 Da) and low molecular weight (MW) (70-1000 Da) organic matter, while the organic carbon (org-C) contains relatively lower MW organic matter with MW from several dozens to several hundreds Da. Specific free amino acids and aliphatic amines only occupied 2.5% and 11.3% of the total org-N in EOM and IOM, respectively. IOM posed different characteristics from EOM, such as IOM had higher concentrations of total org-N, free amino acids, but lower concentrations of aliphatic amines than EOM; the org-N in IOM contained more proportion of higher MW and more hydrophobic contents than EOM.
Formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloketones (HKs), chloral hydrate (CH), and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs), including haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) from chlorination of microcystis aeruginous, a blue-green algae, under different conditions was investigated. Factors evaluated include contact time, chlorine dosages, pH, temperature, ammonia concentrations, bromide ion concentrations and algae growth stages. Increased reaction time, chlorine dosage and temperature enhanced the formation of the relatively stable C-DBPs (e.g., THM, HAA, and CH) and TCNM. Formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) followed an increasing and then decreasing pattern with prolonged reaction time and increased chlorine dosages. The pH affected DBP formation differently, with THM increasing, HKs decreasing, and other DBPs having maximum concentrations at certain pH. The addition of ammonia significantly reduced the formation of most DBPs, but TCNM formation was not affected and 1,1-dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP) formation was higher with the addition of ammonia. Increasing bromide concentrations increased the incorporation of bromine into DBPs, but did not necessarily increase the total molar concentrations of DBPs. Most DBPs increased as the growth period of algae cells increased. Chlorination of algae cells of higher organic nitrogen content generated higher concentrations of N-DBPs (e.g., HANs and TCNM) and CH, comparable DCAA concentration but much lower concentrations of other C-DBPs (e.g., THM, TCAA and HKs) than did natural organic matter (NOM).
Organic chloramine concentrations in AOM chlorination/chloramination were much higher than those from SNOM. During chlorination of AOM, organic chloramine formed in the beginning 2 hours, and inorganic chloramines showed a max concentration on 1d of chlorination. The inorganic chloramines formed in AOM chlorination included monochloramine, dichloramine and trichlormine. The remaining organic chloramine concentrations were about 1.0 mg/L (as Cl_2) after 3-day chloramination of AOM with performened monochloramine. During the chlorination of AOM, organic chloramines were not detected after 1 day and more nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) and haloaldehydes and less carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) were formed than the chlorination of SNOM. Organic chloramines were found after 3-day chloramination of AOM and the formation of most N-DBPs and C-DBPs were much less than that of SNOM. EOM formed less DBPs (except for TCNM) than IOM and algae cells in chlorination and chloramination.
The content of organic nitrogen (DON) of AOM showed linear relationships with the cumulative normalized EEM volumes at regionsⅠ、ⅡandⅣΦ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n), and negative linear relationship with SUVA.Φ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n), which represents the organic nitrogen contents, decreased rapidly in chlorination, while theΦ_(Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n) decreased much slower thanΦ_(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ,n). The concentrations of specific DBPs had some correlations, such as the concentrations of DCAN, CH and TCAN, DCAA, TCAA and DCAN had good positive correlations, which implicated that these DBPs came from the similar precursors. DON showed positive relationships with HAAs, CH and HANs yields, and it showed negative relationships with TOX yields in 3h, but it had no relationships with the yields of TCM, TCNM and HKs. SUVA had no relationships with DBPs, but the variation of UVA_(254) and UVA_(272) before and after chlorination had positive linear relationships with DBPs. Organic nitrogen in AOM is the precursors of N-DBPs and C-DBPs, and organic carbon can also be the precursor of N-DBP in the presence of monochloramine.
Preoxidation by ozone and potassium permanganate enhanced the algal removal in the coagulation/sedimentation process. Preozonation destructed the algal cells and caused the release of IOM dramaticly. The released IOM was not readily removed by the following coagulation process, and played as the precusors of DBPs. The formation of various DBPs increased dramaticly in the water treated by preozonation-coagulation-sedimentation compared to that treated by coagulation-sedimentation, such as the formation of CH and TCNM increased by 18 and 43 times, respectively, and other DBPs such THMs, HAAs and HKs increased 2~6 times. Preoxidation by potassium permanganate changed the surface of the algal cells, but did not detruct the algal cells serverely. The dissolved organic matter decreased slightly in the water treated by permanganate preoxidation-coagulation-sedimentation compared to that treated by coagulation-sedimentation. The formation of various DBPs decreased about 10~30% in the water treated by preoxidation-coagulation-sedimentation compared to that treated by coagulation-sedimentation, except that HKs and TCNM increased about 10~70% and 50%, respectively, and CH remained unchanged. In summary, preoxidation by permanganate was a better strategy to control the algal cells and the DBP formation in the treatment of algae-containing water.
引文
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