爆炸水雾降除爆破拆除粉尘的研究
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摘要
城市建筑物拆除爆破所产生的粉尘是爆破拆除有害效应之一,它具有扩散速度快、突发性强、颗粒细小、在室外环境下悬浮时间长、影响范围大等特点,给爆破工点周围的环境造成了严重污染。随着建筑物爆破技术在城市中的普遍应用,爆破工程中造成的粉尘污染公害得到全社会的重视。本文利用炸药爆炸能量驱动水将其抛撒、雾化,形成极小的雾滴,在高速运动中与建筑物爆破粉尘相互作用,达到高效率降尘的目的。本研究设计了爆炸水雾发生器、爆破粉尘卷扬装置以及除尘系统,采用理论分析和试验的方法研究爆炸水雾和爆破粉尘的相关特性,分析了爆炸水雾各因素对爆破粉尘的降除效率的影响。
本论文的主要工作及结论如下：
(1)根据实验结果,所选择拆除爆破粉尘材料中,土粉的浸润速度最快为2.81 mm·min-1,砂浆粉次之,砖粉再次之,混凝土最慢为1.41 mm·min-1,故四种粉尘的浸润性分别为：砖粉、混凝土粉和砂浆粉为憎水性粉尘,而土粉为中等强度亲水性粉尘；
(2)根据爆破粉尘的特征,确立了模拟粉尘的材料和扬尘方式。测试结果表明：粉尘的浓度随时间和距离变化较明显,高浓度区随着时间的变化向远处运动,且浓度越来越低。
(3)利用测尘仪和激光粒度仪,对模拟粉尘的浓度、粒度的动态分布特性进行了测定,测试结果表明：粒径大于100um的粉尘先沉降,沉降距离为1～2m；10～100um的粉尘沉降较慢,沉降距离在2-3m；粒径在1.83～2.2um范围的微粒几乎不沉降。
(4)利用高速摄影法,对水雾的扩散半径、扩散速度和飘散时间进行了研究,水在爆炸作用下,水的抛撒过程可分为近场阶段、中场阶段和远场阶段。在水雾运动的中场阶段,水从中心装药爆轰获取较高的动能,由连续体裂解成离散质团,并在向外扩散中与空气混合,破裂成更小的液滴,它是液滴破碎的主要阶段。水雾抛撒的三个不同阶段有不同力学特征。
(5)设计了适宜于高速流动速度场测量的DPIV系统,并实现了对粒子场粒径分布的测量；通过对水雾粒径的测试得出：在本试验条件下爆炸水雾粒度范围为0.15～1.05mm,其中大部分集中在0.3mm至0.5mm左右。
(6)利用爆炸水雾装置及粉尘卷扬装置,研究了影响爆炸水雾降尘效率的因素。实验结果表明,爆炸水雾具有较好的降尘效果,爆炸水雾的降尘效率随着距离增加而减小,随着比药量的增加而增加,随长径比的增加先增加后较小,随着相互作用时间的延长而增加。爆炸水雾的降尘效率与粉尘浓度有关,随着粉尘浓度的增大,降尘效率先增大后减小,水的单位体积极限捕尘量为600-700mg。同时,粉尘的类别不同,粉尘的降尘效率也不同。粉尘的吸湿性越大,爆炸水雾的降尘效率越高。
图92表34参110
Dust resulting from blasting demolition of city building is one of damaging effects of blasting,there are lots of chracteristics in dust resulting from blasting demolition that diffuse velocity very fast,abrupt strong,suspended time in outdoor enviroment long,and influencing range large,thus blasting demolition dust can seriously pollute circumance around spot of blasting engineering. Along with explosion technology building demoliton has been widely applied in the city, enviromental pollution resulting from dust in blasting engineer have been pay attention by total social.This project used explosion energy driving water,made it scattering and atomizing,and formed fine droplets,these droplets could interact with building blasting demoliton dust in movement of high speed,the aim that dust could be captured by water mist at high efficiency would be realized.This paper designed devices of bringing about explosion water mist,set-ups of raising blasting demolition dust,and systems of capturing dust.Adopting theoreical analysis and experimental methods to reseach correlated features of water mist poduced by explosion and blasting demolition dust,this project overally analysized every factor of water mist resulting from explosion influencing on caputuring efficiency of blasting demolition dust.
The main work and conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) According to experiment results, velocity of impregnation of bentonite is the fastest that is 2.81 millimeter per minute, what is next is mortar power, the third is brickdust, and that of concrete dust is the slowest that is 1.41 millimeter per minute. As a result,birck dust,motar power and concrete power are hydrophobing dust,and bentonite is moderate strength dydrophicous dust.
(2) This paper determined the components of simulative dust of blasting demolition and the way of raising dust,test results indicated concentration of blasting clearly varied with time and distance,the high concentration region moved towards to distant place along with time,and concentration of blasting dust more and more low.
(3) Using the dust density detector and laser particle analyzer, this paper measured the dynamic distribution characteristics of concentration and particle size of simulative dust, test results indicated that dust greater than 100 micrometer fastly sudsided, and drift distance is from 1 meter to 2 meter, dust slowerly sudsided that their paticle size is from 10 micrometer to 100 micrometer, while dust hardly subsided that there particle size is less than 10 micrometer.
(4) By super photography,the diffusing radium,diffusing velocity and water mist floating time of dust in air were studied,research results that that the horizontal dispersal of water mist could be distinctly divided into three stages, near field, mid field and far field under exploding effect of the explosives.In mid field stage,the water obtained higher kinetic energy from explosion of centre charge,the water ch;mged from non-individual body to dispersed body,it continually mixed with air when it spreaded towards outer,and fractured smaller drops. This is main stage that water drop frature.Three stages of diffusing of water mist have respective feature.
(5)A system adapt to the high-speed flow field called DPIV is designed and makes it possible measure the distribution of particles in the particle field. Through measuring particle size of water mist resulting from explosion, research results indicated that range of particle size of water mist of resulting from explosion is from 0.15 millimeter to 1.05 millimeter, particle size of most of water drop focused on 0.3-0.5 millimeter.
(6) Using devices of bringing about explosion water mist and set-ups of raising blasting demolition dust, this paper studied factors influencing on caputuring efficiency of water mist resulting from explosion.Experimental results showed explosion water mist had good caputuring effect, caputuring efficiency decreased with distance between devices of bringing about explosion water mist and set-ups of raising blasting demolition dust increased,increased with the specific explosive increased,increased and then decreased with increasing ratio of length and diameter,increased with increasing mutual effect time between water mist resulting from explosion and dust. Caputuring efficiency of water mist related to the concentration of dust, it increased and then decreased with increasing concentration of dust ratio of length and diameter,the maximum capacity of caputuring duat is from 600 to 700 milligram.The caputuring efficiency of water mist related to category of dust,as the hygroscopicity of dust was bigger and bigger, The caputuring efficiency of water mist was higher and higher.
Figure 92 Table34 Reference 110
本论文的主要工作及结论如下：
(1)根据实验结果,所选择拆除爆破粉尘材料中,土粉的浸润速度最快为2.81 mm·min-1,砂浆粉次之,砖粉再次之,混凝土最慢为1.41 mm·min-1,故四种粉尘的浸润性分别为：砖粉、混凝土粉和砂浆粉为憎水性粉尘,而土粉为中等强度亲水性粉尘；
(2)根据爆破粉尘的特征,确立了模拟粉尘的材料和扬尘方式。测试结果表明：粉尘的浓度随时间和距离变化较明显,高浓度区随着时间的变化向远处运动,且浓度越来越低。
(3)利用测尘仪和激光粒度仪,对模拟粉尘的浓度、粒度的动态分布特性进行了测定,测试结果表明：粒径大于100um的粉尘先沉降,沉降距离为1～2m；10～100um的粉尘沉降较慢,沉降距离在2-3m；粒径在1.83～2.2um范围的微粒几乎不沉降。
(4)利用高速摄影法,对水雾的扩散半径、扩散速度和飘散时间进行了研究,水在爆炸作用下,水的抛撒过程可分为近场阶段、中场阶段和远场阶段。在水雾运动的中场阶段,水从中心装药爆轰获取较高的动能,由连续体裂解成离散质团,并在向外扩散中与空气混合,破裂成更小的液滴,它是液滴破碎的主要阶段。水雾抛撒的三个不同阶段有不同力学特征。
(5)设计了适宜于高速流动速度场测量的DPIV系统,并实现了对粒子场粒径分布的测量；通过对水雾粒径的测试得出：在本试验条件下爆炸水雾粒度范围为0.15～1.05mm,其中大部分集中在0.3mm至0.5mm左右。
(6)利用爆炸水雾装置及粉尘卷扬装置,研究了影响爆炸水雾降尘效率的因素。实验结果表明,爆炸水雾具有较好的降尘效果,爆炸水雾的降尘效率随着距离增加而减小,随着比药量的增加而增加,随长径比的增加先增加后较小,随着相互作用时间的延长而增加。爆炸水雾的降尘效率与粉尘浓度有关,随着粉尘浓度的增大,降尘效率先增大后减小,水的单位体积极限捕尘量为600-700mg。同时,粉尘的类别不同,粉尘的降尘效率也不同。粉尘的吸湿性越大,爆炸水雾的降尘效率越高。
图92表34参110
Dust resulting from blasting demolition of city building is one of damaging effects of blasting,there are lots of chracteristics in dust resulting from blasting demolition that diffuse velocity very fast,abrupt strong,suspended time in outdoor enviroment long,and influencing range large,thus blasting demolition dust can seriously pollute circumance around spot of blasting engineering. Along with explosion technology building demoliton has been widely applied in the city, enviromental pollution resulting from dust in blasting engineer have been pay attention by total social.This project used explosion energy driving water,made it scattering and atomizing,and formed fine droplets,these droplets could interact with building blasting demoliton dust in movement of high speed,the aim that dust could be captured by water mist at high efficiency would be realized.This paper designed devices of bringing about explosion water mist,set-ups of raising blasting demolition dust,and systems of capturing dust.Adopting theoreical analysis and experimental methods to reseach correlated features of water mist poduced by explosion and blasting demolition dust,this project overally analysized every factor of water mist resulting from explosion influencing on caputuring efficiency of blasting demolition dust.
The main work and conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) According to experiment results, velocity of impregnation of bentonite is the fastest that is 2.81 millimeter per minute, what is next is mortar power, the third is brickdust, and that of concrete dust is the slowest that is 1.41 millimeter per minute. As a result,birck dust,motar power and concrete power are hydrophobing dust,and bentonite is moderate strength dydrophicous dust.
(2) This paper determined the components of simulative dust of blasting demolition and the way of raising dust,test results indicated concentration of blasting clearly varied with time and distance,the high concentration region moved towards to distant place along with time,and concentration of blasting dust more and more low.
(3) Using the dust density detector and laser particle analyzer, this paper measured the dynamic distribution characteristics of concentration and particle size of simulative dust, test results indicated that dust greater than 100 micrometer fastly sudsided, and drift distance is from 1 meter to 2 meter, dust slowerly sudsided that their paticle size is from 10 micrometer to 100 micrometer, while dust hardly subsided that there particle size is less than 10 micrometer.
(4) By super photography,the diffusing radium,diffusing velocity and water mist floating time of dust in air were studied,research results that that the horizontal dispersal of water mist could be distinctly divided into three stages, near field, mid field and far field under exploding effect of the explosives.In mid field stage,the water obtained higher kinetic energy from explosion of centre charge,the water ch;mged from non-individual body to dispersed body,it continually mixed with air when it spreaded towards outer,and fractured smaller drops. This is main stage that water drop frature.Three stages of diffusing of water mist have respective feature.
(5)A system adapt to the high-speed flow field called DPIV is designed and makes it possible measure the distribution of particles in the particle field. Through measuring particle size of water mist resulting from explosion, research results indicated that range of particle size of water mist of resulting from explosion is from 0.15 millimeter to 1.05 millimeter, particle size of most of water drop focused on 0.3-0.5 millimeter.
(6) Using devices of bringing about explosion water mist and set-ups of raising blasting demolition dust, this paper studied factors influencing on caputuring efficiency of water mist resulting from explosion.Experimental results showed explosion water mist had good caputuring effect, caputuring efficiency decreased with distance between devices of bringing about explosion water mist and set-ups of raising blasting demolition dust increased,increased with the specific explosive increased,increased and then decreased with increasing ratio of length and diameter,increased with increasing mutual effect time between water mist resulting from explosion and dust. Caputuring efficiency of water mist related to the concentration of dust, it increased and then decreased with increasing concentration of dust ratio of length and diameter,the maximum capacity of caputuring duat is from 600 to 700 milligram.The caputuring efficiency of water mist related to category of dust,as the hygroscopicity of dust was bigger and bigger, The caputuring efficiency of water mist was higher and higher.
Figure 92 Table34 Reference 110
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