猪粪堆肥中钝化剂对重金属形态转化及其生物有效性的影响研究
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摘要
随着养殖业的专业化、集约化和规模化程度的不断提高,畜禽粪便大量的集中排放,对环境造成了严重的威胁。同时,由于饲料中大量使用重金属添加剂,使规模化养殖场排放的畜禽粪便中重金属严重超标,长期大量施用将会对土壤和环境造成严重污染,危害人类健康。对畜禽粪便堆肥中的重金属进行钝化处理,降低其生物有效性和活性,具有重要的现实意义。本试验以规模化养殖场排放的猪粪为堆肥原料,采用室外模拟好氧高温堆肥,对堆肥前后重金属的浓度和形态转化进行研究,同时进行了钝化处理后堆肥中重金属的植物可利用性和动物可利用性试验研究,筛选出了猪粪堆肥重金属的最佳钝化剂、钝化剂组合及其添加比例。试验结果表明：
1、物理钝化剂对猪粪堆肥重金属的钝化都有明显的效果,不同钝化剂的钝化效果大小因重金属元素种类而异,且钝化剂的不同添加比例对重金属钝化效果也有较大影响。三种重金属物理钝化剂沸石、海泡石、膨润土对堆肥处理中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr和As各种结合形态的变化有不同程度的影响,其最佳钝化剂及添加量也因重金属种类而异。猪粪堆肥重金属As的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为5.0%海泡石,其钝化效果分别为28.5%；Cr的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为5.0%沸石,其钝化效果为98.1%；猪粪堆肥重金属Cd的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为2.5%沸石,钝化效果为37.5%；猪粪堆肥重金属Cu的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为7.5%海泡石,钝化效果为50.8%；猪粪堆肥重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为2.5%海泡石,钝化效果为72.1%%；猪粪堆肥重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为7.5%膨润土,钝化效果为88.7%。
2、化学钝化剂对猪粪堆肥重金属的钝化有明显效果,本试验所添加的粉煤灰、磷矿粉、钙镁磷肥、DBS四种重金属钝化剂对猪粪堆肥中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和As的形态都有不同程度的影响,可使堆肥前后可交换态重金属含量下降,而残渣态重金属比例上升,其最佳钝化剂和添加比例因重金属种类而异,总的趋势是四种钝化剂均促使重金属由有效性较高的形态向有效性低的形态转化。本试验研究结果表明,猪粪堆肥重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为5.0%钙镁磷肥,其钝化效果为68.0%；猪粪堆肥重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为5.0%磷矿粉,其钝化效果为34.8%；猪粪堆肥重金属Cu和Cr的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为2.5%的粉煤灰,其钝化效果分别为71.5%和77.5%；重金属As的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为2.5%的粉煤灰,钝化效果为31.9%；重金属Cd的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为7.5%的钙镁磷肥,钝化效果为73.3%；所有钝化剂处理对堆肥重金属Hg的活性都没有影响。
3、不同钝化剂组合对猪粪堆肥中重金属的钝化有显著效果,可使堆肥中可交换态重金属的比例大幅度降低,而残渣态重金属占总含量的百分比例大幅度上升。猪粪堆肥重金属As的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+M2.5处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和2.5%的粉煤灰),其对可交换态As的钝化效果为65.49%；其次为H5.0+M2.5处理(即添加了5.0%的海泡石和2.5%的粉煤灰),其对可交换态As的钝化效果为60.75%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Cd的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+G2.5处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和2.5%的钙镁磷肥的处理),其对可交换态Cd的钝化效果为89.48%；其次为F2.5+M2.5处理对可交换态Cd的钝化效果分别为84.47%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Cr的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+M2.5处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和2.5%的粉煤灰的处理),其对可交换态Cr的钝化效果为93.32%；其次是F2.5+G2.5处理,其对可交换态Cr的钝化效果为88.85%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Cu的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+L5.0处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和5.0%磷矿粉的处理),其可交换态Cu的钝化效果为88.78%,比不添加钝化剂的对照(41.75%)钝化效果提升了47.03%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+L5.0处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和5.0%的磷矿粉),其对可交换态Pb的钝化效果为88.05%；其次为F2.5+M2.5处理,其对可交换态Pb的钝化效果为85.98%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为H5.0+L5.0处理(即添加了5.0%的海泡石和5.0%的磷矿粉),其对可交换态Zn的钝化效果为97.07%
所有钝化剂处理对猪粪堆肥重金属Hg的活性都没有影响。
4、重金属的植物可利用性试验结果表明,添加钝化剂的猪粪堆肥处理能使小白菜重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr和As的含量明显下降。降低小白菜中重金属As含量效果最好的钝化剂是H5.0+M2.5(82.16%)；降低小白菜重金属Cd含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+G2.5(92.70%)；降低小白菜重金属Cr含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+M2.5(77.42%)；降低小白菜重金属Cu含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+L5.0(70.03%)；降低小白菜重金属Pb含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+L5.0(81.16%)；降低小白菜重金属Zn含量效果最好的钝化剂是H5.0+L5.0(75.65%)；
5、重金属的动物可利用性试验结果表明,添加钝化剂处理的猪粪堆肥能降低重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的生物有效性,通过蚯蚓养殖试验分析结果表明,添加钝化剂处理能降低重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的生物有效性,可明显降低蚯蚓体内重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量。沸石、膨润土、海泡石、粉煤灰、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉等六种钝化剂都能显著降低重金属在蚯蚓体内的含量,重金属Cd生物有效性的降低效果最好的是H7.5、其钝化效果为64.14%；降低蚯蚓体内重金属Cu的含量效果最好的是F7.5,其钝化效果为88.34%；重金属Pb生物有效性的降低效果最好的添加剂是L5.0,钝化效果为73.84%；重金属Cr生物有效性降低效果最好的添加剂是M2.5、钝化效果为74.48%；六种钝化剂处理的堆肥都可使蚯蚓体内的Zn含量下降,与CK处理之间的差异达显著水平,以添加了7.5%沸石和7.5%海泡石的堆肥处理效果最好,分别为73.77%、72.80%。
综合来说,几种钝化剂及其组合在堆肥实验中对于降低重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr和As活性效果以及生物实验中含量比较可以知道,综合效果最好的是2.5%沸石+2.5%粉煤灰的堆肥处理,另外,沸石是目前发现的天然矿物中比表面积最大的、吸附性能最好的矿物,是一种价格低廉、来源丰富的矿物质,而粉煤灰更是火力发电厂等单位的生产废弃物,将其作为钝化剂加入堆肥中,不仅能变废为宝,更是有利于降低猪粪的农业利用中重金属污染风险。
As professionalization, intensity and enlargement of livestock level were continue increased, large amount of poutry manure were system discharged and seriously threaten enviroment development. At the same time, heavy metal content of poutry manure were greatly higher than standard indexes, that was because of heavy metal additive agent utilization in feed materials, soil and enviroment, human healthy will be influnced by long-term utilization. There is significant realistic meaning of heavy metal in poultry manure were passivated by passivator agent, and the bioavailability and activity were decreased. Pig manure was used as composting materials that was discharged by management poutry system, aerobic-high temperature composting were conducted as simulation in outside, study on concentration and forms transformation of heavy metal before and after composting, inspect bioavailabilty of heavy metal in pig nanure after composting, selected advantage passivator, passivator combination and addition proportion of heavy metal in pig manure composting. Results showed that,
1. There are significant effective of physical passivator on heavy metal bioavalability in pig manure composting, and passivation effectives are depend on heavy metal types, in addition heavy metal passivation effective were greatly influnced by passivation proportion. There are different effects of 3 heavy metals (zeolite, sepiolite and bentonite) on combination forms of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr and As in composting treatments, and its advantage passivator and addition amount are depend on heavt metal types. The advantage passivator proportion of As in pig manure composting is 5.0% sepiolite, and its passivation effective is 28.5%, advantage passivator proportion of Cr is 5.0% zeolite, and its passivation effective is 98.1%, advantage passivator proportion of Cd in pig manure composting is 2.5% zeolile, and its passivation effective is 37.5%, advantage passivator proportion of Cu in pig manure composting is 7.5% sepiolite, and its passivation effective is 50.8%, advantage passivator proportion of Zn in pig manure composting is 2.5% sepiolite, and its passivation effective is 72.1%, advantage passivator proportion of Pb in pig manure composting is 7.5% bentonite, and its passivation effective is 88.7%.
2. There is significant effects of chemical passivator on heavy metals bioavailability in pig manure composting, and effects of four heavy metal passivators (fly ash, ground phosphate rock, Ca-Mg-P fertilizers and DBS) on heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and As) are different, advantage passivator and proportion are depend on heavy metal types, all of heavy metal bioavailability were decresed by heavy metal passivators additive. Results showed that, advantage passivator proportion for Zn in pig manure composting is 5.0% Ca-Mg-P fertilizer, passivation effective is 68.0%, advantage passivator proportion for Pb in pig manure composting is 5.0% ground phosphate rock, passivation effective is 34.8%, advantage passivator proportion for Cu and Cr in pig manure composting is 2.5% fly ash, passivation effective is 71.5 and 77.5%, advantage passivator proportion for Cd in pig manure composting is 7.5% Ca-Mg-P fertilizer, passivation effective is 73.3%, there is no signigicant effective of passivator on Hg in pig manure composting.
3. There are significant effective of passivators combination on heavy metal bioavailability in pig manure composting. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for As in pig manure composting is F2.5+M2.5 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% fly ash), passivation effective is 65.49%, the following is H5.0+M2.5 treatment (addition 5.0% zeolite and 2.5% fly ash), passivation effective is 60.75%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Cd in pig manure composting is F2.5+G2.5 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% Ca-Mg-P fertilizer), passivation effective for exchangable Cd is 89.4%, following is F2.5+M2.5 treatment, passivation effective for exchangable Cd is 84.47%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Cr in pig manure composting is F2.5+M2.5 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% fly ash), passivation effective for exchangable Cr is 93.32%, following is F2.5+G2.5 treatment, passivation effective for exchangable Cr is 88.85%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Cu in pig manure composting is F2.5+L5.0 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% ground phosphorus rock), passivation effective for exchangable Cu is 88.78%, compared with no passivator addition treatment (41.75%), passivation effective was increased by 47.03%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Pb in pig manure composting is F2.5+L5.0 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 5.0% ground phosphorus rock), passivation effective for exchangable Pb is 88.05%, following is F2.5+M2.5 treatment, passivation effective for exchangable Pb is 85.98%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Zn in pig manure composting is H5.0+L5.0 treatment (addition 5.0% sepiolite and 5.0% ground phosphorus rock), passivation effective for exchangable Zn is 97.07%. There is no signigicant effective of passivator on Hg in pig manure composting also.
4. Heavy metal utilization in plant experiment results showed that, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and As content in vegetable tissues were decresed significantly. The best passivation agent for As is H5.0+M2.5 (82.16%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Cd is F2.5+G2.5 (92.70%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Cr is F2.5+M2.5 (77.42%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Cu is F2.5+L5.0 (70.03%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Pb is F2.5+L5.0 (81.16%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Zn is H5.0+L5.0 (75.65%) treatment.
5. Heavy metal utilization in animal experiment results showed that, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn bioavailability were decresed significantly by passivators additive in pig manure composting, results of earthworm breeding experiment showed that, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn content in body of earthworm were decresed significantly. Heavy metal contents in earthworm can be decreased significantly by zeolite, sepiolite, bentonite, fly ash, Ca-Mg-P fertilizer and ground phosphorus rock, the best effective for Cd bioavailability decreasing is H7.5 treatment and passivation effective is 64.14%, the best effective for Cu bioavailability decreasing is F7.5 and passivation effective is 88.34%, the best effective for Pb bioavailability decreasing is L5.0 and passivation effective is 73.84%, the best effective for Cr bioavailability decreasing is M2.5 and passivation effective is 74.48%, Zn content in earthworm can be decreased by the 6 passivators treatment in composting, the differences of Zn content between CK and treatments are significant, advantage treatements are 7.5% zeolite and 7.5% sepiolite treatments, effective are 73.77% and 72.80% respectively.
In brief, effects of heavy metal passivators combination and proportion on bioavailability and activity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and As) were conducted in this experiment, the best generally effective is 2.5% zeolite+2.5%fly ash treatment in composting, in addition zeolite is advantage heavy metal passivator with large specific surface area, high adsorbability, low price and aboundance resources, and fly ash is producation discharge of thermal power companies, its utilization in composting as passivator for heavy metal is not only develop fly ash advantage, heavy metal pollution in pig manure composting can be allevaited also.
1、物理钝化剂对猪粪堆肥重金属的钝化都有明显的效果,不同钝化剂的钝化效果大小因重金属元素种类而异,且钝化剂的不同添加比例对重金属钝化效果也有较大影响。三种重金属物理钝化剂沸石、海泡石、膨润土对堆肥处理中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr和As各种结合形态的变化有不同程度的影响,其最佳钝化剂及添加量也因重金属种类而异。猪粪堆肥重金属As的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为5.0%海泡石,其钝化效果分别为28.5%；Cr的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为5.0%沸石,其钝化效果为98.1%；猪粪堆肥重金属Cd的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为2.5%沸石,钝化效果为37.5%；猪粪堆肥重金属Cu的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为7.5%海泡石,钝化效果为50.8%；猪粪堆肥重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为2.5%海泡石,钝化效果为72.1%%；猪粪堆肥重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂及添加比例为7.5%膨润土,钝化效果为88.7%。
2、化学钝化剂对猪粪堆肥重金属的钝化有明显效果,本试验所添加的粉煤灰、磷矿粉、钙镁磷肥、DBS四种重金属钝化剂对猪粪堆肥中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和As的形态都有不同程度的影响,可使堆肥前后可交换态重金属含量下降,而残渣态重金属比例上升,其最佳钝化剂和添加比例因重金属种类而异,总的趋势是四种钝化剂均促使重金属由有效性较高的形态向有效性低的形态转化。本试验研究结果表明,猪粪堆肥重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为5.0%钙镁磷肥,其钝化效果为68.0%；猪粪堆肥重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为5.0%磷矿粉,其钝化效果为34.8%；猪粪堆肥重金属Cu和Cr的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为2.5%的粉煤灰,其钝化效果分别为71.5%和77.5%；重金属As的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为2.5%的粉煤灰,钝化效果为31.9%；重金属Cd的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为7.5%的钙镁磷肥,钝化效果为73.3%；所有钝化剂处理对堆肥重金属Hg的活性都没有影响。
3、不同钝化剂组合对猪粪堆肥中重金属的钝化有显著效果,可使堆肥中可交换态重金属的比例大幅度降低,而残渣态重金属占总含量的百分比例大幅度上升。猪粪堆肥重金属As的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+M2.5处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和2.5%的粉煤灰),其对可交换态As的钝化效果为65.49%；其次为H5.0+M2.5处理(即添加了5.0%的海泡石和2.5%的粉煤灰),其对可交换态As的钝化效果为60.75%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Cd的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+G2.5处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和2.5%的钙镁磷肥的处理),其对可交换态Cd的钝化效果为89.48%；其次为F2.5+M2.5处理对可交换态Cd的钝化效果分别为84.47%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Cr的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+M2.5处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和2.5%的粉煤灰的处理),其对可交换态Cr的钝化效果为93.32%；其次是F2.5+G2.5处理,其对可交换态Cr的钝化效果为88.85%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Cu的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+L5.0处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和5.0%磷矿粉的处理),其可交换态Cu的钝化效果为88.78%,比不添加钝化剂的对照(41.75%)钝化效果提升了47.03%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为F2.5+L5.0处理(即添加了2.5%的沸石和5.0%的磷矿粉),其对可交换态Pb的钝化效果为88.05%；其次为F2.5+M2.5处理,其对可交换态Pb的钝化效果为85.98%。
猪粪堆肥重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂组合及其添加比例为H5.0+L5.0处理(即添加了5.0%的海泡石和5.0%的磷矿粉),其对可交换态Zn的钝化效果为97.07%
所有钝化剂处理对猪粪堆肥重金属Hg的活性都没有影响。
4、重金属的植物可利用性试验结果表明,添加钝化剂的猪粪堆肥处理能使小白菜重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr和As的含量明显下降。降低小白菜中重金属As含量效果最好的钝化剂是H5.0+M2.5(82.16%)；降低小白菜重金属Cd含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+G2.5(92.70%)；降低小白菜重金属Cr含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+M2.5(77.42%)；降低小白菜重金属Cu含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+L5.0(70.03%)；降低小白菜重金属Pb含量效果最好的钝化剂是F2.5+L5.0(81.16%)；降低小白菜重金属Zn含量效果最好的钝化剂是H5.0+L5.0(75.65%)；
5、重金属的动物可利用性试验结果表明,添加钝化剂处理的猪粪堆肥能降低重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的生物有效性,通过蚯蚓养殖试验分析结果表明,添加钝化剂处理能降低重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的生物有效性,可明显降低蚯蚓体内重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量。沸石、膨润土、海泡石、粉煤灰、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉等六种钝化剂都能显著降低重金属在蚯蚓体内的含量,重金属Cd生物有效性的降低效果最好的是H7.5、其钝化效果为64.14%；降低蚯蚓体内重金属Cu的含量效果最好的是F7.5,其钝化效果为88.34%；重金属Pb生物有效性的降低效果最好的添加剂是L5.0,钝化效果为73.84%；重金属Cr生物有效性降低效果最好的添加剂是M2.5、钝化效果为74.48%；六种钝化剂处理的堆肥都可使蚯蚓体内的Zn含量下降,与CK处理之间的差异达显著水平,以添加了7.5%沸石和7.5%海泡石的堆肥处理效果最好,分别为73.77%、72.80%。
综合来说,几种钝化剂及其组合在堆肥实验中对于降低重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr和As活性效果以及生物实验中含量比较可以知道,综合效果最好的是2.5%沸石+2.5%粉煤灰的堆肥处理,另外,沸石是目前发现的天然矿物中比表面积最大的、吸附性能最好的矿物,是一种价格低廉、来源丰富的矿物质,而粉煤灰更是火力发电厂等单位的生产废弃物,将其作为钝化剂加入堆肥中,不仅能变废为宝,更是有利于降低猪粪的农业利用中重金属污染风险。
As professionalization, intensity and enlargement of livestock level were continue increased, large amount of poutry manure were system discharged and seriously threaten enviroment development. At the same time, heavy metal content of poutry manure were greatly higher than standard indexes, that was because of heavy metal additive agent utilization in feed materials, soil and enviroment, human healthy will be influnced by long-term utilization. There is significant realistic meaning of heavy metal in poultry manure were passivated by passivator agent, and the bioavailability and activity were decreased. Pig manure was used as composting materials that was discharged by management poutry system, aerobic-high temperature composting were conducted as simulation in outside, study on concentration and forms transformation of heavy metal before and after composting, inspect bioavailabilty of heavy metal in pig nanure after composting, selected advantage passivator, passivator combination and addition proportion of heavy metal in pig manure composting. Results showed that,
1. There are significant effective of physical passivator on heavy metal bioavalability in pig manure composting, and passivation effectives are depend on heavy metal types, in addition heavy metal passivation effective were greatly influnced by passivation proportion. There are different effects of 3 heavy metals (zeolite, sepiolite and bentonite) on combination forms of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr and As in composting treatments, and its advantage passivator and addition amount are depend on heavt metal types. The advantage passivator proportion of As in pig manure composting is 5.0% sepiolite, and its passivation effective is 28.5%, advantage passivator proportion of Cr is 5.0% zeolite, and its passivation effective is 98.1%, advantage passivator proportion of Cd in pig manure composting is 2.5% zeolile, and its passivation effective is 37.5%, advantage passivator proportion of Cu in pig manure composting is 7.5% sepiolite, and its passivation effective is 50.8%, advantage passivator proportion of Zn in pig manure composting is 2.5% sepiolite, and its passivation effective is 72.1%, advantage passivator proportion of Pb in pig manure composting is 7.5% bentonite, and its passivation effective is 88.7%.
2. There is significant effects of chemical passivator on heavy metals bioavailability in pig manure composting, and effects of four heavy metal passivators (fly ash, ground phosphate rock, Ca-Mg-P fertilizers and DBS) on heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and As) are different, advantage passivator and proportion are depend on heavy metal types, all of heavy metal bioavailability were decresed by heavy metal passivators additive. Results showed that, advantage passivator proportion for Zn in pig manure composting is 5.0% Ca-Mg-P fertilizer, passivation effective is 68.0%, advantage passivator proportion for Pb in pig manure composting is 5.0% ground phosphate rock, passivation effective is 34.8%, advantage passivator proportion for Cu and Cr in pig manure composting is 2.5% fly ash, passivation effective is 71.5 and 77.5%, advantage passivator proportion for Cd in pig manure composting is 7.5% Ca-Mg-P fertilizer, passivation effective is 73.3%, there is no signigicant effective of passivator on Hg in pig manure composting.
3. There are significant effective of passivators combination on heavy metal bioavailability in pig manure composting. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for As in pig manure composting is F2.5+M2.5 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% fly ash), passivation effective is 65.49%, the following is H5.0+M2.5 treatment (addition 5.0% zeolite and 2.5% fly ash), passivation effective is 60.75%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Cd in pig manure composting is F2.5+G2.5 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% Ca-Mg-P fertilizer), passivation effective for exchangable Cd is 89.4%, following is F2.5+M2.5 treatment, passivation effective for exchangable Cd is 84.47%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Cr in pig manure composting is F2.5+M2.5 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% fly ash), passivation effective for exchangable Cr is 93.32%, following is F2.5+G2.5 treatment, passivation effective for exchangable Cr is 88.85%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Cu in pig manure composting is F2.5+L5.0 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 2.5% ground phosphorus rock), passivation effective for exchangable Cu is 88.78%, compared with no passivator addition treatment (41.75%), passivation effective was increased by 47.03%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Pb in pig manure composting is F2.5+L5.0 treatment (addition 2.5% zeolite and 5.0% ground phosphorus rock), passivation effective for exchangable Pb is 88.05%, following is F2.5+M2.5 treatment, passivation effective for exchangable Pb is 85.98%. Advantage passivators combination and additive proportion for Zn in pig manure composting is H5.0+L5.0 treatment (addition 5.0% sepiolite and 5.0% ground phosphorus rock), passivation effective for exchangable Zn is 97.07%. There is no signigicant effective of passivator on Hg in pig manure composting also.
4. Heavy metal utilization in plant experiment results showed that, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and As content in vegetable tissues were decresed significantly. The best passivation agent for As is H5.0+M2.5 (82.16%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Cd is F2.5+G2.5 (92.70%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Cr is F2.5+M2.5 (77.42%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Cu is F2.5+L5.0 (70.03%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Pb is F2.5+L5.0 (81.16%) treatment, the best passivation agent for Zn is H5.0+L5.0 (75.65%) treatment.
5. Heavy metal utilization in animal experiment results showed that, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn bioavailability were decresed significantly by passivators additive in pig manure composting, results of earthworm breeding experiment showed that, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn content in body of earthworm were decresed significantly. Heavy metal contents in earthworm can be decreased significantly by zeolite, sepiolite, bentonite, fly ash, Ca-Mg-P fertilizer and ground phosphorus rock, the best effective for Cd bioavailability decreasing is H7.5 treatment and passivation effective is 64.14%, the best effective for Cu bioavailability decreasing is F7.5 and passivation effective is 88.34%, the best effective for Pb bioavailability decreasing is L5.0 and passivation effective is 73.84%, the best effective for Cr bioavailability decreasing is M2.5 and passivation effective is 74.48%, Zn content in earthworm can be decreased by the 6 passivators treatment in composting, the differences of Zn content between CK and treatments are significant, advantage treatements are 7.5% zeolite and 7.5% sepiolite treatments, effective are 73.77% and 72.80% respectively.
In brief, effects of heavy metal passivators combination and proportion on bioavailability and activity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and As) were conducted in this experiment, the best generally effective is 2.5% zeolite+2.5%fly ash treatment in composting, in addition zeolite is advantage heavy metal passivator with large specific surface area, high adsorbability, low price and aboundance resources, and fly ash is producation discharge of thermal power companies, its utilization in composting as passivator for heavy metal is not only develop fly ash advantage, heavy metal pollution in pig manure composting can be allevaited also.
引文
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