我国城市公共交通经济法规制问题研究
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摘要
随着我国城市建设的快速发展和群众生活水平的不断提高,人们对又好又快出行的愿望愈加强烈。但日益拥堵的道路和不断恶化的环境却表明了我国城市交通目前所处的困境。这一困境不仅制约了城市的可持续发展,也大大降低了人们对所居住城市的幸福感。因此,出行质量和效率的高低已经成为检验我国政府公共服务水平和公民权利受保障程度的重要指标。而在当前解决城市人口出行问题的诸多对策中,城市公共交通具有不可替代的重要作用。
城市公共交通是关系国计民生的特殊行业,具有自然垄断性和规模经济性,市场结构独特,行业特征显著,属于准公共产品和公共服务的范畴。正是建立在对城市公共交通经济学分析和公益性目标认识的基础上,西方发达国家对城市公共交通市场在早期较为普遍地采取了国家和政府公共垄断的政策模式,通过强有力的政府规制,保护和促进行业的健康发展。20世纪70年代后,尽管世界上很多国家对城市公共交通进行了以私有化为方向的改革,但效果并不明显。而以美国为代表的公共垄断模式依然在城市公共交通规制中显示出强大的生命力。无论西方发达国家城市公共交通规制政策有何调整变化,法制始终引领着城市公共交通改革的每一项进程。
我国城市公共交通起步较晚,由于长期排斥西方经济学理论的运用,我国在计划经济年代对城市公共交通所采取的国家垄断模式并不是出于对自然垄断的认识。改革开放以来,我国在逐步对城市公共交通实行以市场化为方向改革的同时,还对国有公交企业进行了改制。通过改革,我国城市公共交通初步形成了以国有经济为主导,资本多元化的发展格局,在很大程度上提升了行业的竞争水平,提高了经济效率,减轻了政府财政负担。但在城市公共交通市场化的过程中,由于我国相关立法的严重缺失,改革的同时也暴露出目标不明确,行业定位不准确,总体思路不清楚,相关制度不配套等诸多问题,使得改革成效大为降低,并难以显著提升我国城市公共交通的整体水平。在这种情况下,我国城市公共交通必须坚持以公益性为目标,走法治化的政府规制道路。由于经济法所具有的社会本位性和公共利益性,使其理所当然地成为城市公共交通规制法律关系的调整工具。
城市公共交通经济法规制建设总的设想是,建立以经济法为骨干的法制框架,实现城市公共交通规制的法治化。这个框架体系应以宪法为基石,以城市公共交通法为核心,包括产业政策法、财税法等宏观调控法,反垄断法等市场规制法以及劳动法、环境保护法、社会保障法等社会法为枝干的整体。通过法制框架的构建,树立规制机构维护社会公共利益、确保城市公共交通服务质量、维护市场有序竞争的基本目标,明确政府干预、依法规制、独立规制、适度规制、以人为本、实质公平、企业自律与社会监督相结合等七项基本的规制原则。在规制目标和规制原则既定的情况下,选择符合我国国情和行业特点的规制机构是实现规制目标的前提。目前我国各地城市公共交通的规制机构尚存在规制机构不统一、规制职能不清晰的问题。在考虑城市公共交通自身因素和我国国家政权组织形式的基础上,应在中央、省(包括直辖市、自治区)、地级市统一设置城市公共交通管理机构,这些机构上下级之间是领导和被领导的关系,不同层级的规制机构在基本职能上应该实现统一,包括对规划、投资、建设、质量、环境保护、价格、准入上的全面监管。但在统一设置的同时,国家和地方的规制机构在具体职能上应有所区别。法治化的实现要具体落实到明确的经济法规制法律权利义务和经济法规制程序,以此明晰权力、权利的边界,权力、权利行使、履行的方法步骤,责任的追究和权利的救济,从法治的微观层面维护市场的有效竞争,实现社会公共利益。
城市公共交通经济法规制建设还应包括以下规制内容：1、城市公共交通准入经济法规制。围绕保护城市公共交通自然垄断地位、遏制城市公共交通市场中的非法垄断、保护城市公共交通市场公平竞争的目标,建立城市公共交通“层级进入机制”和“进入竞争机制”。2、城市公共交通价格经济法规制。明确政府价格规制和保障出行的责任,明确城市公共交通价格规制的社会性价值目标,形成多元的城市公共交通定价机制和公平、科学的财政补贴机制,并结合行业的特点发挥价格规制作用。3、城市公共交通服务质量经济法规制。建立统一的城市公共交通服务质量监管机构,制定城市公共交通服务质量标准,严格城市公共交通服务规制的相关责任。4、城市公共交通社会责任经济法规制。明确城市公共交通社会责任的法律义务,保障公交企业员工劳动福利待遇,多措并举实现城市公交的低碳运营,采用亲贫规制实现普遍服务。5、城市公共交通国有资产经济法规制。城市公共交通国有资产庞大,承载着重大的社会责任,能否对其实现稳妥保护关系到我国依法治国、小康社会和城乡一体化等多重目标的实现。必须针对城市公共交通行业国有资产保护规制的特殊性,由国务院和地方人民政府在国资委之外,另外授权专门的规制机构代表本级人民政府对国家出资企业履行出资人职责。同时建立城市公共交通国有资产保护与限制并重的规制制度、城市公共交通国有企业平等参与市场竞争制度和城市公共交通国有企业改革干预制度,完善城市公共交通国有经济经济法规制的救济机制。
Along with China's city constructure rapid developing and people's life level keep raising,people's wish for sound and fast bouger become increasingly strong.But roads with increasingly traffic james and uninterruptedly worsen environment speak volume for the realistic dilemma in China's urban public transportation.This dilemma not only restrains urban sustainable development,but also cut back poople's well-being about city.Therefore, the height of quality and speed has bocome key indicator to verify Chinese government public service level and civil rights protected level.Moreover,among the rest of many countermeasures solving urban population's bouge, urban public transportation has irreplaceable vital function.
Urban public transportation is a special industry affecting national interest and people's livelihood, belonging to quasi public goods and public service area.It has natural monopolization and economy of scale, unique market structure, remarkable industrial characteristics.Just based on the economic analysis and acquaintance on public interest objective about urban public transportation, western developed nations. universally adopt state and government public monopoly policy model on urban public transportation marker at early stage,in order to protect and promote industry growth by strongforceful government regulation. In 20th century seventies,although many countries taken reforms to urban public transportation for privatization, but the effect is not obvious. Public monopoly patterns be represented by the United States are still manifest powerful life-force in urban public transportation regulation. No matter what adjustment and change in western developed nations' urban public transportation regulation policy, legality always lead very process in urban public transportation reforms.
Urban public transportation initial starting is later in China, on account of chronically excluding application of western economic theory, national monopoly pattern of urban public transportation in China's planned economy time is not in view of understanding natural monopoly. Since reform and opening-up,China carry out reform in urban public transportation for marketization direction step by step,at the same time,carry out strypped-down on state-owned urban public transportation enterprises. China urban public transportation initially form diversification capital setup by reform oriented by state-owned economy,meanwhile,promote the industry competition level at remarkable extent,improve economic efficience and relieve fiscal burden.But in the process of urban public transportation marketization,Because China seriously lack related legislation,the reform exposesd many problems such as objective indistinct; industry fixed position inaccurate,general train of thought obscurity,related rules incompatibility.These problems reduced the reform effect greatly and didn't promote remarkablely the whole level of China urban public transportation. Under these circumstances, China urban public transportation should insist on public interest objective, walking along government regulation road rule by law.Bacuse economic law is possessed of standard of society and public interest,it is bound to be tools for adjusting urban public transportation regulation legal relationship.
General assumption of economic regulation construction on urban public transportation is to build legal frame taking economic law as backbone and realize the regulation of urban public transportation rule by law. The frame should be a unity, taking consititution as base stone,and urban public transportation law as core, composed of Macro-adjustment and control law such as Industries poilcy law, Fiscal law and Tax law, etc, Regulation law such as Market antimonopoly law,etc and social law such as Labor law, Environmental protection law, Social security law etc. Ihe construction of legal frame is to establish elementary object of regulation organization, maintaining public interests, ensuring service quality of urban public transportation, defending market competition in order,clear and definite seven fundamental principles of regulation,such as government intervention, regulation according to law, independent regulation, moderate regulation, people oriented,material equity, combination of enterprise self regulation and social supervision. In the condition of regulation aim and principle fixed,chooseing regulation agency conformed to China national life and industry characteristics is precondition to realize regulation target. At present, China regional urban public transportation still exists problems of disunity regulation agency and unsharpness regulation function, on the basis of considering self factor of urban public transportation and China organizational form of political power, urban public transportation regulation agencies should be set unitedly in central authorities, Province(including municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous regions), prefectural-level cities,there is a leadership relationship between subordinates and superiors in the agencies.The basic functions of regulation agencies in deferent levels should be united, including supervision in the round to programming, investment, construction, quality, environmental protection, price and admission.At the same time,there should have distinctions in specific functions between national and district regulation agencies.Moreover,the realization of rule by law put into practice can't do without definite economic law regulation rights and obligations and procedure.Which can clear the side of authority and right, the procedure of power and right exercise, ascertain where the responsibility lies and remedy system of rights,then realize public interests by defending market workable competition in microscopic view.
Furthermore,the economic law regulation construction of urban public transportation contains below contents:1, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation admission.The dissertation want to build admission mechanisms on stratum level and competition by surrounding such a target that protect urban public transportation natural monopoly status, restrain illegal monopoly,defend fair competition in the market.2, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation price. The dissertation want to build multiple-unit price-setting mechanism,fair and scientific fiscal subsidy mechanism,then play a big role in price regulation combining industry features by making sure governmental responsibility on price regulation,bouger safeguard and sociality value objective of urban public transportation price regulation.3, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation quality of service. The dissertation want to build unified regulation facility of urban public transportation, formulate quality of service standard of urban public transportation, strict related liability of Economic law regulation on urban public transportation quality of service.4, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation social responsibility. The dissertation want to clear and definite legal obligation of urban public transportation social responsibility, safeguard the working conditions of urban public transportation personnel, measures taken to realize urban public transportation low-carbon marketing and realize universal service by pro-poor regulation.5, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation state property. China urban public transportation have gigantic state property, bear great social responsibility. Whether or not safely protect it has to do with multiple objectives of runing the country in accordance with the law, well-off society, integration of urban and rural areas in China. It should be aimed at particularity of urban public transportation state property regulation, let state council and local government beyond state asset regulatory commission authorize specialized regulation organ in addition to perform duties to state-owned enterprises as contributor represented peer governments.At the same time,China should build such state property regulation systems as protection and restriction are equal importance, state-owned enterprises compete on an equal basis, intervene in state-owned enterprises reform,to perfect legal remedy for economic law regulation on urban public transportation.
城市公共交通是关系国计民生的特殊行业,具有自然垄断性和规模经济性,市场结构独特,行业特征显著,属于准公共产品和公共服务的范畴。正是建立在对城市公共交通经济学分析和公益性目标认识的基础上,西方发达国家对城市公共交通市场在早期较为普遍地采取了国家和政府公共垄断的政策模式,通过强有力的政府规制,保护和促进行业的健康发展。20世纪70年代后,尽管世界上很多国家对城市公共交通进行了以私有化为方向的改革,但效果并不明显。而以美国为代表的公共垄断模式依然在城市公共交通规制中显示出强大的生命力。无论西方发达国家城市公共交通规制政策有何调整变化,法制始终引领着城市公共交通改革的每一项进程。
我国城市公共交通起步较晚,由于长期排斥西方经济学理论的运用,我国在计划经济年代对城市公共交通所采取的国家垄断模式并不是出于对自然垄断的认识。改革开放以来,我国在逐步对城市公共交通实行以市场化为方向改革的同时,还对国有公交企业进行了改制。通过改革,我国城市公共交通初步形成了以国有经济为主导,资本多元化的发展格局,在很大程度上提升了行业的竞争水平,提高了经济效率,减轻了政府财政负担。但在城市公共交通市场化的过程中,由于我国相关立法的严重缺失,改革的同时也暴露出目标不明确,行业定位不准确,总体思路不清楚,相关制度不配套等诸多问题,使得改革成效大为降低,并难以显著提升我国城市公共交通的整体水平。在这种情况下,我国城市公共交通必须坚持以公益性为目标,走法治化的政府规制道路。由于经济法所具有的社会本位性和公共利益性,使其理所当然地成为城市公共交通规制法律关系的调整工具。
城市公共交通经济法规制建设总的设想是,建立以经济法为骨干的法制框架,实现城市公共交通规制的法治化。这个框架体系应以宪法为基石,以城市公共交通法为核心,包括产业政策法、财税法等宏观调控法,反垄断法等市场规制法以及劳动法、环境保护法、社会保障法等社会法为枝干的整体。通过法制框架的构建,树立规制机构维护社会公共利益、确保城市公共交通服务质量、维护市场有序竞争的基本目标,明确政府干预、依法规制、独立规制、适度规制、以人为本、实质公平、企业自律与社会监督相结合等七项基本的规制原则。在规制目标和规制原则既定的情况下,选择符合我国国情和行业特点的规制机构是实现规制目标的前提。目前我国各地城市公共交通的规制机构尚存在规制机构不统一、规制职能不清晰的问题。在考虑城市公共交通自身因素和我国国家政权组织形式的基础上,应在中央、省(包括直辖市、自治区)、地级市统一设置城市公共交通管理机构,这些机构上下级之间是领导和被领导的关系,不同层级的规制机构在基本职能上应该实现统一,包括对规划、投资、建设、质量、环境保护、价格、准入上的全面监管。但在统一设置的同时,国家和地方的规制机构在具体职能上应有所区别。法治化的实现要具体落实到明确的经济法规制法律权利义务和经济法规制程序,以此明晰权力、权利的边界,权力、权利行使、履行的方法步骤,责任的追究和权利的救济,从法治的微观层面维护市场的有效竞争,实现社会公共利益。
城市公共交通经济法规制建设还应包括以下规制内容：1、城市公共交通准入经济法规制。围绕保护城市公共交通自然垄断地位、遏制城市公共交通市场中的非法垄断、保护城市公共交通市场公平竞争的目标,建立城市公共交通“层级进入机制”和“进入竞争机制”。2、城市公共交通价格经济法规制。明确政府价格规制和保障出行的责任,明确城市公共交通价格规制的社会性价值目标,形成多元的城市公共交通定价机制和公平、科学的财政补贴机制,并结合行业的特点发挥价格规制作用。3、城市公共交通服务质量经济法规制。建立统一的城市公共交通服务质量监管机构,制定城市公共交通服务质量标准,严格城市公共交通服务规制的相关责任。4、城市公共交通社会责任经济法规制。明确城市公共交通社会责任的法律义务,保障公交企业员工劳动福利待遇,多措并举实现城市公交的低碳运营,采用亲贫规制实现普遍服务。5、城市公共交通国有资产经济法规制。城市公共交通国有资产庞大,承载着重大的社会责任,能否对其实现稳妥保护关系到我国依法治国、小康社会和城乡一体化等多重目标的实现。必须针对城市公共交通行业国有资产保护规制的特殊性,由国务院和地方人民政府在国资委之外,另外授权专门的规制机构代表本级人民政府对国家出资企业履行出资人职责。同时建立城市公共交通国有资产保护与限制并重的规制制度、城市公共交通国有企业平等参与市场竞争制度和城市公共交通国有企业改革干预制度,完善城市公共交通国有经济经济法规制的救济机制。
Along with China's city constructure rapid developing and people's life level keep raising,people's wish for sound and fast bouger become increasingly strong.But roads with increasingly traffic james and uninterruptedly worsen environment speak volume for the realistic dilemma in China's urban public transportation.This dilemma not only restrains urban sustainable development,but also cut back poople's well-being about city.Therefore, the height of quality and speed has bocome key indicator to verify Chinese government public service level and civil rights protected level.Moreover,among the rest of many countermeasures solving urban population's bouge, urban public transportation has irreplaceable vital function.
Urban public transportation is a special industry affecting national interest and people's livelihood, belonging to quasi public goods and public service area.It has natural monopolization and economy of scale, unique market structure, remarkable industrial characteristics.Just based on the economic analysis and acquaintance on public interest objective about urban public transportation, western developed nations. universally adopt state and government public monopoly policy model on urban public transportation marker at early stage,in order to protect and promote industry growth by strongforceful government regulation. In 20th century seventies,although many countries taken reforms to urban public transportation for privatization, but the effect is not obvious. Public monopoly patterns be represented by the United States are still manifest powerful life-force in urban public transportation regulation. No matter what adjustment and change in western developed nations' urban public transportation regulation policy, legality always lead very process in urban public transportation reforms.
Urban public transportation initial starting is later in China, on account of chronically excluding application of western economic theory, national monopoly pattern of urban public transportation in China's planned economy time is not in view of understanding natural monopoly. Since reform and opening-up,China carry out reform in urban public transportation for marketization direction step by step,at the same time,carry out strypped-down on state-owned urban public transportation enterprises. China urban public transportation initially form diversification capital setup by reform oriented by state-owned economy,meanwhile,promote the industry competition level at remarkable extent,improve economic efficience and relieve fiscal burden.But in the process of urban public transportation marketization,Because China seriously lack related legislation,the reform exposesd many problems such as objective indistinct; industry fixed position inaccurate,general train of thought obscurity,related rules incompatibility.These problems reduced the reform effect greatly and didn't promote remarkablely the whole level of China urban public transportation. Under these circumstances, China urban public transportation should insist on public interest objective, walking along government regulation road rule by law.Bacuse economic law is possessed of standard of society and public interest,it is bound to be tools for adjusting urban public transportation regulation legal relationship.
General assumption of economic regulation construction on urban public transportation is to build legal frame taking economic law as backbone and realize the regulation of urban public transportation rule by law. The frame should be a unity, taking consititution as base stone,and urban public transportation law as core, composed of Macro-adjustment and control law such as Industries poilcy law, Fiscal law and Tax law, etc, Regulation law such as Market antimonopoly law,etc and social law such as Labor law, Environmental protection law, Social security law etc. Ihe construction of legal frame is to establish elementary object of regulation organization, maintaining public interests, ensuring service quality of urban public transportation, defending market competition in order,clear and definite seven fundamental principles of regulation,such as government intervention, regulation according to law, independent regulation, moderate regulation, people oriented,material equity, combination of enterprise self regulation and social supervision. In the condition of regulation aim and principle fixed,chooseing regulation agency conformed to China national life and industry characteristics is precondition to realize regulation target. At present, China regional urban public transportation still exists problems of disunity regulation agency and unsharpness regulation function, on the basis of considering self factor of urban public transportation and China organizational form of political power, urban public transportation regulation agencies should be set unitedly in central authorities, Province(including municipalities directly under the Central Government and autonomous regions), prefectural-level cities,there is a leadership relationship between subordinates and superiors in the agencies.The basic functions of regulation agencies in deferent levels should be united, including supervision in the round to programming, investment, construction, quality, environmental protection, price and admission.At the same time,there should have distinctions in specific functions between national and district regulation agencies.Moreover,the realization of rule by law put into practice can't do without definite economic law regulation rights and obligations and procedure.Which can clear the side of authority and right, the procedure of power and right exercise, ascertain where the responsibility lies and remedy system of rights,then realize public interests by defending market workable competition in microscopic view.
Furthermore,the economic law regulation construction of urban public transportation contains below contents:1, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation admission.The dissertation want to build admission mechanisms on stratum level and competition by surrounding such a target that protect urban public transportation natural monopoly status, restrain illegal monopoly,defend fair competition in the market.2, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation price. The dissertation want to build multiple-unit price-setting mechanism,fair and scientific fiscal subsidy mechanism,then play a big role in price regulation combining industry features by making sure governmental responsibility on price regulation,bouger safeguard and sociality value objective of urban public transportation price regulation.3, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation quality of service. The dissertation want to build unified regulation facility of urban public transportation, formulate quality of service standard of urban public transportation, strict related liability of Economic law regulation on urban public transportation quality of service.4, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation social responsibility. The dissertation want to clear and definite legal obligation of urban public transportation social responsibility, safeguard the working conditions of urban public transportation personnel, measures taken to realize urban public transportation low-carbon marketing and realize universal service by pro-poor regulation.5, Economic law regulation on urban public transportation state property. China urban public transportation have gigantic state property, bear great social responsibility. Whether or not safely protect it has to do with multiple objectives of runing the country in accordance with the law, well-off society, integration of urban and rural areas in China. It should be aimed at particularity of urban public transportation state property regulation, let state council and local government beyond state asset regulatory commission authorize specialized regulation organ in addition to perform duties to state-owned enterprises as contributor represented peer governments.At the same time,China should build such state property regulation systems as protection and restriction are equal importance, state-owned enterprises compete on an equal basis, intervene in state-owned enterprises reform,to perfect legal remedy for economic law regulation on urban public transportation.
引文
①城市发展六大疑问一文[N].环球,2009-11-1(3).
①中国城市交通发展报告[R].北京：住房和城乡建设部城市交通工程技术中心和中国城市规划设计研究院,2009.
①王俊豪.中国垄断性产业结构重组分类管制与协调政策[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005：3.
①参见《财经》杂志记者与吴敬琏和季卫东教授的对话。本刊记者.世界——中国2005展望[J].财经,2004(12)：89-90.
① See William G. Shepherd, Joanna M. Shepherd. The Economics of Industrial Organization(5th Organization)[M].
①[美]史蒂芬·布雷耶.规制及其改革[M].李洪雷,宋华琳,苏苗罕,钟瑞华译.北京：北京大学出版社,2008：459.
②[法]让-雅克·拉丰.规制与发展[M].聂辉华译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：560.
①漆多俊.经济法基础理论(第三版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005：31.
②史际春,邓峰.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,2005：78.
③王源扩,王先林等.经济效率与社会正义：经济法学专题研究[M].合肥：安徽大学出版社,2001：230.
④邱本.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,2007：56.
①张守文.经济法学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2007：210.
②符启林.经济法学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2005：95.
③顾功耘,罗培新.经济法前沿问题[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006：15.
①参见《建设部关于优先发展城市公共交通的意见》(建城[2004]38号)。
①郑书耀.准公共物品私人供给研究[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2008：绪论.
②段革花,金智涛.浅析城市公共交通管理体制改革[J].甘肃科技纵横,2006(6)：45-50；杨天明,黄引贤.城市公交企业的性质与改革发展策略[J].城市公共交通,2002(1)：23-34.
③杨松.首都城市公用事业市场化研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2010：272.
①杨松.首都城市公用事业市场化研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2010：272.
②张昕竹.城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：131-132.
③周耀东.中国公用事业管制改革研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2005：44.
①许峰.中国公用事业改革中的亲贫规制研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2008：168.
①胡井丹,赵越编.一次读完30部经济学经典[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社,2008：144-145.
② Kahn, A. E.. The Economics of Regulation:Principles and Institutions[M]. New York:Wiley,1970:430.;Bailey, E. E.. Economic Theory of Regulation Constraint[M]. Mass:Lexington books,1973:213.
③ P.Selznick. Focusing Organizational Research on Regulation in.Noll(ed) [M].Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences,1985:363.
① Kahn,A.E.. The Economics of Regulation:Principles and Institutions[M]. New York:Wiley,1999:7.
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①史际春,邓峰.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,1998：1.
②茅铭晨.政府管制法学原论[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005：50.
③史际春,邓峰.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,1998：152-159.
①梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：38-39.
①梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：38-39.
①郑书耀.准公共物品私人供给研究[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2008：24.
①梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：38-39.
①张昕竹,高岩.城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：143-145.
①邱本.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,2007：110.
②[德]艾哈德.来自竞争的繁荣[M].祝世康,穆家骥翻译.北京：商务印书馆,1983：154.
③邱本.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,2007：110.
① Dieter Bos. Pricing and Price Regulation:An Economic Theory for Public Enterprises and Public Utilities[M].New York:Elsevier Science,1994:456.
② Kenneth E. Train. Optimal Regulation:The Economics Theory of Natural Monopoly[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1991:102.
①张昕竹,高岩.城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：150.
④ Dieter Bos. Pricing and Regulation:An Economic Theory for Public Enterprises and Public Utilities[M].New York:Elsevier Science,1994:342.
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①许峰.中国公用事业改革中的亲贫规制研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2008：165.
①有关数据可见,肯尼思·巴顿.运输经济学[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001：62-63.
①许峰.中国公用事业改革中的亲贫规制研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2008：109.
①许峰.中国公用事业改革中的亲贫规制研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2008：109.
①C.Liston. Price-Cap versus Rate-of-Return Regulation[J]. Journal of Regulatory Economics 5,1993(Mar.):25-48.
①魏军.城市公共交通民营化与政府管制——以兰州市为例[J].中国行政管理,2009(6)：34-38.
①冷淑莲.我国公用事业价格问题多多[N].中国经济时报,2004-05-25(5).
②杨松.首都城市公用事业市场化研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2010：119.
③李欣欣.夯实社会发展基石[J].瞭望,2010,43(10)：31.
①史蒂芬·布雷耶.规制及其改革[M].李洪雷,宋华琳,苏苗罕,钟瑞华译.北京：北京大学出版社,2008：1.
①梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：148-149.
①梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：73.
①梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：73.
②梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007：146-148。
① James Wilson,"The Politics of Regulation,"in J.Mckie,ed.,Social Responsibility and the Business Predicament(Washington,D.C.,1974),at 614。
①茅铭晨.政府管制法学原论[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005：195.
②漆多俊.经济法基础理论(第三版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005：30-31。
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③ See Report of the Committee on Safety and Healty at Work(1972, Cmnd.5034).
④ T. Swanson. Environmental Economics and Regulations [M].0. Lomas (ed.):Frontiers of Environmrntal Law,1991:133-140.
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①E. J. Mishon. Technology and Growth:The Price We Pay[M]. New York:Praeger Publishers,1970:8-78.
②[美]W·吉帕·维斯库斯等著.反垄断与管制经济学(原书第三版)[M].陈甬军等译.北京：机械工业出版社,2004：399-340.
③茅铭晨.政府管制法学原论[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005：199.
①许峰.中国公用事业改革中的亲贫规制研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2008：23.
①符启林.经济法学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2005：230.
①William G·Shepherd,Joanna M·. Shepherd:The Economics of Industrial Organization,P.464.
②钟玉文.转型中国有企业产权演化的逻辑[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2010：79.
① William G·Shepherd, Joanna M·. Shepherd:The Economics of Industrial Organization [M]. Haven Press,1965:480.
①张昕竹,高岩.城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：157.
①See William G.Shepherd,Joanna M·.Shepherd:The Economics of Industrial Organization[M].Haven Press,1965:466.
②顾功耘.经济法教程[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2002：19.
③漆多俊.论市场经济发展三阶段及其法律保护体系[J].法律科学,1999(2)：23-45.
①漆多俊.经济法基础理论[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005：337.
① William G·Shepherd. Economic Performance Under Public Enterprises[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1965:34.
②See William G-Shepherd, Joanna M-.Shepherd:The Economics of Industrial Organization[M].Haven Press,1965:444-485.
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①顾功耘,罗培新.经济法前沿问题[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006：167.
②顾功耘,罗培新.经济法前沿问题[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006：166.
①钟玉文.转型中国有企业产权演化的逻辑[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2010：79.
①茅铭晨.政府管制法学原论[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005：4.
①马建堂.“十二五”时期我国经济社会发展的国内环境[N].人民日报,2009-12-12(7).
①张听竹,高岩：城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：157.
②秦虹.城市公用事业市场化融资概论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007：298-299.
③ Weiner,E.Urban Transpotation Planning in the United States(5th edition)[M].Was-hington D.C.:U.S.Federal Highway Administration,1997:342.
①Foster,J.H.. From Streetcar to Superhighway:American City Planner and Urban Transpotation,1990-1940[M]. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1981.80-90.
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②葛洪义.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1999：306-307.
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② Brooklyn. Jurisprudence:Men and Ideas of the Law[M].Law Press,1953,P.169.
1、史际春,邓峰.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,2005.
2、顾功耘.经济法教程[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2002：19.
3、漆多俊.经济法基础理论(第三版)[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005.
4、王源扩,王先林等.经济效率与社会正义：经济法学专题研究[M].合肥：安徽大学出版社,2001.
5、邱本.经济法总论[M].北京：法律出版社,2007.
6、张守文.经济法学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2007.
7、符启林.经济法学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2005.
8、漆多俊.经济法基础理论[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2005.
9、葛洪义.法理学[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1999.
10、茅铭晨.政府管制法学原论[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005.
11、王俊豪.中国垄断性产业结构重组分类管制与协调政策[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005.
12、顾功耘,罗培新.经济法前沿问题[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2006.
13、郑书耀.准公共物品私人供给研究[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2008.
14、杨松.首都城市公用事业市场化研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2010.
15、张听竹.城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008.
16、周耀东.中国公用事业管制改革研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2005.
17、许峰.中国公用事业改革中的亲贫规制研究[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2008.
18、胡井丹,赵越编.一次读完30部经济学经典[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社,2008.
19、梁雪峰等.城市巴士交通规制政策的理论与实践——公共垄断、放松管制与竞争性招标[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2007.
20、张昕竹,高岩.城市化背景下公用事业改革的中国经验[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008.
21、苏星.邓小平社会主义市场经济理论与中国经济体制转轨[M].北京：人民出版社,2008.
22、钟玉文.转型中国有企业产权演化的逻辑[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2010.
23、秦虹.城市公用事业市场化融资概论[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007.
24、肖志兴.公用事业：市场化与规制模式转型[M].北京：中国财经经济出版社,2008.
25、[美]史蒂格勒.产业组织和政府管制[M].上海：三联书店,上海人民出版社,1996.
26、[美]史蒂芬·布雷耶.规制及其改革[M].李洪雷,宋华琳,苏苗罕,钟瑞华译.北京：北京大学出版社,2008.
27、[法]让-雅克·拉丰.规制与发展[M].聂辉华译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008.
28、[英]安东尼·奥格斯(Anthony I.Ogus).规制：法律形式与经济学理论[M].骆梅英,苏苗罕译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008.
29、[英]肯尼思·巴顿.运输经济学[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001：62-63.社,2008.
30、[英]亚当·斯密(Adam Smith).国富论(The Wealth of Nations) [M].谢祖均译.北京：新世界出版社,2008.
31、[美]曼昆.经济学原理(第二版)[M].梁小民译.北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
32、[美]小贾尔斯·伯吉斯.管制与反垄断经济学[M].冯金华译.上海：上海财经大学出版社,2003.
33、[美]W·吉帕·维斯库斯等著.反垄断与管制经济学(原书第三版)[M].陈甬军等译.北京：机械工业出版社,2004.
34、[美]E·博登海默(Edgar Bodenheimer),法理学——法律哲学与法律方法(Jurisprudence:The Philosophy and Method of the Law)[M].邓正来译. 北京：中国政法大学出版社,2004.
35、[德]艾哈德.来自竞争的繁荣[M].祝世康,穆家骥翻译.北京：商务印书馆,1983.
36,Brooklyn. Jurisprudence:Men and Ideas of the Law[M].Law Press,1953,P.169.
37,Kahn,A.E.. The Economics of Regulation:Principles and Institutions[M].New York:Wiley,1970:430.;Bailey,E.E.. Economic Theory of Regulation Constraint[M].Mass:Lexington books,1973:213.
38,P.Selznick. Focusing Organizational Research on Regulation in.Noll(ed) [M].Regulatory Policy and the Social Sciences,1985:363.
39,Kahn,A.E.. The Economics of Regulation:Principles and Institutions[M]. New York:Wiley,1999:7.
40, William G-Shepherd.Economic Performance Under Public Enterprises[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1965:34.
41,See William G-Shepherd,Joanna M-Shepherd:The Economics of Industrial Organization[M].Haven Press,1965:444-485.
42,Weiner,E.. Urban Ttansportation Planning in the united States(5th edtion)[M].WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Federal Highway Administration,1997:451.
43、 Weiner,E.Urban Transpotation Planning in the United States(5th edition)[M].Was-hington D.C.:U.S.Federal Highway Administration,1997:342.
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