新中国初期三十年农业发展研究
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摘要
以往对新中国初期三十年农业发展的相关研究,大多集中在某一时段农业发展中的特定问题上,并多以截面分析为主。但农业发展是连续系统的过程,这样的研究无法展示整个发展过程,也不利于挖掘主要发展线索和客观规律。故本文尝试将新中国初期三十年农业发展进行打通研究,在宏观分析体系中整理、归纳和审视农业发展状况,从中提炼出主要发展线索和规律,并做出学术史总结。这样还可实现三方面的实践意义:一是有利于改变目前“重改革后三十年,而轻前三十年”历史经验总结现状,为正确理解改革前后两个三十年关系提供相应历史经验和支撑;二是可通过对相关重大历史事件考察,为目前中国政府所采取的各项涉农政策提供相应历史依据。三是可为中国目前刚启动的工业反哺农业政策提供相应的历史依据和理论支撑。
在具体研究过程中,本文首先将新中国初期三十年历史阶段进行了划分,确立了基本分析框架。然后,围绕各个历史阶段农业发展主题,提炼出了中国共产党因此而做出的各种政策选择和安排,并分析了由此而产生的实际效果和历史影响。在整个分析过程中,本文注重三方面内容的考察:一是注重对各历史阶段具体政策制度选择原因、实施过程、存在问题、绩效与历史影响等内容的阐述和分析。二是注重对各种已选政策间关联性问题,包括逻辑问题、因果问题等的具体分析和阐述,目的在于能挖掘出各种政策安排的共同动因和作用机制。三是注重对不同历史阶段农业发展基本规律、特点和整体状况的系统分析。
本文所做的学术史总结如下:
新中国初期,土地改革以解放农村生产力,恢复和发展农业生产为根本出发点和落脚点,平稳有序地开展并最终顺利完成。究其原因,主要得益于共产党对“和平土改”主张的摒弃和减少变革成本政策的采用,从而为农业经济恢复发展创造了首要条件;与新中国初期农村社会主义道路和国家工业化发展道路密切相关的互助合作,在中国共产党逐步集体化思想道路确立下,被有效引导并不断推进,农业经济恢复发展得以加快;修养生息和城乡物资交流等措施也为农业经济恢复发展提供了有效保障。
过渡时期,以“工业化”为主体的基本纲领和路线的确立,使中国“三农”承担起高积累的重任重负。于是,在工业化战略迫切需求下,国家通过对富农、中农、贫农三者间博弈,采取阶级斗争政治运动方式,使农业生产合作化快速推进。与农业合作化相配套,统购统销政策在严峻粮食供求矛盾下无奈实施,却在短期效果和长期历史影响上产生不同后果。工农城乡关系也由“比较协调”向“开始恶化”转变。尽管国家通过宏观行政手段不断加强城乡联系,使城乡关系继续保持了向前发展势头,但它依旧确定了以后城乡关系的走向和大体情况,对目前城乡二元格局产生重要影响。
在服务于“逐步集体化”思想的各种制度安排的路径依赖作用下,经济建设的大跃进和农村制度建设的公社化随大规模农田水利建设运动兴起。正如粮食统购统销需由合作化配套一样,大跃进也需由人民公社配套。事实上,人民公社的兴起正与中央领导人“农业生产合作社规模太小不适应水利化和机械化发展要求”的共识有关。不仅如此,它还有利于地方工业和社区福利事业从无到有的建设。尽管从理论上讲人民公社似乎会更有利于降低政府与农民的交易费用,增加规模效益。但实际上它本身无法避免和解决农民内部相互剥夺问题,即对富社富队财富的剥夺,对勤劳农民收入的剥夺和因干部贪污腐败而造成的对普通农民群众劳动成果的剥夺。这种农村内部剥夺极大破坏农村生产力,对工业化极为不利,最终致使农村经济遭受严重挫折。鉴于此,中央开始初步纠正“大跃进”和“人民公社”中的错误,但在工业化原始资本积累相关制度的路径依赖下,纠错过程显得极其曲折和反复,最终导致大饥荒的严重后果。
农业经济政策调整时期,国家采取各种措施强化农业基础地位认识。当时,毛泽东敏锐认识到恢复和发展农村经济核心问题实质上是解决人民公社体制问题,于是明确将人民公社基本核算单位由原来生产大队下放到生产队,有效解决了人民公社农民内部剥夺问题。农业学大寨在苏联外援断裂的重要历史背景下,也应国家工业化战略所需而兴起。它为促进当时农业恢复和发展,发挥了积极作用,突出表现在农田水利建设上。值得注意的是,在调整过程中,党内就两大基本矛盾和包产到户问题产生严重分歧,由此引发农村意识形态的教育与整顿——阶级斗争下的社会主义教育运动及贫下中农协会的成立。事实上,这两种做法从根本上讲对防止农民内部剥削比较有利,但“阶级斗争”下的社教运动在一定程度上其实也干扰了农村经济政策的贯彻执行,进而为文化大革命埋下伏笔。
文革中的农业问题并非没有争议性,同样在高层领导人内部有所谓路线分歧,甚至在农村还有许多与农业学大寨并非一致的务实做法,农村中所谓自发资本主义以逆流方式一直零星出现和顽强表现。这些争议性内容的存在,在一定程度上减轻了“左”倾错误对农业的危害,使农业在不断调整中缓慢增长,农田水利基本建设取得不小成绩,农村工业也得到一定程度发展。这一时期,以降低城市消耗成本,服务工业化发展战略为根本目的的城镇人口反向流动措施,因国家缓解城市就业压力过大而被临时采取。农村小学教育由公社下放到生产队办,经费、校舍、师资等问题根本无法解决,农村教育质量难以保证。文革时期,存在一定缺陷弊端的“合作医疗”和“赤脚医生”普遍建立,并急遽改变了当时农民群众看病难的状况,在二元社会框架下最大限度实现了卫生公平。农村文化生活则完全是政治性的单调活动。
通过对新中国初期三十年不同历史时期农业发展状况的具体分析,我们发现:新中国初期三十年农业有着内部和外部两个主要发展线索。一是以推动传统农业向现代农业逐步转变为核心内容的内部发展线索;二是以满足国家工业化战略原始资本需求为核心内容的外部发展线索。围绕这两个主要发展线索,可对新中国初期三十年的“三农”发展历程进行基本评述。总体上看,新中国初期三十年“三农”作为工业化原始资本积累过程中的剥夺对象,并不是自身没有发展或“停滞”,而是工业化原始积累的某种必然。因此,对新中国初期三十年农业发展的历史成就与历史地位,应给予充分的估计,并要深刻认识到历史遗留下的“三农”问题是一个全局性问题,解决之法必定要在三农之外,而整个过程也必定是一个长期的过程,充满曲折和坎坷。这些认识也是判断目前政府所采取的各项“三农”政策是否科学有效的一个基本理论认识。
Former related research on agriculture development in initial three decades in China mostly focuses on agriculture development at certain times, most of which use cross section analysis. However, agriculture development is a continuous and systemic process, such studies cannot display the whole development process and also is not good for exploring development clues and objective laws. Therefore this paper tries to sorts, indicatives and examines Chinese agriculture development in initial three from a macro-angle of view in order to extract the main development clues and law. Such research has three practical significances: firstly, it is good for changing the present researching situation that pay more attention on three decades after reform rather than on three decades before reform, which provides historical experiences and support to correctly understand the relationship between three decades after reform and three decades before reform; secondly, it is good for provide corresponding historical basis for various agricultural policies have take by government through investigation of relevant historical events; thirdly, it also can provide corresponding historical basis and theoretical support for the present policy that agriculture nourishes industry.
In specific research process, this paper firstly parties initial three decades into stages so that the basic analysis framework can be established. Then, around the theme of agriculture development in different historical stages extracts the consequently various policy options and arrangements by Chinese Communist Party and analyzes the actual effect and historical influence produced. In the analytical process, this paper mainly investigates three aspects: firstly, pays more attention to discuses and analyze selection reasons, implementation process, problems, performance and the historical influence of specific policy system in different historical stages; secondly, pays more attention to specifically analyze the problem of the relationship between all sorts of selected policies, including the problem of logical relation and the problem of causality in order to dig out the common reason and action mechanism of various policy arrangements; thirdly, pays close attention to systematically analyze the basic rules, characteristics and the overall situation of agriculture development in different historical stages.
The summary of academic history in this paper is as follows:
At the founding of the beginning of New China, land reform took liberation of rural productivity, and recovery and development of rural agricultural production as essential starting point and the foothold, which was smoothly and orderly carried out and eventually finished. The reason is because Chinese communist party abandoned the claim of“peaceful reform”and adopted the policy to reduce the cost of reform, which created primary conditions for agricultural economic recovery; the cooperative movement ,closely related to the rural socialist road and national industrialization road at the founding of the beginning of New China, was effectively guided and constantly promoted under the established way of gradually collectivization, which speeded up agricultural economic recovery; measures of accomplishment reflection and urban and rural exchanging goods provided effective safeguard for agricultural economic recovery.
In transition period, the establishment of basic program and route of "industrialization" made "agriculture, countryside and farmers" in China carry the high accumulation burden. Therefore, with the urgent demand of industrialization strategy, government took the political movement of class struggle to promote agricultural production cooperative through the classic game among the rich, the middle and the poor peasants. As supporting measures of agricultural cooperation, the policy of state monopoly for purchase and marketing was implanted under the serious contradiction of foods supply and demand which had different consequences in short term and long-term history. Relationship between urban and rural areas starts to transform from "more coordination" into“deteriorate". Although government strengthened the connection between urban and rural areas through administrative ways which made the urban-rural relationship keep forward momentum, it still had great influence to the present situation of the dual structure.
With the function of path dependence of various institutional arrangements of "gradually collectivization" thinking, the Great Leap Forward of economic construction and the communalization of rural system sprung up with the large-scale construction of farmland irrigation and water conservancy. Just as state monopoly for purchase and marketing of food needing supporting of cooperation, the Great Leap Forward also need the supporting of people's communes. In fact, the rise of people's commutation is related to the consensus by the central leaders that“agricultural production cooperatives are too small to adapt to the requirement of mechanization and irrigation. In addition, it is also good for the construction of the local industry and community welfare working. Although, theoretically people's commune seems good for reducing the transaction costs between government and farmers and increase scale, in fact it itself cannot avoid and solve the problem within farmers. That is to say, expropriate the wealth of the rich team and rich commutation, expropriate the wealth of hard-working peasants and expropriate the benefit of the normal working people. This internal expropriation within rural areas greatly destructed the rural productivity and industrialization which finally made rural economy suffer a serious setback. For that reason, the government start to correct the mistakes in“the Great Leap Forward " and "people's communes". However, with the path dependence of related institutional in primitive accumulation of capital of industrialization, the correcting process was extremely had to take in order to arrive, which eventually led to the serious consequence of famine.
In the adjustment period of agricultural economic policy, the state took various measures to strengthen the awareness of the basic position of agriculture. At that time, Zedong Mao realized that the core problem to restore and develop the rural economy is to solve the system problem of the people's commune. Therefore he claimed clearly to devolve the basic accounting unit of people's communes from the original production brigade to production team, which efficiently solved the problem of internal deprivation within the people's commune. Dazhai in agriculture grown up under the history background that foreign aid from the Soviet Union broke up, which also was the demand of national industrialization strategy. It promoted the recovery and development of agriculture whose outstanding performance is in construction of farmland irrigation and water conservancy. It is worth noting, in the process of adjustment, there is a serious divergence in two basic contradictions with the party and the problem of agricultural land cooperation, which caused the education and reorganization in rural ideology ------ socialist education movement under class struggle and the establishment of association of the poor and lower middle class. In fact, these two approaches are good for preventing internal deprivation within farmers. But the socialist education movement under class struggle disturbed in the implantation of rural economic policy in a certain extent, which had paved the way for Cultural Revolution.
There still is a controversy on agricultural issue in Cultural Revolution, which also expressed in different routes within top leaders. There even existed some pragmatic approaches in rural areas which is not consistent with Dazhai in agriculture and spontaneous capitalism in rural areas performance in counter-current way. The existence of these controversial contents, in a certain extent, reduced the damage toward agriculture of“Left mistake”and promoted the slow growth of agriculture in constant adjustment, in which the construction of irrigation and water conservancy irrigation obtained great achievements and rural industry developed in certain degree. In this period, the measure that the urban population reverse flowed, which basically aimed to reduce the urban expired cost and service industrialization strategy, was taken temporarily in order to relieve the employment pressure in urban. Rural primary education by was run by production team and the problem of funds, buildings and teachers can't be solved and the education quality cannot be guaranteed. In the period of Culture Revolution, the " cooperative medical service " and "barefoot doctors" with certain defects were universal established , and sharply changed the medical difficulties of farmers, which realized the health fair in maximum under the dualistic society framework. Rural cultural life was completely political activities.
On the basis of analysis of agriculture development in different history stages within these three decades, we found that: the initial three years of new China, with agriculture development inside and outside the two major clues. One is to promote traditional agriculture to modern agriculture into the core of the gradual development of internal cues; the second is to meet the needs of national industrialization strategy of the original capital development as the core content of external cues. Development around these two main clues to the initial three decades of New China's "three rural" Review of Development basic. In fact, "agriculture, countryside and farmers" in initial three decades in new China, as a deprive object in the process of accumulating seed capital of industrialization, is not stagnant but is a kind of necessity of accumulating seed capital of industrialization. Therefore,The initial three decades of New China Agriculture and Rural Development of the historical achievements and historical status, should be fully estimated, and to a profound understanding of the inherited problem of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" is a overall problem and the solutions must be outside agriculture and the whole process must be a long-term process which is full of twists and turns. These cognitions are basic theory to judge whether all kinds of policies for "agriculture, countryside and farmers" currently taken by government are scientific.
在具体研究过程中,本文首先将新中国初期三十年历史阶段进行了划分,确立了基本分析框架。然后,围绕各个历史阶段农业发展主题,提炼出了中国共产党因此而做出的各种政策选择和安排,并分析了由此而产生的实际效果和历史影响。在整个分析过程中,本文注重三方面内容的考察:一是注重对各历史阶段具体政策制度选择原因、实施过程、存在问题、绩效与历史影响等内容的阐述和分析。二是注重对各种已选政策间关联性问题,包括逻辑问题、因果问题等的具体分析和阐述,目的在于能挖掘出各种政策安排的共同动因和作用机制。三是注重对不同历史阶段农业发展基本规律、特点和整体状况的系统分析。
本文所做的学术史总结如下:
新中国初期,土地改革以解放农村生产力,恢复和发展农业生产为根本出发点和落脚点,平稳有序地开展并最终顺利完成。究其原因,主要得益于共产党对“和平土改”主张的摒弃和减少变革成本政策的采用,从而为农业经济恢复发展创造了首要条件;与新中国初期农村社会主义道路和国家工业化发展道路密切相关的互助合作,在中国共产党逐步集体化思想道路确立下,被有效引导并不断推进,农业经济恢复发展得以加快;修养生息和城乡物资交流等措施也为农业经济恢复发展提供了有效保障。
过渡时期,以“工业化”为主体的基本纲领和路线的确立,使中国“三农”承担起高积累的重任重负。于是,在工业化战略迫切需求下,国家通过对富农、中农、贫农三者间博弈,采取阶级斗争政治运动方式,使农业生产合作化快速推进。与农业合作化相配套,统购统销政策在严峻粮食供求矛盾下无奈实施,却在短期效果和长期历史影响上产生不同后果。工农城乡关系也由“比较协调”向“开始恶化”转变。尽管国家通过宏观行政手段不断加强城乡联系,使城乡关系继续保持了向前发展势头,但它依旧确定了以后城乡关系的走向和大体情况,对目前城乡二元格局产生重要影响。
在服务于“逐步集体化”思想的各种制度安排的路径依赖作用下,经济建设的大跃进和农村制度建设的公社化随大规模农田水利建设运动兴起。正如粮食统购统销需由合作化配套一样,大跃进也需由人民公社配套。事实上,人民公社的兴起正与中央领导人“农业生产合作社规模太小不适应水利化和机械化发展要求”的共识有关。不仅如此,它还有利于地方工业和社区福利事业从无到有的建设。尽管从理论上讲人民公社似乎会更有利于降低政府与农民的交易费用,增加规模效益。但实际上它本身无法避免和解决农民内部相互剥夺问题,即对富社富队财富的剥夺,对勤劳农民收入的剥夺和因干部贪污腐败而造成的对普通农民群众劳动成果的剥夺。这种农村内部剥夺极大破坏农村生产力,对工业化极为不利,最终致使农村经济遭受严重挫折。鉴于此,中央开始初步纠正“大跃进”和“人民公社”中的错误,但在工业化原始资本积累相关制度的路径依赖下,纠错过程显得极其曲折和反复,最终导致大饥荒的严重后果。
农业经济政策调整时期,国家采取各种措施强化农业基础地位认识。当时,毛泽东敏锐认识到恢复和发展农村经济核心问题实质上是解决人民公社体制问题,于是明确将人民公社基本核算单位由原来生产大队下放到生产队,有效解决了人民公社农民内部剥夺问题。农业学大寨在苏联外援断裂的重要历史背景下,也应国家工业化战略所需而兴起。它为促进当时农业恢复和发展,发挥了积极作用,突出表现在农田水利建设上。值得注意的是,在调整过程中,党内就两大基本矛盾和包产到户问题产生严重分歧,由此引发农村意识形态的教育与整顿——阶级斗争下的社会主义教育运动及贫下中农协会的成立。事实上,这两种做法从根本上讲对防止农民内部剥削比较有利,但“阶级斗争”下的社教运动在一定程度上其实也干扰了农村经济政策的贯彻执行,进而为文化大革命埋下伏笔。
文革中的农业问题并非没有争议性,同样在高层领导人内部有所谓路线分歧,甚至在农村还有许多与农业学大寨并非一致的务实做法,农村中所谓自发资本主义以逆流方式一直零星出现和顽强表现。这些争议性内容的存在,在一定程度上减轻了“左”倾错误对农业的危害,使农业在不断调整中缓慢增长,农田水利基本建设取得不小成绩,农村工业也得到一定程度发展。这一时期,以降低城市消耗成本,服务工业化发展战略为根本目的的城镇人口反向流动措施,因国家缓解城市就业压力过大而被临时采取。农村小学教育由公社下放到生产队办,经费、校舍、师资等问题根本无法解决,农村教育质量难以保证。文革时期,存在一定缺陷弊端的“合作医疗”和“赤脚医生”普遍建立,并急遽改变了当时农民群众看病难的状况,在二元社会框架下最大限度实现了卫生公平。农村文化生活则完全是政治性的单调活动。
通过对新中国初期三十年不同历史时期农业发展状况的具体分析,我们发现:新中国初期三十年农业有着内部和外部两个主要发展线索。一是以推动传统农业向现代农业逐步转变为核心内容的内部发展线索;二是以满足国家工业化战略原始资本需求为核心内容的外部发展线索。围绕这两个主要发展线索,可对新中国初期三十年的“三农”发展历程进行基本评述。总体上看,新中国初期三十年“三农”作为工业化原始资本积累过程中的剥夺对象,并不是自身没有发展或“停滞”,而是工业化原始积累的某种必然。因此,对新中国初期三十年农业发展的历史成就与历史地位,应给予充分的估计,并要深刻认识到历史遗留下的“三农”问题是一个全局性问题,解决之法必定要在三农之外,而整个过程也必定是一个长期的过程,充满曲折和坎坷。这些认识也是判断目前政府所采取的各项“三农”政策是否科学有效的一个基本理论认识。
Former related research on agriculture development in initial three decades in China mostly focuses on agriculture development at certain times, most of which use cross section analysis. However, agriculture development is a continuous and systemic process, such studies cannot display the whole development process and also is not good for exploring development clues and objective laws. Therefore this paper tries to sorts, indicatives and examines Chinese agriculture development in initial three from a macro-angle of view in order to extract the main development clues and law. Such research has three practical significances: firstly, it is good for changing the present researching situation that pay more attention on three decades after reform rather than on three decades before reform, which provides historical experiences and support to correctly understand the relationship between three decades after reform and three decades before reform; secondly, it is good for provide corresponding historical basis for various agricultural policies have take by government through investigation of relevant historical events; thirdly, it also can provide corresponding historical basis and theoretical support for the present policy that agriculture nourishes industry.
In specific research process, this paper firstly parties initial three decades into stages so that the basic analysis framework can be established. Then, around the theme of agriculture development in different historical stages extracts the consequently various policy options and arrangements by Chinese Communist Party and analyzes the actual effect and historical influence produced. In the analytical process, this paper mainly investigates three aspects: firstly, pays more attention to discuses and analyze selection reasons, implementation process, problems, performance and the historical influence of specific policy system in different historical stages; secondly, pays more attention to specifically analyze the problem of the relationship between all sorts of selected policies, including the problem of logical relation and the problem of causality in order to dig out the common reason and action mechanism of various policy arrangements; thirdly, pays close attention to systematically analyze the basic rules, characteristics and the overall situation of agriculture development in different historical stages.
The summary of academic history in this paper is as follows:
At the founding of the beginning of New China, land reform took liberation of rural productivity, and recovery and development of rural agricultural production as essential starting point and the foothold, which was smoothly and orderly carried out and eventually finished. The reason is because Chinese communist party abandoned the claim of“peaceful reform”and adopted the policy to reduce the cost of reform, which created primary conditions for agricultural economic recovery; the cooperative movement ,closely related to the rural socialist road and national industrialization road at the founding of the beginning of New China, was effectively guided and constantly promoted under the established way of gradually collectivization, which speeded up agricultural economic recovery; measures of accomplishment reflection and urban and rural exchanging goods provided effective safeguard for agricultural economic recovery.
In transition period, the establishment of basic program and route of "industrialization" made "agriculture, countryside and farmers" in China carry the high accumulation burden. Therefore, with the urgent demand of industrialization strategy, government took the political movement of class struggle to promote agricultural production cooperative through the classic game among the rich, the middle and the poor peasants. As supporting measures of agricultural cooperation, the policy of state monopoly for purchase and marketing was implanted under the serious contradiction of foods supply and demand which had different consequences in short term and long-term history. Relationship between urban and rural areas starts to transform from "more coordination" into“deteriorate". Although government strengthened the connection between urban and rural areas through administrative ways which made the urban-rural relationship keep forward momentum, it still had great influence to the present situation of the dual structure.
With the function of path dependence of various institutional arrangements of "gradually collectivization" thinking, the Great Leap Forward of economic construction and the communalization of rural system sprung up with the large-scale construction of farmland irrigation and water conservancy. Just as state monopoly for purchase and marketing of food needing supporting of cooperation, the Great Leap Forward also need the supporting of people's communes. In fact, the rise of people's commutation is related to the consensus by the central leaders that“agricultural production cooperatives are too small to adapt to the requirement of mechanization and irrigation. In addition, it is also good for the construction of the local industry and community welfare working. Although, theoretically people's commune seems good for reducing the transaction costs between government and farmers and increase scale, in fact it itself cannot avoid and solve the problem within farmers. That is to say, expropriate the wealth of the rich team and rich commutation, expropriate the wealth of hard-working peasants and expropriate the benefit of the normal working people. This internal expropriation within rural areas greatly destructed the rural productivity and industrialization which finally made rural economy suffer a serious setback. For that reason, the government start to correct the mistakes in“the Great Leap Forward " and "people's communes". However, with the path dependence of related institutional in primitive accumulation of capital of industrialization, the correcting process was extremely had to take in order to arrive, which eventually led to the serious consequence of famine.
In the adjustment period of agricultural economic policy, the state took various measures to strengthen the awareness of the basic position of agriculture. At that time, Zedong Mao realized that the core problem to restore and develop the rural economy is to solve the system problem of the people's commune. Therefore he claimed clearly to devolve the basic accounting unit of people's communes from the original production brigade to production team, which efficiently solved the problem of internal deprivation within the people's commune. Dazhai in agriculture grown up under the history background that foreign aid from the Soviet Union broke up, which also was the demand of national industrialization strategy. It promoted the recovery and development of agriculture whose outstanding performance is in construction of farmland irrigation and water conservancy. It is worth noting, in the process of adjustment, there is a serious divergence in two basic contradictions with the party and the problem of agricultural land cooperation, which caused the education and reorganization in rural ideology ------ socialist education movement under class struggle and the establishment of association of the poor and lower middle class. In fact, these two approaches are good for preventing internal deprivation within farmers. But the socialist education movement under class struggle disturbed in the implantation of rural economic policy in a certain extent, which had paved the way for Cultural Revolution.
There still is a controversy on agricultural issue in Cultural Revolution, which also expressed in different routes within top leaders. There even existed some pragmatic approaches in rural areas which is not consistent with Dazhai in agriculture and spontaneous capitalism in rural areas performance in counter-current way. The existence of these controversial contents, in a certain extent, reduced the damage toward agriculture of“Left mistake”and promoted the slow growth of agriculture in constant adjustment, in which the construction of irrigation and water conservancy irrigation obtained great achievements and rural industry developed in certain degree. In this period, the measure that the urban population reverse flowed, which basically aimed to reduce the urban expired cost and service industrialization strategy, was taken temporarily in order to relieve the employment pressure in urban. Rural primary education by was run by production team and the problem of funds, buildings and teachers can't be solved and the education quality cannot be guaranteed. In the period of Culture Revolution, the " cooperative medical service " and "barefoot doctors" with certain defects were universal established , and sharply changed the medical difficulties of farmers, which realized the health fair in maximum under the dualistic society framework. Rural cultural life was completely political activities.
On the basis of analysis of agriculture development in different history stages within these three decades, we found that: the initial three years of new China, with agriculture development inside and outside the two major clues. One is to promote traditional agriculture to modern agriculture into the core of the gradual development of internal cues; the second is to meet the needs of national industrialization strategy of the original capital development as the core content of external cues. Development around these two main clues to the initial three decades of New China's "three rural" Review of Development basic. In fact, "agriculture, countryside and farmers" in initial three decades in new China, as a deprive object in the process of accumulating seed capital of industrialization, is not stagnant but is a kind of necessity of accumulating seed capital of industrialization. Therefore,The initial three decades of New China Agriculture and Rural Development of the historical achievements and historical status, should be fully estimated, and to a profound understanding of the inherited problem of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" is a overall problem and the solutions must be outside agriculture and the whole process must be a long-term process which is full of twists and turns. These cognitions are basic theory to judge whether all kinds of policies for "agriculture, countryside and farmers" currently taken by government are scientific.
引文
①外国学者肯尼斯·沃克认为新的革命政府初期的征税远远高于明清时代和抗战前的国民党政府。即使在农业经济恢复后的1953~1957年,全国税率仍占粮食产量的10万%。此后,农业税才基本冻结在解放初期的绝对数字上,随着农业产量的提高,农业税率相对递减。参见黄宗智:《长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展》,第172页.
①即《资本论》第一卷第24章《所谓原始积累》,787-842页.
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