农业社会化服务体系中组织协同与服务能力研究
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摘要
随着现代化发展进程的加快,十二五规划提出了城市化、工业化和农业现代化的“三化”协同发展,其中农业现代化是关键。建立新型农业社会化服务体系不仅是我国传统农业向现代农业转变的客观要求,也是农业现代化的主要内容。发达国家经验表明,农业社会化服务组织协同性是现代农业社会化服务体系建设的核心问题。我国农业社会化服务体系处于新旧交替时期,如何围绕农业现代化发展需要,加强农业社会化服务体系中组织协同机制建设,促进农业服务的社会化、市场化和专业化程度,提高农业服务能力,不仅体现中国特色农业现代化的市场规律要求,而且对破解“二元经济”和“三农问题”,实现城乡经济社会发展一体化具有重要历史意义。同时,有利于解决我国农业社会化服务缺乏针对性、影响力、公平、效率和效益等迫切的现实问题。
农业社会化服务体系是一个复杂的系统工程,包括成千上万的农户、合作组织、企业、政府相关部门等,这些组织之间存在复杂的关系系统。如何从系统逻辑视角,运用系统理论、社会结构功能理论、社会网络分析理论和组织学习理论等多学科理论交叉整合研究,探究农业社会化服务组织协同结构和运行特征,减少农业社会化服务体系中的复杂性、不确定性的因素,是新型农业社会化服务体系建设的本质内涵。
本研究的主要内容包括探索农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的驱动机制和调控机制,揭示农业社会化服务体系组织协同的结构特征和运作特征及其内在运动规律。通过实证研究检验农业社会化服务体系中服务组织协同驱动力量、协同的结构特征和运作特征、服务能力、协同的控制因素等变量的关系程度和符号,打开农业社会化服务体系内在机制的“黑匣子”,寻找促进农业社会化服务组织之间的有效协同动力机制和调控机制。根据研究结论提出我国农业社会化服务体系建设的理论依据和政策建议。具体研究内容及其研究的方法手段如下：
首先,本研究归纳分析了我国农业社会化服务体系现状和国内外农业社会化服务发展演变过程及发展趋势,介绍了本研究的现实和理论背景,以及研究的意义。明确提出本研究的对象、范围和程序,以及所要达到的研究目标。
其次,本研究对国内外相关研究成果进行演绎和归纳分析,界定了农业服务、农业社会化服务、农业社会化服务体系、农业社会化服务组织协同和服务能力等核心概念的范畴,明确了研究的边界。在此基础上,从系统思想逻辑出发,运用组织学习理论、系统涌现理论、社会结构功能础理论和社会网络分析理论演绎出农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的正向驱动和负向控制机制,确定了本研究的逻辑起点和理论依据。
第三,围绕系统思想的逻辑起点和理论依据,比较分析了农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的国内外研究成果,演绎出本研究完整的逻辑内涵,在此基础上构建了农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的正向驱动和负向控制机制以及组织协同结构和运行特征等三个构面的结构理论模型,并说明该研究理论模型的基础假设和应用边界,同时根据深度访谈,运用扎根理论方法修正研究理论模型。根据构面之间的逻辑关系,对理论模型进行可测度设计,提出研究的假设。
第四,借鉴研究文献成果,开发本研究调查量表,并进行量表稳定性、信度和效度的检验。对以农业社会化服务组织为调查对象的样本数据进行实证分析。
本研究主要结论：(1)从宏观角度看,农业社会化服务体系建设的核心是该体系中农业社会化服务组织协同和服务能力,该体系内诸要素协同作用形成新的农业社会化服务体系的内在机制,并影响农业社会化服务能力。本研究理论框架及其实证研究结果打开了新型农业社会化服务体系内在机制的“黑匣子”,为构建新型农业社会化服务体系提供科学的理论依据。(2)从微观角度看,农业社会化服务组织间的关系结构和运作特征的交互效应是组织协同的内在机制,通过个别组织间关系结构和运作交互机制的影响,达到组织网络协同的“蝴蝶效应”或传递效应,为农业社会化服务体系建设提供可操作性策略。(3)促进农业社会化服务组织协同主要手段包括组织学习、市场/技术需求、政府驱动和成本/竞争驱动等；调控农业社会化服务组织的协同制度安排包括法律/政策、行业规制、道德准则等。但研究发现政府在促进农业社会化服务组织协同方面缺乏力度,法律／政策和行业规范还不适应当前农业社会化服务组织协同的发展。(4)增强农业社会化服务体系中组织的协同,可以有效提高农业社会化服务组织的服务能力。研究发现农业社会化服务组织协同的规范化结构、运作的范围和弹性等对农业社会化服务组织的基本服务能力的提高没有显著影响；组织协同效率也仅仅影响组织服务的门槛能力。根据研究结论推演出理论含义,提出了农业社会化服务体系建设的政策建议。
最后,本研究的主要贡献和创新是①从系统逻辑视角提出了一个新的农业社会化服务体系中组织协同与服务能力的理论分析框架,具有理论新意。②运用宏观问题微观研究方法思想,结合演绎实证和扎根方法理论,验证了该理论模型有效性和适用性,研究方法在同类研究中具有创新。③研究发现了农业社会化服务体系建设中的主要动力机制,提出驱动机制和调控机制的交互作用产生了新农业社会化服务体系等观点。研究局限性主要是①由于资源的约束,本研究未能把我国农业社会化服务组织作为总体抽样,而是采用学界常用的分层抽样,样本精确性不足。②本研究的主要目的是解决农业社会化服务体系建设的宏观问题,虽然本研究从组织协同的微观层面进行研究,能够提出一些具体可操作的具体措施,但主要研究结论和理论含义仍然是解决宏观问题的理论依据和政策建议。客观上使研究具有一定局限性。该局限性也为继续拓展研究提供了方向。
With the accelerated progress of modernization, China's twelfth "Five-Year Plan" strives to realize the joint development of urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization, and among which agricultural modernization is of fundamental importance. Establishing a new socialized agricultural service system is the objective requirement of China's transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, and an important part of modern agriculture. As the socialized agricultural service system of our country is in the transition from the old period to the new, the synergy problems of agricultural service organizations have constrained the process of agricultural modernization. According to its requirements for agricultural services, strengthening the organizational synergy mechanism in the agricultural service system, promoting the degree of socialization, marketization, specialization of agriculture services, and improving the agricultural service capability not only are the requirements of market law of the Chinese characterized agricultural modernization, but also can resolve the contradiction of the small farmer production and big market of China's agriculture. Thus, it has important historical significance for the crack of "dual economy" and the "three rural issues", and the integration of urban and rural economic and social development (the call of the 17th National Party Congress). Meanwhile, the organizational synergy of the socialized agricultural service system is conducive to resolve the urgent practical problems of lacking targeted services, influence, fairness, efficiency and effectiveness in the socialized agricultural services of our country.
Socialized agricultural service system of our country is a complicated systematic project, including thousands of farmers, cooperative organizations, business organizations and relevant government departments. In the system, these organizations have complex relationship. Thus, how to use the system theory, social structure and function theory, social network theory and organizational learning theory to reduce the complex and uncertain factors of the agricultural service system with the collaborative structures and relationships of these organizations is the essence in the establishment of the new agricultural service system.
Therefore, the main content of this study is to explore the mechanism of the external driving forces and internal driving forces of organizational synergy, and reveal the structural features, operating characteristics and inner movement laws of the socialized agricultural service system. Through the examination of the relationship symbols and the degrees of the driving forces, structural features, operating characteristics, inner movement laws, service capabilities and controlling factors among the socialized agricultural service system by empirical study, the paper aims to open the "black box" of relationship of different organizations in the agricultural service system, find out the dynamic mechanism and controlling mechanism which promoting the effective synergy of these organizations, in order to provide theoretical basis for policies of China's rural economic development and agricultural modernization, and propose measures and recommendations for the establishment of the new socialized agricultural service system. The specific research contents and methods are as follows.
First of all, the paper has inductively analyzed the fact of domestic socialized agricultural service system and the evolution process and development trend of socialized agricultural service system home and aboard, and introduced the practical and theoretical background and significance of this study, and clearly put forward the object of the present study, the scope and procedures, and the research objectives to be achieved.
Second, the study has conducted inductive and deductive analysis of the domestic and foreign research results, defined the scopes of the core concepts of agricultural service, socialized agricultural service, socialized agricultural service system, organizational synergy and service capability of agricultural service organization, etc., and further illustrated the boundaries of the study. On this basis, starting with system thinking logic and taking use of organizational learning theory, system emergence theory, social structure and function theory and social network theory, this study has explored the forward drive and negative control mechanisms of organizational synergy of in the socialized agricultural service system, and clarified the logical starting point and theoretical basis of this study.
Third, surrounded the logic starting point and theoretical foundations of the systemic thought in this research, comparatively analyzed researches both at home and abroad about organizational synergy in socialized agricultural service system; deduced entire logical implications; and on the basis of above all, constructed the structural model of three dimensions in socialized agricultural service system, which are positively driven and negative control mechanism, the structure and operating characteristics of organizational synergy; illustrated basic postulates and application boundaries of the theoretical model, meanwhile, amended research theoretical model on the method of grounded theory by depth interview. According to logic relationships of dimensions, accomplished the measurable design of the theoretical model and brought up research postulates.
Fourth, referenced on existing research achievements, developed the research scale, and tested the stability, reliability and validity. Analyzed the sample data empirically which take agricultural service organizations as interviewees.
The main conclusions are:
(1) Organizational synergy of agricultural service is the mechanism how internal elements interacted in socialized agricultural service system. The research results of organizational synergy of agricultural service opened the "black box" of the internal mechanism of socialized agricultural service system, and provided a scientific basis of constructing a new type of socialized agricultural service system.
(2) The micro internal mechanism of organizational synergy is relational structures and operating characteristics among agricultural service organizations, and taking advantage of the impact of operable relationship structure and operational interactive mechanism, to achieve "the butterfly effect" of the organizational network synergy, namely the synergistic delivering effect of the organizational network in the socialized agricultural service system.
(3) The main means to promote organizational synergy of socialized agricultural service are organization learning, market/technical requirement, government-driven, cost/competition driven and so on; some elements can regulate the synergy structures and its operation in socialized agricultural service organizations, they are legislation/policy, regulations on trade, moral code and so force. However, the government is lack of strength on developing organizational synergy of agricultural service, and the existing legislation/policy and business ethics are not suitable to the development of organizational synergy of agricultural service.
(4) Service capability of agricultural service organization can be enhanced effectively by the organizational synergy in socialized agricultural service system. However, it is not significant that how normalized structure, operational scope and flexibility of agricultural organizational synergy influences the enhancement of basic service capability of agricultural service organization. And the efficiency of organizational synergy is just influences the "threshold capability" of organizational service. Then, put forward theoretical implications and policy recommendations based on research results.
At last, the main contributions and innovations of this study are:①brought up a theoretical analysis framework between organizational synergy and service capability in socialized agricultural service system on the view of system logic;②erified the validity and applicability of theoretical model towards the study of socialized agricultural service system by the method of study macro problem on microscopic views in China;③esearch results show that organizational synergy of agricultural service is the internal mechanism of socialized agricultural service system construction, and organizational synergy is the result of interaction between driving force mechanism and control force mechanism and so force. The main limitations are:①due to resource constraints, adopt academic frequently-used stratied sampling rather than take the whole agricultural service organizations in China as population,so the sample precsion is insufficient;②in this research we study macro problems on microscopic views, therefore it is not sufficient on counter measures towards agricultural service organizations. And these limitations direct future researches.
农业社会化服务体系是一个复杂的系统工程,包括成千上万的农户、合作组织、企业、政府相关部门等,这些组织之间存在复杂的关系系统。如何从系统逻辑视角,运用系统理论、社会结构功能理论、社会网络分析理论和组织学习理论等多学科理论交叉整合研究,探究农业社会化服务组织协同结构和运行特征,减少农业社会化服务体系中的复杂性、不确定性的因素,是新型农业社会化服务体系建设的本质内涵。
本研究的主要内容包括探索农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的驱动机制和调控机制,揭示农业社会化服务体系组织协同的结构特征和运作特征及其内在运动规律。通过实证研究检验农业社会化服务体系中服务组织协同驱动力量、协同的结构特征和运作特征、服务能力、协同的控制因素等变量的关系程度和符号,打开农业社会化服务体系内在机制的“黑匣子”,寻找促进农业社会化服务组织之间的有效协同动力机制和调控机制。根据研究结论提出我国农业社会化服务体系建设的理论依据和政策建议。具体研究内容及其研究的方法手段如下：
首先,本研究归纳分析了我国农业社会化服务体系现状和国内外农业社会化服务发展演变过程及发展趋势,介绍了本研究的现实和理论背景,以及研究的意义。明确提出本研究的对象、范围和程序,以及所要达到的研究目标。
其次,本研究对国内外相关研究成果进行演绎和归纳分析,界定了农业服务、农业社会化服务、农业社会化服务体系、农业社会化服务组织协同和服务能力等核心概念的范畴,明确了研究的边界。在此基础上,从系统思想逻辑出发,运用组织学习理论、系统涌现理论、社会结构功能础理论和社会网络分析理论演绎出农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的正向驱动和负向控制机制,确定了本研究的逻辑起点和理论依据。
第三,围绕系统思想的逻辑起点和理论依据,比较分析了农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的国内外研究成果,演绎出本研究完整的逻辑内涵,在此基础上构建了农业社会化服务体系中组织协同的正向驱动和负向控制机制以及组织协同结构和运行特征等三个构面的结构理论模型,并说明该研究理论模型的基础假设和应用边界,同时根据深度访谈,运用扎根理论方法修正研究理论模型。根据构面之间的逻辑关系,对理论模型进行可测度设计,提出研究的假设。
第四,借鉴研究文献成果,开发本研究调查量表,并进行量表稳定性、信度和效度的检验。对以农业社会化服务组织为调查对象的样本数据进行实证分析。
本研究主要结论：(1)从宏观角度看,农业社会化服务体系建设的核心是该体系中农业社会化服务组织协同和服务能力,该体系内诸要素协同作用形成新的农业社会化服务体系的内在机制,并影响农业社会化服务能力。本研究理论框架及其实证研究结果打开了新型农业社会化服务体系内在机制的“黑匣子”,为构建新型农业社会化服务体系提供科学的理论依据。(2)从微观角度看,农业社会化服务组织间的关系结构和运作特征的交互效应是组织协同的内在机制,通过个别组织间关系结构和运作交互机制的影响,达到组织网络协同的“蝴蝶效应”或传递效应,为农业社会化服务体系建设提供可操作性策略。(3)促进农业社会化服务组织协同主要手段包括组织学习、市场/技术需求、政府驱动和成本/竞争驱动等；调控农业社会化服务组织的协同制度安排包括法律/政策、行业规制、道德准则等。但研究发现政府在促进农业社会化服务组织协同方面缺乏力度,法律／政策和行业规范还不适应当前农业社会化服务组织协同的发展。(4)增强农业社会化服务体系中组织的协同,可以有效提高农业社会化服务组织的服务能力。研究发现农业社会化服务组织协同的规范化结构、运作的范围和弹性等对农业社会化服务组织的基本服务能力的提高没有显著影响；组织协同效率也仅仅影响组织服务的门槛能力。根据研究结论推演出理论含义,提出了农业社会化服务体系建设的政策建议。
最后,本研究的主要贡献和创新是①从系统逻辑视角提出了一个新的农业社会化服务体系中组织协同与服务能力的理论分析框架,具有理论新意。②运用宏观问题微观研究方法思想,结合演绎实证和扎根方法理论,验证了该理论模型有效性和适用性,研究方法在同类研究中具有创新。③研究发现了农业社会化服务体系建设中的主要动力机制,提出驱动机制和调控机制的交互作用产生了新农业社会化服务体系等观点。研究局限性主要是①由于资源的约束,本研究未能把我国农业社会化服务组织作为总体抽样,而是采用学界常用的分层抽样,样本精确性不足。②本研究的主要目的是解决农业社会化服务体系建设的宏观问题,虽然本研究从组织协同的微观层面进行研究,能够提出一些具体可操作的具体措施,但主要研究结论和理论含义仍然是解决宏观问题的理论依据和政策建议。客观上使研究具有一定局限性。该局限性也为继续拓展研究提供了方向。
With the accelerated progress of modernization, China's twelfth "Five-Year Plan" strives to realize the joint development of urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization, and among which agricultural modernization is of fundamental importance. Establishing a new socialized agricultural service system is the objective requirement of China's transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, and an important part of modern agriculture. As the socialized agricultural service system of our country is in the transition from the old period to the new, the synergy problems of agricultural service organizations have constrained the process of agricultural modernization. According to its requirements for agricultural services, strengthening the organizational synergy mechanism in the agricultural service system, promoting the degree of socialization, marketization, specialization of agriculture services, and improving the agricultural service capability not only are the requirements of market law of the Chinese characterized agricultural modernization, but also can resolve the contradiction of the small farmer production and big market of China's agriculture. Thus, it has important historical significance for the crack of "dual economy" and the "three rural issues", and the integration of urban and rural economic and social development (the call of the 17th National Party Congress). Meanwhile, the organizational synergy of the socialized agricultural service system is conducive to resolve the urgent practical problems of lacking targeted services, influence, fairness, efficiency and effectiveness in the socialized agricultural services of our country.
Socialized agricultural service system of our country is a complicated systematic project, including thousands of farmers, cooperative organizations, business organizations and relevant government departments. In the system, these organizations have complex relationship. Thus, how to use the system theory, social structure and function theory, social network theory and organizational learning theory to reduce the complex and uncertain factors of the agricultural service system with the collaborative structures and relationships of these organizations is the essence in the establishment of the new agricultural service system.
Therefore, the main content of this study is to explore the mechanism of the external driving forces and internal driving forces of organizational synergy, and reveal the structural features, operating characteristics and inner movement laws of the socialized agricultural service system. Through the examination of the relationship symbols and the degrees of the driving forces, structural features, operating characteristics, inner movement laws, service capabilities and controlling factors among the socialized agricultural service system by empirical study, the paper aims to open the "black box" of relationship of different organizations in the agricultural service system, find out the dynamic mechanism and controlling mechanism which promoting the effective synergy of these organizations, in order to provide theoretical basis for policies of China's rural economic development and agricultural modernization, and propose measures and recommendations for the establishment of the new socialized agricultural service system. The specific research contents and methods are as follows.
First of all, the paper has inductively analyzed the fact of domestic socialized agricultural service system and the evolution process and development trend of socialized agricultural service system home and aboard, and introduced the practical and theoretical background and significance of this study, and clearly put forward the object of the present study, the scope and procedures, and the research objectives to be achieved.
Second, the study has conducted inductive and deductive analysis of the domestic and foreign research results, defined the scopes of the core concepts of agricultural service, socialized agricultural service, socialized agricultural service system, organizational synergy and service capability of agricultural service organization, etc., and further illustrated the boundaries of the study. On this basis, starting with system thinking logic and taking use of organizational learning theory, system emergence theory, social structure and function theory and social network theory, this study has explored the forward drive and negative control mechanisms of organizational synergy of in the socialized agricultural service system, and clarified the logical starting point and theoretical basis of this study.
Third, surrounded the logic starting point and theoretical foundations of the systemic thought in this research, comparatively analyzed researches both at home and abroad about organizational synergy in socialized agricultural service system; deduced entire logical implications; and on the basis of above all, constructed the structural model of three dimensions in socialized agricultural service system, which are positively driven and negative control mechanism, the structure and operating characteristics of organizational synergy; illustrated basic postulates and application boundaries of the theoretical model, meanwhile, amended research theoretical model on the method of grounded theory by depth interview. According to logic relationships of dimensions, accomplished the measurable design of the theoretical model and brought up research postulates.
Fourth, referenced on existing research achievements, developed the research scale, and tested the stability, reliability and validity. Analyzed the sample data empirically which take agricultural service organizations as interviewees.
The main conclusions are:
(1) Organizational synergy of agricultural service is the mechanism how internal elements interacted in socialized agricultural service system. The research results of organizational synergy of agricultural service opened the "black box" of the internal mechanism of socialized agricultural service system, and provided a scientific basis of constructing a new type of socialized agricultural service system.
(2) The micro internal mechanism of organizational synergy is relational structures and operating characteristics among agricultural service organizations, and taking advantage of the impact of operable relationship structure and operational interactive mechanism, to achieve "the butterfly effect" of the organizational network synergy, namely the synergistic delivering effect of the organizational network in the socialized agricultural service system.
(3) The main means to promote organizational synergy of socialized agricultural service are organization learning, market/technical requirement, government-driven, cost/competition driven and so on; some elements can regulate the synergy structures and its operation in socialized agricultural service organizations, they are legislation/policy, regulations on trade, moral code and so force. However, the government is lack of strength on developing organizational synergy of agricultural service, and the existing legislation/policy and business ethics are not suitable to the development of organizational synergy of agricultural service.
(4) Service capability of agricultural service organization can be enhanced effectively by the organizational synergy in socialized agricultural service system. However, it is not significant that how normalized structure, operational scope and flexibility of agricultural organizational synergy influences the enhancement of basic service capability of agricultural service organization. And the efficiency of organizational synergy is just influences the "threshold capability" of organizational service. Then, put forward theoretical implications and policy recommendations based on research results.
At last, the main contributions and innovations of this study are:①brought up a theoretical analysis framework between organizational synergy and service capability in socialized agricultural service system on the view of system logic;②erified the validity and applicability of theoretical model towards the study of socialized agricultural service system by the method of study macro problem on microscopic views in China;③esearch results show that organizational synergy of agricultural service is the internal mechanism of socialized agricultural service system construction, and organizational synergy is the result of interaction between driving force mechanism and control force mechanism and so force. The main limitations are:①due to resource constraints, adopt academic frequently-used stratied sampling rather than take the whole agricultural service organizations in China as population,so the sample precsion is insufficient;②in this research we study macro problems on microscopic views, therefore it is not sufficient on counter measures towards agricultural service organizations. And these limitations direct future researches.
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