川西北高原老芒麦种子丰产关键技术研究
|
摘要
老芒麦是青藏高原主推优良牧草之一,但相关牧草种子繁育技术较为落后。高原良种繁育对于解决青藏高原退牧还草及人工草地建设种源匮乏具有重要意义,本研究以川西北主推国审品种川草2号老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.cv.chuancao NO.2)原种为试验材料,结合川西北高原老芒麦种子产业化生产的实际技术需求,通过设计不同梯度的播种量、行距、肥力水平、栽培年限、除杂、收获时间等组合技术处理,研究对老芒麦生长发育、光合作用、生殖投入、生产能力、种子活力及杂草管理等的影响。经过4～5年研究,系统提出了川西北高原老芒麦种子丰产关键技术,主要结果如下：
1.行距对分蘖数/m2、生殖枝数/m2、生殖枝比例、生殖枝高度、生殖枝直径等的极显著影响,造成穗柄长、穗柄直径、穗轴长、小穗数/生殖枝、小花数/生殖枝等的极显著差异,最终导致结实率、表现种子产量与实际种子产量的差异。行距60cm时,潜在种子产量、表现种子产量和实际种子产量最高,适宜在生产中推广。
2.行距与施肥量是影响老芒麦产量的关键因素,主要通过增加枝条密度与高度影响草产量,通过增加生殖枝比例与小穗数/枝影响种子产量；行距40 cm、追复合肥225kg/hm2草产量最高,行距60 cm、追复合肥225kg/hm2种子产量最高。
3.肥药混施对老芒麦分蘖、生长速度和生产性能等有显著影响。“尿素7500g/hm2+磷酸二氢钾300g/hm2+盖阔27g/hm2”、“尿素7500g/hm2+速效75g/hm2”和“尿素15000g/hm2+磷酸二氢钾300g/hm2+速效75g/hm2”3个组合拔节期混施有利于老芒麦种子生产。肥料与除草剂混施可减少田间作业次数、降低管理成本、达到增肥和除草的双重效果,值得在生产中推广与应用。
4.基肥与追肥管理对不同年限的老芒麦花序性状和种子产量有极显著影响(P<0.01),影响由大到小顺序为：实际种子产量>潜在种子产量>表现种子产量>生殖枝密度>小花数/枝>种子数/枝>结实率。栽培年限对小花数/枝、种子数/枝、结实率、潜在种子产量、表现种子产量有显著影响,实际种子产量主要受年限与肥力互作的影响。
5.分蘖期、拔节期追N显著提高了第2、3年干草产量(P<0.05),孕穗期追N与2～4年草产量都为负相关,分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期追P、K肥都与干草产量表现为一定的负相关；基肥组成影响1～4年实际种子产量,分蘖期、拔节期追N可提高实际种子产量；分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期追P、K肥对种子生产没有明显的促进作用。
6.光合速率与营养枝、总分蘖和草产量显著负相关,与每生殖枝小花数和种子数及表现种子产量和实际种子产量呈显著正相关。通过适时灌水改善相对湿度和植株体内水分状况,可改变蒸腾速率来促进光合速率的增加,有利于光合干物质的积累,提高种子产量。
7.老芒麦种子落粒起始时间为盛花期后20d～22d；落粒有种柄脱落与小穗柄脱落两种途径,但种柄脱落占主导地位；灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期落粒率分别为4.73%、20.78%、75.67%、87.73%；种子应在蜡熟期(盛花后36d～40d)进行收获。落粒起始时间与植株高度和小花柄直径呈显著负相关；乳熟前期(盛花后26d)落粒受种群密度与枝条直径影响大,但种子芒长是此阶段落粒的主要因素(R=0.9971)；蜡熟期(盛花后32d～36d)植株越高、枝条越细、小穗数/枝越少、小花数/枝越多则落粒越多,而花序柄长度与直径越大的落粒性显著降低;到成熟期落粒性与种群密度与枝条直径呈显著负相关。种子发育中、后期倒伏植株的落粒率低且千粒重大。
8.老芒麦种子有较强的休眠性,休眠期约200d；收获后30d发芽势仅为0～0.75%,发芽率仅为0～1.25%；200d时发芽指数为36.05～85.48,活力指数为4.28～26.59。
9.行距与老芒麦种子酸性磷酸酯酶活性呈极显著正相关(R=0.6673),与千粒重、发芽指数、活力指数及可溶性糖含量有一定的正相关,而与相对电导率和脱氢酶呈一定的负相关；施肥量与发芽指数、活力指数及可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与相对电导率、脱氢酶和磷酸酯酶活性呈负相关；播种量与可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关(R=-0.5061),与千粒重、发芽指数、活力指数及可溶性糖含量有一定的正相关。
Elymus sibiricus L. is one of excellent quality forages, which has been widely used for artificial grassland establishment, rangeland improvement, and rangeland ecological protection in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Strengthening seed production of E. sibiricus L. may solve the contradiction between demand and supply of seeds. But its relevant technology of seed production has been lagging hehind. In the present study, the State Approved Variety'E. sibiricus L.cv.chuancao NO.2'as being test material, which is mainly applied in the Sichuan Northwestern Plateau, together with the actual technical requirement for seed industrialization, we investigated the effects of the following factors on growth and development, photosynthesis, reproductive investment, production capacity, weed species and seed vigor. The factors studied include different gradient sowing rate, row spacing, fertility, cultivation year, the ways of weed cleaning and harvesting time. After 4-5 years of study, the main results are:
1. Row spacing is highly significantly associated with seting percentage, presentation seed yield and harvested seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained when the row space is 60cm. This may be worth spreading in practice. There are several possible explanations. Row spacing is significantly associated with tiller number and fertile tiller per square, fertile tiller ratio, fertile tiller height, fertile tiller diameter. Row spacing is also significantly associated with length and diameter of ear stalk, cob length, number of spikelet and floret per fertile tiller.
2. Row spacing and fertilizing amount are the key factors to affect yield of E. sibisicus L, via effects on density and height of branch, ratio of fertile tiller, and spikelet per fertile branch.The highest grass yield was observed at the row space of 40cm and compound fertilizer of 225kg/hm2, and the highest seed yield was obtained at the row space of 60cm and compound fertilizer of 225kg/hm2.
3.Mixing fertilizers and herbicides is significantly associated with tiller, growth rate and production performance of E. sibiricus L. Among different types of mixing of fertilizers and herbicides, seed yield of E. sibiricus L. was higher in the following groups than the control group, including 7500g/hm2 (NH2)2CO+300g/hm2 KH2PO4+27g/hm2 75% tribenuron dry SC,7500g/hm2 (NH2)2CO+75g/hm228% WP T-Y and 15000g/hm2 (NH2)2CO+300g/hm2 KH2PO4+75g/hm228% WP T-Y. Overall, mixing fertilizer and herbicides is worth applying widely, which may reduce the number of field operations, management cost, and achieve the dual effect of fertilizing and weeding.
4. Different basal fertilizer and top dressing fertilizer had highly significant effect on traits of inflorescence and seed yield of E. sibiricus L. (P<0.01). The phenotype affected most is the harvested seed yield, and then, potential seed yield, presentation seed yield, fertile tiller density, florets/branch, seeds/branch, and that affected least is the seeding percentage. The harvested seedyield is mainly affected by the interaction of cultural year and fertilizer.
5. Supplying nitrogen during the tillerring stage and jointing stage significantly increased hay grass yield of 2nd and 3rd year (P<0.05). However, Supplying nitrogen during the booting stage is negatively correlated to grass yield of the next three years. Supplying potassium and phosphate during any of the following three stages, tillerring, jointing and booting, is negatively correlated to hay grass yield. The component of basal fertilizer is associated with harvested seed yield of 1 to 4 year. Supplying nitrogen in the tillerring stage and jointing stage is associated with higher harvested seed yield. Applying phosphorus or potassium either in the tillerring, jointing or booting stage didn't significantly promote seed yield.
6. Photosynthetic rate had a significantly positive correlation to presentation seed yield and harvested seed yield because of the significantly positive correlation between photosynthetic rate and number of floret and seed per fertile tiller. But photosynthetic rate had a significantly negative correlation to grass yield because of the significantly negative correlation between photosynthetic rate and vegetative shoot, total tillers. Therefore, in order to increase seed yield, we may timely irrigate to improve the relative humidity and plant water status in vivo, which may promote photosynthetic rate and accumulate photosynthetic dry matter by changing transpiration rate.
7. Seed of E. sibiricus L. began to shatter at 20d-22d after flowering stage. Seeds shattere via two ways-off seedstalk and off spikelet pedicel, with seedstalk shattering being the major one. The shattered rate is 4.73%、20.78%、75.67%、87.73%, respectively, at the time of milk stage, dough stage and to full ripening stage. Therefore, seed of E. sibiricus L. should be harvested in the dough stage (36d-40d after flowering). When seeds are almost mature, lodged, the plant showed low shattered rate and large 1000-seed weight. The starting and ending time of seed shattering is significantly negative correlated to the height of plant and diameter of pedicel. In the early milky stage (26d after flowering), the density of population and diameter of stalk affected seed shattering significantly. However, the length of awn was still the main factor to stimulate seed shattering (R=0.9971). In the ripening stage (32d-36d after flowering), the following factors are associated with larger number of shattered seed, high plant, fine branch, few spikelets/branch, and more florets/branch. In the full ripening stage, the seed shattering is significantly negative correlated to the density of population and diameter of stalk.
8. Seed of E. sibiricus L. had strong dormancy, with about 200d dormancy period. After seed is stored 30d, the germination energy is only 0～0.75%, and germination rate is only 0～1.25%. When seed is stored 200d, the germination index is 36.05～85.48, and vigor index is 4.28～26.59.
9. For seed of E. sibiricus L., row spacing was significantly positive correlated to the activity of acid phosphatase (R=0.6673). Row spacing had a certain positive correlation to 1000-grain weight, germination index, vigor index and soluble sugar contents. However, negative correlation is observed between row spacing and the relative conductivity and dehydrogenase. Amount of fertilization is positively correlated to germination index, vigor index and soluble sugar content. However, negative association is observed between amount of fertilization and the relative conductivity, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity. Sowing rate significantly is negatively correlated to soluble sugar content (R=-0.5061), and a certain positive related to 1000-grain weight, germination index, vigor index and soluble sugar contents.
1.行距对分蘖数/m2、生殖枝数/m2、生殖枝比例、生殖枝高度、生殖枝直径等的极显著影响,造成穗柄长、穗柄直径、穗轴长、小穗数/生殖枝、小花数/生殖枝等的极显著差异,最终导致结实率、表现种子产量与实际种子产量的差异。行距60cm时,潜在种子产量、表现种子产量和实际种子产量最高,适宜在生产中推广。
2.行距与施肥量是影响老芒麦产量的关键因素,主要通过增加枝条密度与高度影响草产量,通过增加生殖枝比例与小穗数/枝影响种子产量；行距40 cm、追复合肥225kg/hm2草产量最高,行距60 cm、追复合肥225kg/hm2种子产量最高。
3.肥药混施对老芒麦分蘖、生长速度和生产性能等有显著影响。“尿素7500g/hm2+磷酸二氢钾300g/hm2+盖阔27g/hm2”、“尿素7500g/hm2+速效75g/hm2”和“尿素15000g/hm2+磷酸二氢钾300g/hm2+速效75g/hm2”3个组合拔节期混施有利于老芒麦种子生产。肥料与除草剂混施可减少田间作业次数、降低管理成本、达到增肥和除草的双重效果,值得在生产中推广与应用。
4.基肥与追肥管理对不同年限的老芒麦花序性状和种子产量有极显著影响(P<0.01),影响由大到小顺序为：实际种子产量>潜在种子产量>表现种子产量>生殖枝密度>小花数/枝>种子数/枝>结实率。栽培年限对小花数/枝、种子数/枝、结实率、潜在种子产量、表现种子产量有显著影响,实际种子产量主要受年限与肥力互作的影响。
5.分蘖期、拔节期追N显著提高了第2、3年干草产量(P<0.05),孕穗期追N与2～4年草产量都为负相关,分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期追P、K肥都与干草产量表现为一定的负相关；基肥组成影响1～4年实际种子产量,分蘖期、拔节期追N可提高实际种子产量；分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期追P、K肥对种子生产没有明显的促进作用。
6.光合速率与营养枝、总分蘖和草产量显著负相关,与每生殖枝小花数和种子数及表现种子产量和实际种子产量呈显著正相关。通过适时灌水改善相对湿度和植株体内水分状况,可改变蒸腾速率来促进光合速率的增加,有利于光合干物质的积累,提高种子产量。
7.老芒麦种子落粒起始时间为盛花期后20d～22d；落粒有种柄脱落与小穗柄脱落两种途径,但种柄脱落占主导地位；灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期落粒率分别为4.73%、20.78%、75.67%、87.73%；种子应在蜡熟期(盛花后36d～40d)进行收获。落粒起始时间与植株高度和小花柄直径呈显著负相关；乳熟前期(盛花后26d)落粒受种群密度与枝条直径影响大,但种子芒长是此阶段落粒的主要因素(R=0.9971)；蜡熟期(盛花后32d～36d)植株越高、枝条越细、小穗数/枝越少、小花数/枝越多则落粒越多,而花序柄长度与直径越大的落粒性显著降低;到成熟期落粒性与种群密度与枝条直径呈显著负相关。种子发育中、后期倒伏植株的落粒率低且千粒重大。
8.老芒麦种子有较强的休眠性,休眠期约200d；收获后30d发芽势仅为0～0.75%,发芽率仅为0～1.25%；200d时发芽指数为36.05～85.48,活力指数为4.28～26.59。
9.行距与老芒麦种子酸性磷酸酯酶活性呈极显著正相关(R=0.6673),与千粒重、发芽指数、活力指数及可溶性糖含量有一定的正相关,而与相对电导率和脱氢酶呈一定的负相关；施肥量与发芽指数、活力指数及可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与相对电导率、脱氢酶和磷酸酯酶活性呈负相关；播种量与可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关(R=-0.5061),与千粒重、发芽指数、活力指数及可溶性糖含量有一定的正相关。
Elymus sibiricus L. is one of excellent quality forages, which has been widely used for artificial grassland establishment, rangeland improvement, and rangeland ecological protection in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Strengthening seed production of E. sibiricus L. may solve the contradiction between demand and supply of seeds. But its relevant technology of seed production has been lagging hehind. In the present study, the State Approved Variety'E. sibiricus L.cv.chuancao NO.2'as being test material, which is mainly applied in the Sichuan Northwestern Plateau, together with the actual technical requirement for seed industrialization, we investigated the effects of the following factors on growth and development, photosynthesis, reproductive investment, production capacity, weed species and seed vigor. The factors studied include different gradient sowing rate, row spacing, fertility, cultivation year, the ways of weed cleaning and harvesting time. After 4-5 years of study, the main results are:
1. Row spacing is highly significantly associated with seting percentage, presentation seed yield and harvested seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained when the row space is 60cm. This may be worth spreading in practice. There are several possible explanations. Row spacing is significantly associated with tiller number and fertile tiller per square, fertile tiller ratio, fertile tiller height, fertile tiller diameter. Row spacing is also significantly associated with length and diameter of ear stalk, cob length, number of spikelet and floret per fertile tiller.
2. Row spacing and fertilizing amount are the key factors to affect yield of E. sibisicus L, via effects on density and height of branch, ratio of fertile tiller, and spikelet per fertile branch.The highest grass yield was observed at the row space of 40cm and compound fertilizer of 225kg/hm2, and the highest seed yield was obtained at the row space of 60cm and compound fertilizer of 225kg/hm2.
3.Mixing fertilizers and herbicides is significantly associated with tiller, growth rate and production performance of E. sibiricus L. Among different types of mixing of fertilizers and herbicides, seed yield of E. sibiricus L. was higher in the following groups than the control group, including 7500g/hm2 (NH2)2CO+300g/hm2 KH2PO4+27g/hm2 75% tribenuron dry SC,7500g/hm2 (NH2)2CO+75g/hm228% WP T-Y and 15000g/hm2 (NH2)2CO+300g/hm2 KH2PO4+75g/hm228% WP T-Y. Overall, mixing fertilizer and herbicides is worth applying widely, which may reduce the number of field operations, management cost, and achieve the dual effect of fertilizing and weeding.
4. Different basal fertilizer and top dressing fertilizer had highly significant effect on traits of inflorescence and seed yield of E. sibiricus L. (P<0.01). The phenotype affected most is the harvested seed yield, and then, potential seed yield, presentation seed yield, fertile tiller density, florets/branch, seeds/branch, and that affected least is the seeding percentage. The harvested seedyield is mainly affected by the interaction of cultural year and fertilizer.
5. Supplying nitrogen during the tillerring stage and jointing stage significantly increased hay grass yield of 2nd and 3rd year (P<0.05). However, Supplying nitrogen during the booting stage is negatively correlated to grass yield of the next three years. Supplying potassium and phosphate during any of the following three stages, tillerring, jointing and booting, is negatively correlated to hay grass yield. The component of basal fertilizer is associated with harvested seed yield of 1 to 4 year. Supplying nitrogen in the tillerring stage and jointing stage is associated with higher harvested seed yield. Applying phosphorus or potassium either in the tillerring, jointing or booting stage didn't significantly promote seed yield.
6. Photosynthetic rate had a significantly positive correlation to presentation seed yield and harvested seed yield because of the significantly positive correlation between photosynthetic rate and number of floret and seed per fertile tiller. But photosynthetic rate had a significantly negative correlation to grass yield because of the significantly negative correlation between photosynthetic rate and vegetative shoot, total tillers. Therefore, in order to increase seed yield, we may timely irrigate to improve the relative humidity and plant water status in vivo, which may promote photosynthetic rate and accumulate photosynthetic dry matter by changing transpiration rate.
7. Seed of E. sibiricus L. began to shatter at 20d-22d after flowering stage. Seeds shattere via two ways-off seedstalk and off spikelet pedicel, with seedstalk shattering being the major one. The shattered rate is 4.73%、20.78%、75.67%、87.73%, respectively, at the time of milk stage, dough stage and to full ripening stage. Therefore, seed of E. sibiricus L. should be harvested in the dough stage (36d-40d after flowering). When seeds are almost mature, lodged, the plant showed low shattered rate and large 1000-seed weight. The starting and ending time of seed shattering is significantly negative correlated to the height of plant and diameter of pedicel. In the early milky stage (26d after flowering), the density of population and diameter of stalk affected seed shattering significantly. However, the length of awn was still the main factor to stimulate seed shattering (R=0.9971). In the ripening stage (32d-36d after flowering), the following factors are associated with larger number of shattered seed, high plant, fine branch, few spikelets/branch, and more florets/branch. In the full ripening stage, the seed shattering is significantly negative correlated to the density of population and diameter of stalk.
8. Seed of E. sibiricus L. had strong dormancy, with about 200d dormancy period. After seed is stored 30d, the germination energy is only 0～0.75%, and germination rate is only 0～1.25%. When seed is stored 200d, the germination index is 36.05～85.48, and vigor index is 4.28～26.59.
9. For seed of E. sibiricus L., row spacing was significantly positive correlated to the activity of acid phosphatase (R=0.6673). Row spacing had a certain positive correlation to 1000-grain weight, germination index, vigor index and soluble sugar contents. However, negative correlation is observed between row spacing and the relative conductivity and dehydrogenase. Amount of fertilization is positively correlated to germination index, vigor index and soluble sugar content. However, negative association is observed between amount of fertilization and the relative conductivity, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity. Sowing rate significantly is negatively correlated to soluble sugar content (R=-0.5061), and a certain positive related to 1000-grain weight, germination index, vigor index and soluble sugar contents.
引文
[1]李毓堂.大西北和黄河流域生态治理与经济发展新方略—以草为基础,草林牧农工商结合,综合治理发展.草业学报[J],2000,9(1)：60-64.
[2]贺晓.冰草与老芒麦种子生产的研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学博士论文,2004.
[3]Kley G. Seed production in grass and clover species in Europe. In:Schoberlein W and K Forster (eds). Proceedings of the Third International Herbage Seed Conference,J une 1996. Martin-Luther-Universitat,Hall et-Wittenberg, Germany,pp 12-22
[4]李聪,张智山,王晓斌,李维薇等.中国草种子生产现状及需求分析调研报告[C].2006中国草业发展论坛论文集,78-84.
[5]韩建国.牧草种子学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社.2000.
[6]韩建国.美国的牧草种子生产[J].世界农业,1999(4)：43-45
[7]韩建国.欧盟的牧草种子生产[J].世界农业,1997(4)：38-39
[8]韩建国.加拿大的牧草种子生产[J].世界农业,1997(4)：37-39
[9]毛培胜,韩建国.牧草种子生产技术[M].北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2003：1-11.
[10]苏加楷.关于发展我国牧草种子业的几点建议[J].草业科学,1990,7(2)：68-69.
[11]Humphreys L.R., Riveros F.. Tropical pasture seed production[M].FAO, Plant Production and Protection Paper, No.8 Rome,1986,90-91.
[12]Hampton J.D., Hebblethwaite P.D.. Yield components of the perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) seed crop [J]. Journal of Applied Seed Production,1983,23-25.
[13]Hebblethwaite P.D., Hampton J.G., Melaren J.S.. The chemical control of growth, development and yield of Lolium Perenne growth for seed. In: Melaren J.S.(ed.) Chemical Manipulation of Crop Growth and Development. Butterworths. London.1981,505-523.
[14]Langer R.H.M.. Growth of the grass plant in relation to seed production. In:Laneashire J.A.(ed.) Herbage Seed Production. Grassland Research and Practice Series No.1, New Zealand Grassland Association, Palmerston North,1980,6-11.
[15]鄢燕.黑麦草种子生产技术研究及种子质量综合评价[D].雅安：四川农业大学硕士论文,2003.
[16]韩建国,李敏,李枫.牧草种子生产中的潜在种子产量与实际种子产量[J].国外畜牧学—草原与牧草,1996,(1)：7-11.
[17]Hare M.D.. Seed production in tall feseue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb). Unpublished PhD thesis, 1992, Massey University.
[18]Allison K.J., Ashton D.B., Dabryshire S.J.. Identification of fiorets of meadow brome(Bromus riparius)and smooth brome(Bromus inemris)[J].Seed Sci. and Technol.,2001,29:99-108.
[19]张锦华,李青丰,李显利。旱作老芒麦种子产量构成因子的研究[J],中国草地,2000(6),34-37
[20]贾鲜艳,斯琴高娃,王月琴。老芒麦种子产量影响因子分析[J]。内蒙古草业,2004(2),52-53.
[21]Al-Noaim A. R., Koriem Y. S. Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on alfalfa seed yield and two related traits[J]. Journal of King Saudi University, Agricultural Sciences,1992,4(2):247-257.
[22]Askarian M. Hampron J. G., Hill M. J.. Effect of row spacing and sowing rate on seed production of luceme cv. Grassland Oranda[J].New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1995,38(2):289-295.
[23]张巨明,王锁民.行距及施肥量对兰引3号结缕草种子产量的影响[J].草业学报,1997,6(3)：46-50.
[24]梁小玉,张新全,陈元江等.不同行距对宝兴鸭茅种子生产性能的影响[J].四川畜牧兽医,2005,50-52.
[25]张众,云锦凤,逯晓萍等.不同播种因素对蒙古冰草种子产量和品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2006,21(6)：95-99.
[26]郭树栋,徐有学,赵殿智等.垂穗披碱草种子田最佳播种量和行距的试验初报[J].青海草业,2003,12(4)：6-8.
[27]李美华.不同播量、行距和追肥量对内农1号苏丹草生产性能的影响[D].内蒙古：内蒙古农业大学,2008.
[28]曾琨.长江2号多花黑麦草种子生产技术研究及PP333对种子产量和质量的影响[D].四川：四川农业大学,2007.
[29]丁成龙,顾洪如,冯成玉等.播种期和播种量对多花黑麦草种子生产性能的影响[J].中国草地学报,2007,7：56-60.
[30]黎与,汪新川.多叶老芒麦种子田最佳播种量和行距的试验初报[J].草业与畜牧,子力学2007,145(12)：11-12.
[31]叶川,余喜初,吴水助等.播种期和播种量对百喜草种子产量的影响[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(8)：41-43.
[32]罗天琼,陈瑞祥,莫本田等.黔草2号苇状羊茅种子丰产栽培技术[J].贵州农业科学,2006,34(4)：86-89.
[33]梁小玉,张新全等.不同播量对宝兴鸭茅种子生产性能的影响[J].草业科学,2006,58-60.
[34]姚爱兴,邵生荣,刘彩霞等.播种量和施肥量对草坪型草地早熟禾种子生产特性的影响[J].宁夏农学院学报,2001,22(3)：30-33.
[35]Hebblethwaite P.D.. Irrigation and nitrogen studies in s23 ryegrass grown for seed 1.Gorwth, development seed yield components and seed yield[J]. Jounral of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 1977,88:605-614.
[36]Kroth E., Mattas R., Meinke L. et al.. Maximizing production potential of tall fescue [J].Agronomy Journal,1977,69:319-322.
[37]Mejier W.M.. Vreeke s.. Nitrogen fertilization of grass seed crops as related to soil mineral nitrogen[J]. Netherlnads Journal of Agricultural Science,1988,36,375-385.
[38]Thompson D.J., Clark K.W.. Influence of nitrogen fertilization and mechanical stubble removal on seed production of Kentucky bluegrass in Manitoba[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1989, 63:939-943.
[39]YoungⅢ W.C., Chilcote D.O., Youngberg H.W.. Seed yield response of Perennial rysgrass to spring applied nitrogen at different rates of paclobutrazol[J].Journal of Applied Seed Production, 1995,13:10-15.
[40]Watson C.E., Watson J.V.H.. Nitrogen and date of defoliation effects on seed yield and seed quality of tall fescue[J]. Agronomy Journal,1982,74:891-893.
[41]高朋,李聪,陈本建,等.施氮对老芒麦种子产量及其构成因子和种子活力的影响[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2010,42(2)：126-131.
[42]梁小玉,张新全,张锦华.不同施氮量和时间对鸭茅生产利用的影响[J].草原与草坪,2004,105(2)：8-12.
[43]Nordestgaard A.. The effects of quantity of nitrogen, date of application and the influence of autumn treatment of the seed yield of grass, In:Hebblethwaite,.PD.(ed.)Seed Production, Proc. Easter School in Agric. Sci.28th. Univ. of Nottingham, Butterworths, London,1980,105-119.
[44]Salas M. L., Hickman M. V., Huber D. M, et al..Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the growth of giant foxtail(Setaria faberi)[J]. Weed Science,1997,45(5):664-669.
[45]Dang Tinghui, Hao Mingde. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions and soil nitrogen adjustment in the loess highland [J]. Scientica Agricultra Sinica,2000,33(4):62-67.
[46]YounglllIII W.C.. Festuca arundinacea schreb (tall fescue) in the USA, In:Fairoy, D. T. and Hampton J. G. (eds), Forage Seed Production, volume 1:Temperate species, University Press, Cambridge,1997,287-296.
[47]Faireyn A. Effects of method,rate and time of application of nitrogen fertilizer on seed production of tall fescu. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1998,78:453-458.
[48]Youngberg H.W.. Techniques of seed production in Oregon[D], In: Hebblethwaite.PD. (ed.)Seed Production, Pore. Easter Sehool in Agric. Sci.28th. Univ. f Nottingham, Butterworths, London, 1980,203-213.
[49]Steenhuizen J.W., Wander J. G. N., Ehlert P. A. I, et al.. Response of grass seed crops to soil P level and phosphate fertilization[J].Verslag-Proefstation voor de Akkerbouw en de Groenteteelt in de Vollegrond,1995,187:91.Read,1998
[50]Read J. C, Hipo B. W.. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements of tall fescue grown on Black prairie soils[J].J.of Plant Nutrition,1998,21(11):2329-2334.
[51]Brown K.R.. Recent grass seed production studies in Canterbury, In: Lancashire, J.A.(ed.) Herbage Seed Production[M]. Res.&Praet. Ser. No.l: N.Z. Gasrsl. Assoc., Palmerston North,1980. 12-14.
[52]Janovszky J. Effects of production factors on quality and quantity of seed yield of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)[J]. Horticultural Science,1996,28(3/4):77-81.
[53]赵俊权,李淑安.氮磷钾对非洲狗尾草及纳罗克种子产量和干物质的影响[J].草业学报,1991,8(2)：64-68.
[54]黄中清.氮,磷,钾肥不同组合对草产量及品质的影响[J].中国草地,1989(2)：44-46.
[55]李志华,聂朝相,陈宝书.氮磷钾肥单施与混施对燕麦生产性能的影响[J].草业科学,1994,11(4)：24-26.
[56]徐智明,周青平,刘云芬等.平衡施肥对老龄多叶老芒麦种子产量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004(6)：639-643.
[57]邵生荣,姚爱兴,刘彩霞.不同行距及播种量对宁农苏丹草种子生产性能的影响[J].中国草地,1997.(2)：12-15.
[58]贺晓,李青丰,陆海平.四种微量元素对老芒麦种子发育过程中水分、粉及蛋白质代谢的影响[J].草业学报,2005(6)：100-105.
[59]师桂花,贺晓,李青丰.施肥对老芒麦种子活力—耐贮性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2006(2)：23-27.
[60]章崇玲,梁祖绎.多花黑麦草生育特性和种子生产性能研究[J].草业科学,1997,14(3)：40-45.
[61]Rolston M.P., Rowarth K.R., Hare M.D., et al. Grass seed production: weeds, herbicides and fertilizers. In:Hare M.D. and Bocrk J.L.(ed.) Producing Herbage Seeds. New Zealand Grassland Association[J], Palmerston North,1985,15-22.
[62]Bean E.W.. Clonal evaluation for increased seed production in two species of forage grasses. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. And Phleumpratense L.Euphytica.1972,21:377-383.
[63]Nordestgaard A.. Investigations on the interaction between level of nitrogen application in the autumn and time of nitrogen application in the spring various grasses[J], Journal of Applied Seed Production,1986,4:16-25.
[64]房丽宁,韩建国,王培等.施氮和生长调节剂对高羊茅种子产量的影响[J],草地学报,20008(3)：164-170.
[65]马春晖,韩建国,张玲等.施氮肥对高羊茅种子质量和产量组成的影响[J].草业学报,2003,12(6)：74-78.
[66]徐荣.施氮及灌溉对草坪型高羊茅种子产量和质量的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学硕士论文.2001.
[67]房丽宁,韩建国,王培等.氮肥(?)植物生长调节剂和环境因素对无芒雀麦种子生产的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4)：231-47.
[68]毛培胜.牧草种子生理及成熟度、施肥对种子产量和质量的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学,2000.
[69]William C., Young Ⅲ, Harold W., et al. Spring nitrogen rate and timing influence on seed yield components of Perennial ryegrass[J]. Agron. J., 1996,88:947-951.
[70]潘多锋,张月学,申忠宝,等.施肥期对4种禾本科牧草生长特性及种子产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(5)：97-99.
[71]Hare M.D., Rolston M.P.. Nitrogen effects on tall fescue seed production[J]. Journal of Applied Seed Production,1990,8:28-32.
[72]Rowarth J.S., Archie W.J.. Reproductive initiation, closing dates, nitrogen requirements and harvesting of smooth brome cv. Grasslands TiKi. Proceedings of the XⅦ International Grassland Congress,1993,1674-1675.
[73]Boonman J. G.. Experimental studies on seed production of tropical grasses in Kenya.3.The effect of nitrogen and row width on seed crops of Setaria Sphacelata CV. Nandi[J]. Ⅱ.Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 1972,204-222.
[74]Chdahokar P.A., Humpherys L. R.. Influence on time and level of urea application on seed production of paspalum plicatulum at Mt, Cotton, southeastern ueensland[J].Aust, JexP. Agric. Anim. Husb.1973,13,42-45.
[75]May K..W., Willms W.D., Stout D.G., et al. Seed yield of three Bromus species native to Western Canada [J].Can. J. Plant Sci.,1999,79:551-555.
[76]Hampton J.G.. Advance in research and technology of seed [A]. In:Herbage Seed Production, 1988,11:1425.
[77]王佺珍.水肥耦合对6种禾本科牧草种子产量和生产性能的效应[D].北京：中国农业大学博十论文,2005.
[78]Jiminez M.A., Cadena M.A.,Castrellon M.J.. Seed yield and quality of orchard grass at five levels added nitrogen[C], Summaries of Proceedings of XⅦ International Grasslands,1993.
[79]孙铁军,韩建国,赵守强,等.施肥对扁穗冰草种子产量及其组成因素的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(3)：15-20.
[80]孙铁军.施肥对禾本科牧草种子产量形成及种子发育过程中生理生化特性的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学博十论文,2004.
[81]Cookson W.R., Rowarth J.S., Cameron K.C.. The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop to nitrogen fertilizer application in the absence of moisture stress[J].Grass and Forage Science,2000,55:3144325.
[82]刘玲珑,吴彦奇.狗牙根种质资源及抗寒性研究进展[J].中国草地,2000,6：45-50,59.
[83]Fryer J D and Evans S A. Weed control handbook[M]. Vol.1:Principles. British Corp Protection Council, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London,1968(5):21-22.
[84]王春生,沈运河.除草微肥施用效果试验初报[J].安徽农业科学,1998,26(2)：159-160.
[85]Klein I. M., Hamond J. F.. Seed moisture-A harvest timing index for maximum yield. Transactions of the AS AE,1971,9.
[86]Grade D.F.. Maturity in smooth bromegrass[J]. Agronomy Journal.1956,48:253-256.
[87]Hill M. J., Watkin B. R.. Seed production studies on perennial ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass[J]. Journal of the British Grassland Society,1975,30:63-71.
[88]Hebblethwaite P. D., Ahamed M.H... Optimum time of combine harvesting for amenity grasses grown for seed[J]. J. of the British Grassland Society,1978,33:35-40.
[89]Pegler A.D.. Harvest ripeness in grass seed crops[J]. Journal of the British Grassland Society,1976, 31:7-13.
[90]王立群,杨静,石凤翎.多年生禾本科牧草种子脱落机理及适宜收获期的研究[J].中国草地,1996,3：7-16.
[91]徐荣,韩建国.草坪型高羊茅种子成熟过程中活力变化及适宜收获期研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(7)：834-839.
[92]Hampton J. G.. Temperate herbage seed production:An overview[J]. Supplement to Journal of Applied Seed Production.1991b:9:1-13.
[93]Desai B.B., Kotecha P. M., Salunkhe D. K.. Grass and forage Legumes[M]. In: Seed production, 1997,423-470.
[94]石凤翎.缘毛雀麦适时采种期的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1996,17(4)：54-57.
[95]毛培胜,韩建国,吴喜才.收获时间对老芒麦种子产量的影响[J].草地学报,2003,11(1)：33-37.
[96]乔安海,韩建国等.垂穗披碱草种子成熟过程中活力变化及适宜收获期研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(22)：11847-11850.
[97]张瑞博,雷国平,王建丽,等.施肥期和收获期对扁穗冰草种子产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2010(9)：163-165.
[98]Copeland P.J., Crookston R.K.. Visible indicators of physiological maturity in barley[J].Crop Science,1985,25:8434-847.
[99]Hill M.J.1971, A study of seed production in Perennial ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass[D]. Ph. D. Thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.1971.
[100]王建丽,中忠宝,邸桂俐,等.施肥期和收获期对垂穗鹅观草种子产量影响的研究[J].作物杂志,2009,4：57-59.
[101]Stoddart J.L.. Biochemical aspects of seed ripening in grasses[J].J. Natn. Inst. Agric. Bot.,1968, 370-377.
[102]Crookston R.K.,Hill D.S.. Avisual indicator of the physiological maturity of soybean seed[J].Crop Science,1978,18:867-870.
[103]石海春,柯永培,傅体华,等.不同成熟度玉米种子活力的差异性研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(3)：269-271.
[104]Clarke J.M.. Time of physiological maturity and post-physiological maturity during rates in wheat[J].Crop Science,1983,23:1203-1205.
[105]Tekrony D.M., Egli d.B., Balles J., et al. Physiological maturity in soybean [J]. Agron. J.,1979, 71:771-775.
[106]Eastin J.D., Hultquist J.H., Sullivan C.Y.. Physiological maturity in grain sorghum [J]. Crop Science,1973.13:175-177.
[107]Hyde E.O., Mcleavey M. A., Harris G.S.. Seed development in ryegrass and in red and white clover [J]. N. Z. J. Agric. Res.1959,2:947-952.
[108]陈志宏,韩建国,秦歌菊等.冰草种子发育过程中活力变化的研究[J].草业学报,2004,13(2)：94-98.
[109]韩建国,马春晖,孙铁军.禾本科牧草种子生产技术的研究,草业科学(增刊)[J],2004,199-205
[110]毛培胜.高羊茅种子发育生理及产量的变化[D].北京：中国农业大学硕十毕业论文,1997.
[111]Hampton J.G.. Herbage seed lot vigour:Do problems start with seed production[J]. J. Appl. Seed Produ.,1991a,9:87-93.
[112]戴日春.种子活力测定的生理前景[J].种子,1986,4：68-87.
[113]Andersen S., Andersen K.. The relationship between seed maturation and seed yield in grasses. In: Hebblathwaite. PD. ed. Seed Production,1980,151-172.
[114]周朋,龙云程,唐敏,等.杂交玉米种子成熟度与种子活力的关系研究[J].杂粮作物,2009,29(5)：332-333.
[115]徐是雄,唐锡华,傅家瑞,等著.种子生理的研究进展[M].广州：中山大学出版社,1987,33-61.
[116]傅家瑞.种子的活力及其生理生化基础[J].种子,1984,3：1-6.
[117]Ching T.M.. The Physiology and biochemistry of seed development, dormancy and germination (ed.Khan A.A.)[A]. In: The Netherlnads:Elsvier Biomedical Perss[C].1982.
[118]蒋文兰,潘元吉.磷肥和行距对两种草坪草种子产量和质量的影响[J].1995,草业科学,3：30-32.
[119]Agrawal P. K., Surinder K.. Changes in water, dry matter, starch and sugar in developing wheat seed and their relation to maturity [J]. Seed Sci.& Technoi.,1977,5:479-488.
[120]毛培胜,韩建国,王培等.无芒雀麦种子发育过程中的生理生化变化[J].中国草地,200b1,23(1)：26-31.
[121]张艳红.偃麦草属植物发育特性的研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[122]毛培胜,韩建国,宋锦峰,等.高羊茅种子发育过程中的生理生化变化[J].草地学报,1997b,5(1)：1-7.
[123]马春晖,程军,韩建国,等.新疆高羊茅种子发育生理生化的动态研究[J].草业学报,2002,11(4)：76-80.
[124]郑光华,史忠礼,赵同芳等著.实用种子生理学[M].北京：农业出版社,1990,18-62.
[125]Tahir I., Farooq S.. Accumulation of nitrogen and carbohydrate reserves in grains of four buckwheats(Fagopyrum sPP.) during development[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,1989, 16(1):57-61.
[126]Perry D.A.. The concept of seed vigour and its relevance to seed production techniques. In: Hebblethwaite. PD. ed[M]. Seed Production,1980,585-591.
[127]毛培胜,韩建国,王颖,等.施肥处理对老芒麦种子质量和产量的影响[J].草业科学,2001a,4：7-12.
[128]马春晖,韩建国,张玲,等.施氮肥对高羊茅种子质量和产量组成的影响[J].草业学报,2003,12(6)：74-78.
[129]陈默君,贾慎修主编.中国饲用植物[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002：121-122.
[130]陈宝书.牧草饲草作物栽培学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2001：351-352.
[131]盘朝邦.老芒麦品系几种经济性状的遗传参数分析[J].中国草地,1989(3)：47-50.
[132]熊潮慧,马啸,白史且等.老芒麦野生种质的形态和农艺性状多样性研究[J].草业与畜牧,2010,178(9)：10-14.
[133]马玉宝,徐柱,李临杭,等.旱作条件下野生老芒麦适应性及生产性能的研究[J].草业与畜牧,2008(5)
[134]祁娟,徐柱,王海清等.披碱草与老芒麦苗期抗旱性综合评价[J].草地学报,2009,17(1)：36-42.
[135]陈功,贺兰芳.高寒地区两种老芒麦生态适应性和生产性能评价[J].草业科学,2004(9),39-42.
[136]韩德梁,徐智明,艾琳,等.磷肥和钾肥对老龄多叶老芒麦牧草生物量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(6).
[137]王皓,李子忠.农牧交错带老芒麦的优化灌溉及对产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12)：12,6-11.
[138]鄢家俊,白史且,张昌兵等.青藏高原野生老芒麦种质牧草生产性能多样性评价[J].湖北农业科学,2010,49(4)：2193-2198.
[139]刘文辉,周青平,颜红波等。高寒地区施肥对短芒老芒麦草产量和种子产量的影响[J].草地学报,2007(2)：193-195.
[140]王岩春,干友民,邱英等.高寒地区老芒麦川草2号的光合生理特性[J].江苏农业科学,2007(6)：211-213,235
[141]王岩春,干友民,陈立坤等.高寒地区川草1号老芒麦夏季光合生理特性的初步研究[J].草业科学,2007(11)：42-45
[142]黄顶,李子忠,樊奋成.日光辐射对老芒麦再生草光合特性的影响[J].草地学报,2003,11(4)：338-342
[143]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原老芒麦种质基于SRAP标记的遗传多样性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(1)：173-183.
[144]袁庆华,张吉宇,张文淑,等.披碱草和老芒麦野生居群生物多样性研究[J].草业科学,2003(5),44-49
[145]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原老芒麦种质基于SRAP标记的遗传多样性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(1)：173-183.
[146]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原东南缘老芒麦自然居群遗传多样性的SRAP和SSR分析[J].草业学报,2010,19(4)
[147]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原野生老芒麦种质醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析[J].农业生物技术学报,2009,
[148]马啸,陈仕勇,张新全等.老芒麦种质的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究[J].草业学报,2009,18(3)：59-66.
[149]鄢家俊,白史且,常丹等.青藏高原老芒麦种质遗传多样性的SSR分析[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(9)：26-33.
[150]张锦华,李青丰,李显利。氮、磷肥对旱作老芒麦种子生产性能作用的研究,中国草地,2001(2),38-41
[151]贺晓,李青丰,陆海平.老芒麦花序分化过程的观察[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2004(4),26-29
[152]贺晓,李青丰.4种微量元素对老芒麦种子质量的影响[J].草业学报,2007,16(3)：88-92.151
[153]王元富,杨智永,盘朝邦.川草2号老芒麦选育报告[J].四川草原,1995,1：19-24.
[154]李才旺,柏正强.适合川西北牧区推广种植的优良牧草新品种川草一号二号老芒麦[J].四川草原,1998(4)：24
[155]Askarian M., Hampton J.G, Hill M J. Effect of row space and sowing rate on seed production of Lucerne [J]. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1995,38(2):289-295.
[156]Zhang Z., Yun J. F., Wen C.,Cui A. J.. Effect of different plant density on seed yield of Mongolia wheatgrass. Multifunctional Grasslands in a Changing World, Volume Ⅱ,2008,618
[157]内蒙古农业大学.牧草饲料作物种子学实验实习指导书[M].生态环境学院草业科学,22-26.
[158]张志良,翟伟箐.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003,127-128.
[159]Bessey O A. A method for the rapid determination of phosphatase with five cubic millimeters of serum [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1964,164:321-329.
[160]毛培胜,韩建国,王颖等.施肥处理对老芒麦种子质量和产量的影响[J].草业科学,2001(4)：7-13.
[161]李小坤,鲁剑巍,陈防.牧草施肥研究进展[J].草业学报,2008,17(2)：136-142.
[162]Sarandon S J, Gianibelli M C. Effect of foliar urea spraying and nitrogen application at sowing upon dry matter and nitrogen distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1990,10:183-189.
[163]Vasilas B L, Legg J O, Wolf D C. Foliar fertilization of soybeans: absorption and translocation of 15N-labelled urea[J].Agronomy Journal,1980,72:271-275.
[164]尹呈孚.化学除草剂安全使用原理[J].安徽农学通报,2005,(04)：94.
[165]唐韵.除草剂的结构类型与靶标类型[J].农药市场信息,2005,17：15-17.
[166]李燕婷,李秀英,肖艳,等.叶面肥的营养机理及应用研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(1)：162-172.
[167]沈其荣,徐国华.小麦和玉米叶面标记尿素态15N的吸收和运输[J].土壤学报,2001,38(1)：67-74.
[168]王林,刘景辉,李立军,等.除草剂在农牧交错区保护性耕作燕麦田间应用效果的研究[J].作物杂志,2009,4：76-79.
[169]韩晓莉.75%苯磺隆干悬浮剂对冬小麦田一年生阔叶杂草防除药效试验[J].现代农业科技,2008,(7)：67-68.70.
[170]鄢家俊,白史且,马啸.川西北高原野生老芒麦居群穗部部多样性研究[J].草业学报,2007,16(6)：99-106.
[171]Loeppkyha. Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskstchewan[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1999,79:265-271.
[172]刘金平,游明鸿,毛凯,等.钾肥对假俭草草坪种群形成的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2004,13(4)：24-27.
[173]Lamb P. F.. Kentucky bluegrass seed and vegetative responses to residue management and fall nitrogen [J]. Crop Science,1999,39:1416-1423.
[174]Williama Y. Spring applied nitrogen and productivity of cool season grass seed crops[J]. Agro. J., 1999,91:339-343.
[175]古巧珍,杨学云,孙本华,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对土壤的培肥效果[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(4)：418-421.
[176]龙忠富,莫本田,罗京焰,等.贵草1号多花黑麦草种子丰产栽培技术[J].贵州农业科学,2009,37(2)：101-103.
[177]刘金平、张新全、游明鸿,等.扁穗牛鞭草克隆单株地上空间拓展能力与拓展效益多样性研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007(6)：12-17
[178]Hare M.D Autumn establishment of three New Zealand cultivers of tall fescue for seed Production. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1994 (37):11-17.
[179]Hare M.D., Brown K.R.,Archie W.J., et al.. Sowing method. Growth production of regulators and time of nitrogen effects on seed production of spring sown prairie grass [J]. Journal of Applied Seed Production,1988(6),46-54.
[180]Green W. Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen rates on Newsletter,1993,10:5-6.
[181]Loeppky H.A., Horton P.R.,Bittman S.,et al.. Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan [J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1999,79: 265-271.
[182]李正民,舒惠玲,曹景勤.毛花雀稗增施磷肥效果实验[J].草业科学,1996,13(6)：39-41.
[183]Lorenzentti F. Achieving potential herbage seed yields in species of temperate regions [J]. Proceeding of the x VII International Grassland Congress.1993,1621-1628.
[184]周玉香,蒋万,姚爱兴.不同品种多年生黑麦草种子适时收获期以及生产性能的研究[J].宁夏农学院学报,2000,21(2)：57-61.178
[185]游明鸿,张昌兵,刘金平,等.行距和肥力对川草2号老芒麦生产性能的作用[J].草业科学,2008,25(2)：69-72.
[186]刘文辉,梁国玲,周青平,颜红波.青海扁茎早熟禾种子成熟过程中落粒性与生长生理特性的研究[J].种子,2009,28(6)：18-22.
[2]贺晓.冰草与老芒麦种子生产的研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学博士论文,2004.
[3]Kley G. Seed production in grass and clover species in Europe. In:Schoberlein W and K Forster (eds). Proceedings of the Third International Herbage Seed Conference,J une 1996. Martin-Luther-Universitat,Hall et-Wittenberg, Germany,pp 12-22
[4]李聪,张智山,王晓斌,李维薇等.中国草种子生产现状及需求分析调研报告[C].2006中国草业发展论坛论文集,78-84.
[5]韩建国.牧草种子学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社.2000.
[6]韩建国.美国的牧草种子生产[J].世界农业,1999(4)：43-45
[7]韩建国.欧盟的牧草种子生产[J].世界农业,1997(4)：38-39
[8]韩建国.加拿大的牧草种子生产[J].世界农业,1997(4)：37-39
[9]毛培胜,韩建国.牧草种子生产技术[M].北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2003：1-11.
[10]苏加楷.关于发展我国牧草种子业的几点建议[J].草业科学,1990,7(2)：68-69.
[11]Humphreys L.R., Riveros F.. Tropical pasture seed production[M].FAO, Plant Production and Protection Paper, No.8 Rome,1986,90-91.
[12]Hampton J.D., Hebblethwaite P.D.. Yield components of the perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) seed crop [J]. Journal of Applied Seed Production,1983,23-25.
[13]Hebblethwaite P.D., Hampton J.G., Melaren J.S.. The chemical control of growth, development and yield of Lolium Perenne growth for seed. In: Melaren J.S.(ed.) Chemical Manipulation of Crop Growth and Development. Butterworths. London.1981,505-523.
[14]Langer R.H.M.. Growth of the grass plant in relation to seed production. In:Laneashire J.A.(ed.) Herbage Seed Production. Grassland Research and Practice Series No.1, New Zealand Grassland Association, Palmerston North,1980,6-11.
[15]鄢燕.黑麦草种子生产技术研究及种子质量综合评价[D].雅安：四川农业大学硕士论文,2003.
[16]韩建国,李敏,李枫.牧草种子生产中的潜在种子产量与实际种子产量[J].国外畜牧学—草原与牧草,1996,(1)：7-11.
[17]Hare M.D.. Seed production in tall feseue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb). Unpublished PhD thesis, 1992, Massey University.
[18]Allison K.J., Ashton D.B., Dabryshire S.J.. Identification of fiorets of meadow brome(Bromus riparius)and smooth brome(Bromus inemris)[J].Seed Sci. and Technol.,2001,29:99-108.
[19]张锦华,李青丰,李显利。旱作老芒麦种子产量构成因子的研究[J],中国草地,2000(6),34-37
[20]贾鲜艳,斯琴高娃,王月琴。老芒麦种子产量影响因子分析[J]。内蒙古草业,2004(2),52-53.
[21]Al-Noaim A. R., Koriem Y. S. Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on alfalfa seed yield and two related traits[J]. Journal of King Saudi University, Agricultural Sciences,1992,4(2):247-257.
[22]Askarian M. Hampron J. G., Hill M. J.. Effect of row spacing and sowing rate on seed production of luceme cv. Grassland Oranda[J].New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1995,38(2):289-295.
[23]张巨明,王锁民.行距及施肥量对兰引3号结缕草种子产量的影响[J].草业学报,1997,6(3)：46-50.
[24]梁小玉,张新全,陈元江等.不同行距对宝兴鸭茅种子生产性能的影响[J].四川畜牧兽医,2005,50-52.
[25]张众,云锦凤,逯晓萍等.不同播种因素对蒙古冰草种子产量和品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2006,21(6)：95-99.
[26]郭树栋,徐有学,赵殿智等.垂穗披碱草种子田最佳播种量和行距的试验初报[J].青海草业,2003,12(4)：6-8.
[27]李美华.不同播量、行距和追肥量对内农1号苏丹草生产性能的影响[D].内蒙古：内蒙古农业大学,2008.
[28]曾琨.长江2号多花黑麦草种子生产技术研究及PP333对种子产量和质量的影响[D].四川：四川农业大学,2007.
[29]丁成龙,顾洪如,冯成玉等.播种期和播种量对多花黑麦草种子生产性能的影响[J].中国草地学报,2007,7：56-60.
[30]黎与,汪新川.多叶老芒麦种子田最佳播种量和行距的试验初报[J].草业与畜牧,子力学2007,145(12)：11-12.
[31]叶川,余喜初,吴水助等.播种期和播种量对百喜草种子产量的影响[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(8)：41-43.
[32]罗天琼,陈瑞祥,莫本田等.黔草2号苇状羊茅种子丰产栽培技术[J].贵州农业科学,2006,34(4)：86-89.
[33]梁小玉,张新全等.不同播量对宝兴鸭茅种子生产性能的影响[J].草业科学,2006,58-60.
[34]姚爱兴,邵生荣,刘彩霞等.播种量和施肥量对草坪型草地早熟禾种子生产特性的影响[J].宁夏农学院学报,2001,22(3)：30-33.
[35]Hebblethwaite P.D.. Irrigation and nitrogen studies in s23 ryegrass grown for seed 1.Gorwth, development seed yield components and seed yield[J]. Jounral of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 1977,88:605-614.
[36]Kroth E., Mattas R., Meinke L. et al.. Maximizing production potential of tall fescue [J].Agronomy Journal,1977,69:319-322.
[37]Mejier W.M.. Vreeke s.. Nitrogen fertilization of grass seed crops as related to soil mineral nitrogen[J]. Netherlnads Journal of Agricultural Science,1988,36,375-385.
[38]Thompson D.J., Clark K.W.. Influence of nitrogen fertilization and mechanical stubble removal on seed production of Kentucky bluegrass in Manitoba[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1989, 63:939-943.
[39]YoungⅢ W.C., Chilcote D.O., Youngberg H.W.. Seed yield response of Perennial rysgrass to spring applied nitrogen at different rates of paclobutrazol[J].Journal of Applied Seed Production, 1995,13:10-15.
[40]Watson C.E., Watson J.V.H.. Nitrogen and date of defoliation effects on seed yield and seed quality of tall fescue[J]. Agronomy Journal,1982,74:891-893.
[41]高朋,李聪,陈本建,等.施氮对老芒麦种子产量及其构成因子和种子活力的影响[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2010,42(2)：126-131.
[42]梁小玉,张新全,张锦华.不同施氮量和时间对鸭茅生产利用的影响[J].草原与草坪,2004,105(2)：8-12.
[43]Nordestgaard A.. The effects of quantity of nitrogen, date of application and the influence of autumn treatment of the seed yield of grass, In:Hebblethwaite,.PD.(ed.)Seed Production, Proc. Easter School in Agric. Sci.28th. Univ. of Nottingham, Butterworths, London,1980,105-119.
[44]Salas M. L., Hickman M. V., Huber D. M, et al..Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition on the growth of giant foxtail(Setaria faberi)[J]. Weed Science,1997,45(5):664-669.
[45]Dang Tinghui, Hao Mingde. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer under different moisture conditions and soil nitrogen adjustment in the loess highland [J]. Scientica Agricultra Sinica,2000,33(4):62-67.
[46]YounglllIII W.C.. Festuca arundinacea schreb (tall fescue) in the USA, In:Fairoy, D. T. and Hampton J. G. (eds), Forage Seed Production, volume 1:Temperate species, University Press, Cambridge,1997,287-296.
[47]Faireyn A. Effects of method,rate and time of application of nitrogen fertilizer on seed production of tall fescu. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1998,78:453-458.
[48]Youngberg H.W.. Techniques of seed production in Oregon[D], In: Hebblethwaite.PD. (ed.)Seed Production, Pore. Easter Sehool in Agric. Sci.28th. Univ. f Nottingham, Butterworths, London, 1980,203-213.
[49]Steenhuizen J.W., Wander J. G. N., Ehlert P. A. I, et al.. Response of grass seed crops to soil P level and phosphate fertilization[J].Verslag-Proefstation voor de Akkerbouw en de Groenteteelt in de Vollegrond,1995,187:91.Read,1998
[50]Read J. C, Hipo B. W.. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer requirements of tall fescue grown on Black prairie soils[J].J.of Plant Nutrition,1998,21(11):2329-2334.
[51]Brown K.R.. Recent grass seed production studies in Canterbury, In: Lancashire, J.A.(ed.) Herbage Seed Production[M]. Res.&Praet. Ser. No.l: N.Z. Gasrsl. Assoc., Palmerston North,1980. 12-14.
[52]Janovszky J. Effects of production factors on quality and quantity of seed yield of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb)[J]. Horticultural Science,1996,28(3/4):77-81.
[53]赵俊权,李淑安.氮磷钾对非洲狗尾草及纳罗克种子产量和干物质的影响[J].草业学报,1991,8(2)：64-68.
[54]黄中清.氮,磷,钾肥不同组合对草产量及品质的影响[J].中国草地,1989(2)：44-46.
[55]李志华,聂朝相,陈宝书.氮磷钾肥单施与混施对燕麦生产性能的影响[J].草业科学,1994,11(4)：24-26.
[56]徐智明,周青平,刘云芬等.平衡施肥对老龄多叶老芒麦种子产量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004(6)：639-643.
[57]邵生荣,姚爱兴,刘彩霞.不同行距及播种量对宁农苏丹草种子生产性能的影响[J].中国草地,1997.(2)：12-15.
[58]贺晓,李青丰,陆海平.四种微量元素对老芒麦种子发育过程中水分、粉及蛋白质代谢的影响[J].草业学报,2005(6)：100-105.
[59]师桂花,贺晓,李青丰.施肥对老芒麦种子活力—耐贮性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2006(2)：23-27.
[60]章崇玲,梁祖绎.多花黑麦草生育特性和种子生产性能研究[J].草业科学,1997,14(3)：40-45.
[61]Rolston M.P., Rowarth K.R., Hare M.D., et al. Grass seed production: weeds, herbicides and fertilizers. In:Hare M.D. and Bocrk J.L.(ed.) Producing Herbage Seeds. New Zealand Grassland Association[J], Palmerston North,1985,15-22.
[62]Bean E.W.. Clonal evaluation for increased seed production in two species of forage grasses. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. And Phleumpratense L.Euphytica.1972,21:377-383.
[63]Nordestgaard A.. Investigations on the interaction between level of nitrogen application in the autumn and time of nitrogen application in the spring various grasses[J], Journal of Applied Seed Production,1986,4:16-25.
[64]房丽宁,韩建国,王培等.施氮和生长调节剂对高羊茅种子产量的影响[J],草地学报,20008(3)：164-170.
[65]马春晖,韩建国,张玲等.施氮肥对高羊茅种子质量和产量组成的影响[J].草业学报,2003,12(6)：74-78.
[66]徐荣.施氮及灌溉对草坪型高羊茅种子产量和质量的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学硕士论文.2001.
[67]房丽宁,韩建国,王培等.氮肥(?)植物生长调节剂和环境因素对无芒雀麦种子生产的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4)：231-47.
[68]毛培胜.牧草种子生理及成熟度、施肥对种子产量和质量的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学,2000.
[69]William C., Young Ⅲ, Harold W., et al. Spring nitrogen rate and timing influence on seed yield components of Perennial ryegrass[J]. Agron. J., 1996,88:947-951.
[70]潘多锋,张月学,申忠宝,等.施肥期对4种禾本科牧草生长特性及种子产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(5)：97-99.
[71]Hare M.D., Rolston M.P.. Nitrogen effects on tall fescue seed production[J]. Journal of Applied Seed Production,1990,8:28-32.
[72]Rowarth J.S., Archie W.J.. Reproductive initiation, closing dates, nitrogen requirements and harvesting of smooth brome cv. Grasslands TiKi. Proceedings of the XⅦ International Grassland Congress,1993,1674-1675.
[73]Boonman J. G.. Experimental studies on seed production of tropical grasses in Kenya.3.The effect of nitrogen and row width on seed crops of Setaria Sphacelata CV. Nandi[J]. Ⅱ.Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 1972,204-222.
[74]Chdahokar P.A., Humpherys L. R.. Influence on time and level of urea application on seed production of paspalum plicatulum at Mt, Cotton, southeastern ueensland[J].Aust, JexP. Agric. Anim. Husb.1973,13,42-45.
[75]May K..W., Willms W.D., Stout D.G., et al. Seed yield of three Bromus species native to Western Canada [J].Can. J. Plant Sci.,1999,79:551-555.
[76]Hampton J.G.. Advance in research and technology of seed [A]. In:Herbage Seed Production, 1988,11:1425.
[77]王佺珍.水肥耦合对6种禾本科牧草种子产量和生产性能的效应[D].北京：中国农业大学博十论文,2005.
[78]Jiminez M.A., Cadena M.A.,Castrellon M.J.. Seed yield and quality of orchard grass at five levels added nitrogen[C], Summaries of Proceedings of XⅦ International Grasslands,1993.
[79]孙铁军,韩建国,赵守强,等.施肥对扁穗冰草种子产量及其组成因素的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2005,10(3)：15-20.
[80]孙铁军.施肥对禾本科牧草种子产量形成及种子发育过程中生理生化特性的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学博十论文,2004.
[81]Cookson W.R., Rowarth J.S., Cameron K.C.. The response of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop to nitrogen fertilizer application in the absence of moisture stress[J].Grass and Forage Science,2000,55:3144325.
[82]刘玲珑,吴彦奇.狗牙根种质资源及抗寒性研究进展[J].中国草地,2000,6：45-50,59.
[83]Fryer J D and Evans S A. Weed control handbook[M]. Vol.1:Principles. British Corp Protection Council, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London,1968(5):21-22.
[84]王春生,沈运河.除草微肥施用效果试验初报[J].安徽农业科学,1998,26(2)：159-160.
[85]Klein I. M., Hamond J. F.. Seed moisture-A harvest timing index for maximum yield. Transactions of the AS AE,1971,9.
[86]Grade D.F.. Maturity in smooth bromegrass[J]. Agronomy Journal.1956,48:253-256.
[87]Hill M. J., Watkin B. R.. Seed production studies on perennial ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass[J]. Journal of the British Grassland Society,1975,30:63-71.
[88]Hebblethwaite P. D., Ahamed M.H... Optimum time of combine harvesting for amenity grasses grown for seed[J]. J. of the British Grassland Society,1978,33:35-40.
[89]Pegler A.D.. Harvest ripeness in grass seed crops[J]. Journal of the British Grassland Society,1976, 31:7-13.
[90]王立群,杨静,石凤翎.多年生禾本科牧草种子脱落机理及适宜收获期的研究[J].中国草地,1996,3：7-16.
[91]徐荣,韩建国.草坪型高羊茅种子成熟过程中活力变化及适宜收获期研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(7)：834-839.
[92]Hampton J. G.. Temperate herbage seed production:An overview[J]. Supplement to Journal of Applied Seed Production.1991b:9:1-13.
[93]Desai B.B., Kotecha P. M., Salunkhe D. K.. Grass and forage Legumes[M]. In: Seed production, 1997,423-470.
[94]石凤翎.缘毛雀麦适时采种期的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1996,17(4)：54-57.
[95]毛培胜,韩建国,吴喜才.收获时间对老芒麦种子产量的影响[J].草地学报,2003,11(1)：33-37.
[96]乔安海,韩建国等.垂穗披碱草种子成熟过程中活力变化及适宜收获期研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(22)：11847-11850.
[97]张瑞博,雷国平,王建丽,等.施肥期和收获期对扁穗冰草种子产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2010(9)：163-165.
[98]Copeland P.J., Crookston R.K.. Visible indicators of physiological maturity in barley[J].Crop Science,1985,25:8434-847.
[99]Hill M.J.1971, A study of seed production in Perennial ryegrass, timothy and prairie grass[D]. Ph. D. Thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.1971.
[100]王建丽,中忠宝,邸桂俐,等.施肥期和收获期对垂穗鹅观草种子产量影响的研究[J].作物杂志,2009,4：57-59.
[101]Stoddart J.L.. Biochemical aspects of seed ripening in grasses[J].J. Natn. Inst. Agric. Bot.,1968, 370-377.
[102]Crookston R.K.,Hill D.S.. Avisual indicator of the physiological maturity of soybean seed[J].Crop Science,1978,18:867-870.
[103]石海春,柯永培,傅体华,等.不同成熟度玉米种子活力的差异性研究[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(3)：269-271.
[104]Clarke J.M.. Time of physiological maturity and post-physiological maturity during rates in wheat[J].Crop Science,1983,23:1203-1205.
[105]Tekrony D.M., Egli d.B., Balles J., et al. Physiological maturity in soybean [J]. Agron. J.,1979, 71:771-775.
[106]Eastin J.D., Hultquist J.H., Sullivan C.Y.. Physiological maturity in grain sorghum [J]. Crop Science,1973.13:175-177.
[107]Hyde E.O., Mcleavey M. A., Harris G.S.. Seed development in ryegrass and in red and white clover [J]. N. Z. J. Agric. Res.1959,2:947-952.
[108]陈志宏,韩建国,秦歌菊等.冰草种子发育过程中活力变化的研究[J].草业学报,2004,13(2)：94-98.
[109]韩建国,马春晖,孙铁军.禾本科牧草种子生产技术的研究,草业科学(增刊)[J],2004,199-205
[110]毛培胜.高羊茅种子发育生理及产量的变化[D].北京：中国农业大学硕十毕业论文,1997.
[111]Hampton J.G.. Herbage seed lot vigour:Do problems start with seed production[J]. J. Appl. Seed Produ.,1991a,9:87-93.
[112]戴日春.种子活力测定的生理前景[J].种子,1986,4：68-87.
[113]Andersen S., Andersen K.. The relationship between seed maturation and seed yield in grasses. In: Hebblathwaite. PD. ed. Seed Production,1980,151-172.
[114]周朋,龙云程,唐敏,等.杂交玉米种子成熟度与种子活力的关系研究[J].杂粮作物,2009,29(5)：332-333.
[115]徐是雄,唐锡华,傅家瑞,等著.种子生理的研究进展[M].广州：中山大学出版社,1987,33-61.
[116]傅家瑞.种子的活力及其生理生化基础[J].种子,1984,3：1-6.
[117]Ching T.M.. The Physiology and biochemistry of seed development, dormancy and germination (ed.Khan A.A.)[A]. In: The Netherlnads:Elsvier Biomedical Perss[C].1982.
[118]蒋文兰,潘元吉.磷肥和行距对两种草坪草种子产量和质量的影响[J].1995,草业科学,3：30-32.
[119]Agrawal P. K., Surinder K.. Changes in water, dry matter, starch and sugar in developing wheat seed and their relation to maturity [J]. Seed Sci.& Technoi.,1977,5:479-488.
[120]毛培胜,韩建国,王培等.无芒雀麦种子发育过程中的生理生化变化[J].中国草地,200b1,23(1)：26-31.
[121]张艳红.偃麦草属植物发育特性的研究[D].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[122]毛培胜,韩建国,宋锦峰,等.高羊茅种子发育过程中的生理生化变化[J].草地学报,1997b,5(1)：1-7.
[123]马春晖,程军,韩建国,等.新疆高羊茅种子发育生理生化的动态研究[J].草业学报,2002,11(4)：76-80.
[124]郑光华,史忠礼,赵同芳等著.实用种子生理学[M].北京：农业出版社,1990,18-62.
[125]Tahir I., Farooq S.. Accumulation of nitrogen and carbohydrate reserves in grains of four buckwheats(Fagopyrum sPP.) during development[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,1989, 16(1):57-61.
[126]Perry D.A.. The concept of seed vigour and its relevance to seed production techniques. In: Hebblethwaite. PD. ed[M]. Seed Production,1980,585-591.
[127]毛培胜,韩建国,王颖,等.施肥处理对老芒麦种子质量和产量的影响[J].草业科学,2001a,4：7-12.
[128]马春晖,韩建国,张玲,等.施氮肥对高羊茅种子质量和产量组成的影响[J].草业学报,2003,12(6)：74-78.
[129]陈默君,贾慎修主编.中国饲用植物[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002：121-122.
[130]陈宝书.牧草饲草作物栽培学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2001：351-352.
[131]盘朝邦.老芒麦品系几种经济性状的遗传参数分析[J].中国草地,1989(3)：47-50.
[132]熊潮慧,马啸,白史且等.老芒麦野生种质的形态和农艺性状多样性研究[J].草业与畜牧,2010,178(9)：10-14.
[133]马玉宝,徐柱,李临杭,等.旱作条件下野生老芒麦适应性及生产性能的研究[J].草业与畜牧,2008(5)
[134]祁娟,徐柱,王海清等.披碱草与老芒麦苗期抗旱性综合评价[J].草地学报,2009,17(1)：36-42.
[135]陈功,贺兰芳.高寒地区两种老芒麦生态适应性和生产性能评价[J].草业科学,2004(9),39-42.
[136]韩德梁,徐智明,艾琳,等.磷肥和钾肥对老龄多叶老芒麦牧草生物量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(6).
[137]王皓,李子忠.农牧交错带老芒麦的优化灌溉及对产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12)：12,6-11.
[138]鄢家俊,白史且,张昌兵等.青藏高原野生老芒麦种质牧草生产性能多样性评价[J].湖北农业科学,2010,49(4)：2193-2198.
[139]刘文辉,周青平,颜红波等。高寒地区施肥对短芒老芒麦草产量和种子产量的影响[J].草地学报,2007(2)：193-195.
[140]王岩春,干友民,邱英等.高寒地区老芒麦川草2号的光合生理特性[J].江苏农业科学,2007(6)：211-213,235
[141]王岩春,干友民,陈立坤等.高寒地区川草1号老芒麦夏季光合生理特性的初步研究[J].草业科学,2007(11)：42-45
[142]黄顶,李子忠,樊奋成.日光辐射对老芒麦再生草光合特性的影响[J].草地学报,2003,11(4)：338-342
[143]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原老芒麦种质基于SRAP标记的遗传多样性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(1)：173-183.
[144]袁庆华,张吉宇,张文淑,等.披碱草和老芒麦野生居群生物多样性研究[J].草业科学,2003(5),44-49
[145]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原老芒麦种质基于SRAP标记的遗传多样性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(1)：173-183.
[146]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原东南缘老芒麦自然居群遗传多样性的SRAP和SSR分析[J].草业学报,2010,19(4)
[147]鄢家俊,白史且,张新全等.青藏高原野生老芒麦种质醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析[J].农业生物技术学报,2009,
[148]马啸,陈仕勇,张新全等.老芒麦种质的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究[J].草业学报,2009,18(3)：59-66.
[149]鄢家俊,白史且,常丹等.青藏高原老芒麦种质遗传多样性的SSR分析[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(9)：26-33.
[150]张锦华,李青丰,李显利。氮、磷肥对旱作老芒麦种子生产性能作用的研究,中国草地,2001(2),38-41
[151]贺晓,李青丰,陆海平.老芒麦花序分化过程的观察[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2004(4),26-29
[152]贺晓,李青丰.4种微量元素对老芒麦种子质量的影响[J].草业学报,2007,16(3)：88-92.151
[153]王元富,杨智永,盘朝邦.川草2号老芒麦选育报告[J].四川草原,1995,1：19-24.
[154]李才旺,柏正强.适合川西北牧区推广种植的优良牧草新品种川草一号二号老芒麦[J].四川草原,1998(4)：24
[155]Askarian M., Hampton J.G, Hill M J. Effect of row space and sowing rate on seed production of Lucerne [J]. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1995,38(2):289-295.
[156]Zhang Z., Yun J. F., Wen C.,Cui A. J.. Effect of different plant density on seed yield of Mongolia wheatgrass. Multifunctional Grasslands in a Changing World, Volume Ⅱ,2008,618
[157]内蒙古农业大学.牧草饲料作物种子学实验实习指导书[M].生态环境学院草业科学,22-26.
[158]张志良,翟伟箐.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003,127-128.
[159]Bessey O A. A method for the rapid determination of phosphatase with five cubic millimeters of serum [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1964,164:321-329.
[160]毛培胜,韩建国,王颖等.施肥处理对老芒麦种子质量和产量的影响[J].草业科学,2001(4)：7-13.
[161]李小坤,鲁剑巍,陈防.牧草施肥研究进展[J].草业学报,2008,17(2)：136-142.
[162]Sarandon S J, Gianibelli M C. Effect of foliar urea spraying and nitrogen application at sowing upon dry matter and nitrogen distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1990,10:183-189.
[163]Vasilas B L, Legg J O, Wolf D C. Foliar fertilization of soybeans: absorption and translocation of 15N-labelled urea[J].Agronomy Journal,1980,72:271-275.
[164]尹呈孚.化学除草剂安全使用原理[J].安徽农学通报,2005,(04)：94.
[165]唐韵.除草剂的结构类型与靶标类型[J].农药市场信息,2005,17：15-17.
[166]李燕婷,李秀英,肖艳,等.叶面肥的营养机理及应用研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(1)：162-172.
[167]沈其荣,徐国华.小麦和玉米叶面标记尿素态15N的吸收和运输[J].土壤学报,2001,38(1)：67-74.
[168]王林,刘景辉,李立军,等.除草剂在农牧交错区保护性耕作燕麦田间应用效果的研究[J].作物杂志,2009,4：76-79.
[169]韩晓莉.75%苯磺隆干悬浮剂对冬小麦田一年生阔叶杂草防除药效试验[J].现代农业科技,2008,(7)：67-68.70.
[170]鄢家俊,白史且,马啸.川西北高原野生老芒麦居群穗部部多样性研究[J].草业学报,2007,16(6)：99-106.
[171]Loeppkyha. Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskstchewan[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1999,79:265-271.
[172]刘金平,游明鸿,毛凯,等.钾肥对假俭草草坪种群形成的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2004,13(4)：24-27.
[173]Lamb P. F.. Kentucky bluegrass seed and vegetative responses to residue management and fall nitrogen [J]. Crop Science,1999,39:1416-1423.
[174]Williama Y. Spring applied nitrogen and productivity of cool season grass seed crops[J]. Agro. J., 1999,91:339-343.
[175]古巧珍,杨学云,孙本华,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对土壤的培肥效果[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(4)：418-421.
[176]龙忠富,莫本田,罗京焰,等.贵草1号多花黑麦草种子丰产栽培技术[J].贵州农业科学,2009,37(2)：101-103.
[177]刘金平、张新全、游明鸿,等.扁穗牛鞭草克隆单株地上空间拓展能力与拓展效益多样性研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007(6)：12-17
[178]Hare M.D Autumn establishment of three New Zealand cultivers of tall fescue for seed Production. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1994 (37):11-17.
[179]Hare M.D., Brown K.R.,Archie W.J., et al.. Sowing method. Growth production of regulators and time of nitrogen effects on seed production of spring sown prairie grass [J]. Journal of Applied Seed Production,1988(6),46-54.
[180]Green W. Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen rates on Newsletter,1993,10:5-6.
[181]Loeppky H.A., Horton P.R.,Bittman S.,et al.. Forage seed yield response to N and P fertilizers and soil nutrients in northeastern Saskatchewan [J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1999,79: 265-271.
[182]李正民,舒惠玲,曹景勤.毛花雀稗增施磷肥效果实验[J].草业科学,1996,13(6)：39-41.
[183]Lorenzentti F. Achieving potential herbage seed yields in species of temperate regions [J]. Proceeding of the x VII International Grassland Congress.1993,1621-1628.
[184]周玉香,蒋万,姚爱兴.不同品种多年生黑麦草种子适时收获期以及生产性能的研究[J].宁夏农学院学报,2000,21(2)：57-61.178
[185]游明鸿,张昌兵,刘金平,等.行距和肥力对川草2号老芒麦生产性能的作用[J].草业科学,2008,25(2)：69-72.
[186]刘文辉,梁国玲,周青平,颜红波.青海扁茎早熟禾种子成熟过程中落粒性与生长生理特性的研究[J].种子,2009,28(6)：18-22.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |