大庆油田气体钻井关键技术研究
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摘要
近年来,大庆油田勘探的工作重点已由中浅层石油转向深层天然气。随着油田天然气勘探的逐步深入,对钻井工艺技术的要求也在不断地提高。由于大庆油田深层具有地温梯度高、岩石硬度高、研磨性强等特点,目前大庆深井钻井技术与国内外先进水平相比,仍存在一定的差距。为有利于发现和保护储层,提高深井钻井速度,大庆油田先后开展了欠平衡钻井技术、复合钻井技术等研究,虽然提高了深井钻井速度,但还不能完全满足高温地层、致密岩性、低渗储层天然气勘探的需要。深层天然气要实现规模勘探,不仅需要大幅度提高钻井速度,缩短勘探周期,更需要及时发现和保护储层,降低勘探成本。气体钻井是一种负压钻井方式,提高钻井速度4-8倍,有利于及时发现和有效保护储层及提高天然气采收率和单井产量,特别对坚硬地层、致密储层的天然气勘探有着重要的意义。因此,气体钻井技术的研究与应用是大庆油田加快深层天然气勘探步伐,提高深层天然气勘探效益的理想技术手段。
气体钻井技术是一种革命性的钻井技术,目前气体钻井技术在国内外已经得到了广泛的应用。本文在借鉴国内外气体钻井研究成果的基础上,对大庆油田气体钻井的气体钻井参数方法、气体钻井井斜控制技术、气体钻井地层出水判断方法及反向承压封堵水层等六项关键技术进行了研究,形成了大庆油田气体钻井的系统理论方法与配套技术,对大庆油田更推广推广气体钻井技术,有效缩短钻井周期,降低钻井成本,提高勘探成功率具有重要的意义。通过全面系统的研究及应用,论文得出以下主要结论：
1)通过对大庆油田深井钻井速度现状的分析以及气体钻井技术优势的阐述,气体钻井技术是提高大庆深层钻井速度最有效的手段。而且应用最小动能法和最小速度法,根据常用井身结构、地层可钻性、井眼稳定性、出水层位等综合分析,确定了大庆油田气体钻井推荐使用满眼钻具组合和钻进参数；
2)通过气体钻井与常规钻井的井斜情况的对比分析,明确了影响气体钻井井斜的主要因素和井斜机理。由于气体钻井没有压持作用,岩石受力发生变化,钻头吃入岩石的破碎力就大大减小,破碎的体积也明显增大,钻头沿着破碎坑钻进,从而更易引起井斜。即气体钻井改变了井底岩石的应力状态,放大了地层各向异性指数,从而使地层自然造斜力增大,这是造成气体钻井容易井斜,且井斜后不易控制的根本原因。
3)应用渗流力学理论,给出了地层出水量计算公式,并确定了井底压差的求解方法。通过计算分析,给出了大庆油田各区块气体钻井适应性评价结果,为大庆油田今后气体钻井技术的进一步应用提供了理论依据。
4)本文首次提出反向承压封堵水层的观点,并进行了室内实验研究工作。物理模拟实验表明,选用丙烯酰胺单体聚合体系做为冻胶封隔器配方,选用过硫酸铵-硫酸亚铁的氧化还原体系做为液体冻胶封隔器破胶剂,采用微胶囊缓释法进行破胶,只要液体冻胶封隔器的达到高度要求,就能有效封堵水层。
In recent years, the focus of the oil exploration has shifted from the middle/shallow layer to deep natural gas exploration. With the thorough development of oil and gas exploration, higher drilling technology is requested. In deep formations of Daqing oilfield, it has high geothermal gradient, high degree of hardness and abrasivity. Compared daqing deep well drilling technology with the international advanced level, there is great gap between them. In order to discover and protect reservoirs, improve penetration rate of drilling deep wells, Daqing oilfield has successively carried out researched on underbalanced drilling technology, combined drilling technology etc, although it had increased deep well drilling speed, they can not fully meet the requirements of the natural gas exploration of high temperature layer, compact rock formation and low permeability reservoirs. To realize exploration of deep natural gas, it need to largely enhance the drilling speed, shorten the drilling time, discover and protect reservoirs without delay and decrease the drilling cost. Gas drilling is a kind of underbalanced drilling, it can increase the drilling speed by 4-8 times and can be beneficial to discover and protect reservoirs timely and improve ROP, and it is of great significance especially for competent formation and compact reservoir. So the study and appliance on gas drilling is an ideal technology to speed up the pace of exploration of deep natural gas and increase exploration and development benefit.
Gas drilling is a revolutionary technology and has been applied widely in domestic and abroad. On the basis of what has already been achieved in this field, this paper studied six key technologies such as the gas drilling parameter, deviation control, judgment method of formation water and blockage of water influx to wellbore etc, and formed a system theory and matching technology for gas drilling of Daqing oilfield. It is of great significance to expand the use of gas drilling, effectively reduce drilling cycle, reduce the drilling cost and raise the successful probability of exploration of Daqing oilfield. Through research and application, the paper gets some main conclusions as follows.
1) By analyzing present situation on penetration rate of drilling deep wells in Daqing Oilfield and elaborating on the advantages of gas drilling, gas drilling has been the most effective method to improve drilling efficiency in deep formation. By using the method of minimum speed and minimum kinetic energy, a set of reasonable drilling parameters and full-size bottom hole assembly(BHA) are determined according to the comprehensive analyze about well structure, formation drill ability, hole stability and water exit.
2) By a comparison with hole deviation of gas drilling and conventional drilling, influencing factors and the mechanism of well deviation in gas drilling are clarified. Owing to the existence of negative pressure, force conditions of the wellbole are changed. The force to break the rock decrease and fragmentation volume increase significantly. The bit drill along the craters, hole deviation is easy to take place. Gas drilling change the stress state of bottom hole rock, anisotropy index of formation is magnified, so that the formation natural deviation force increase. This is the root cause of well deviation and uncontrollable during gas drilling.
3) On the basis of seepage mechanics, the computation formula of formation water yield and the solving method of differential pressure are presented. Through computing and analyzing, evaluation results of gas drilling adaptability in Daqing oilfield are provided. The results provide theoretical base for the further application of gas drilling in Daqing oilfield.
4) This article firstly indicates the water shutoff method with bearing oppositely, and a series of laboratory experiments are performed. Physical simulation experiment show that acrylamide gel is adapt to gel packer formulation, oxides of Ammonium sulfate and Ferrous sulfate are adapt to gel breaker for the gel plug and slow releasing of capsules is used to break. As long as the fluid gel packer can meet the requirements, water yield formations can be blocked effectively during air drilling.
气体钻井技术是一种革命性的钻井技术,目前气体钻井技术在国内外已经得到了广泛的应用。本文在借鉴国内外气体钻井研究成果的基础上,对大庆油田气体钻井的气体钻井参数方法、气体钻井井斜控制技术、气体钻井地层出水判断方法及反向承压封堵水层等六项关键技术进行了研究,形成了大庆油田气体钻井的系统理论方法与配套技术,对大庆油田更推广推广气体钻井技术,有效缩短钻井周期,降低钻井成本,提高勘探成功率具有重要的意义。通过全面系统的研究及应用,论文得出以下主要结论：
1)通过对大庆油田深井钻井速度现状的分析以及气体钻井技术优势的阐述,气体钻井技术是提高大庆深层钻井速度最有效的手段。而且应用最小动能法和最小速度法,根据常用井身结构、地层可钻性、井眼稳定性、出水层位等综合分析,确定了大庆油田气体钻井推荐使用满眼钻具组合和钻进参数；
2)通过气体钻井与常规钻井的井斜情况的对比分析,明确了影响气体钻井井斜的主要因素和井斜机理。由于气体钻井没有压持作用,岩石受力发生变化,钻头吃入岩石的破碎力就大大减小,破碎的体积也明显增大,钻头沿着破碎坑钻进,从而更易引起井斜。即气体钻井改变了井底岩石的应力状态,放大了地层各向异性指数,从而使地层自然造斜力增大,这是造成气体钻井容易井斜,且井斜后不易控制的根本原因。
3)应用渗流力学理论,给出了地层出水量计算公式,并确定了井底压差的求解方法。通过计算分析,给出了大庆油田各区块气体钻井适应性评价结果,为大庆油田今后气体钻井技术的进一步应用提供了理论依据。
4)本文首次提出反向承压封堵水层的观点,并进行了室内实验研究工作。物理模拟实验表明,选用丙烯酰胺单体聚合体系做为冻胶封隔器配方,选用过硫酸铵-硫酸亚铁的氧化还原体系做为液体冻胶封隔器破胶剂,采用微胶囊缓释法进行破胶,只要液体冻胶封隔器的达到高度要求,就能有效封堵水层。
In recent years, the focus of the oil exploration has shifted from the middle/shallow layer to deep natural gas exploration. With the thorough development of oil and gas exploration, higher drilling technology is requested. In deep formations of Daqing oilfield, it has high geothermal gradient, high degree of hardness and abrasivity. Compared daqing deep well drilling technology with the international advanced level, there is great gap between them. In order to discover and protect reservoirs, improve penetration rate of drilling deep wells, Daqing oilfield has successively carried out researched on underbalanced drilling technology, combined drilling technology etc, although it had increased deep well drilling speed, they can not fully meet the requirements of the natural gas exploration of high temperature layer, compact rock formation and low permeability reservoirs. To realize exploration of deep natural gas, it need to largely enhance the drilling speed, shorten the drilling time, discover and protect reservoirs without delay and decrease the drilling cost. Gas drilling is a kind of underbalanced drilling, it can increase the drilling speed by 4-8 times and can be beneficial to discover and protect reservoirs timely and improve ROP, and it is of great significance especially for competent formation and compact reservoir. So the study and appliance on gas drilling is an ideal technology to speed up the pace of exploration of deep natural gas and increase exploration and development benefit.
Gas drilling is a revolutionary technology and has been applied widely in domestic and abroad. On the basis of what has already been achieved in this field, this paper studied six key technologies such as the gas drilling parameter, deviation control, judgment method of formation water and blockage of water influx to wellbore etc, and formed a system theory and matching technology for gas drilling of Daqing oilfield. It is of great significance to expand the use of gas drilling, effectively reduce drilling cycle, reduce the drilling cost and raise the successful probability of exploration of Daqing oilfield. Through research and application, the paper gets some main conclusions as follows.
1) By analyzing present situation on penetration rate of drilling deep wells in Daqing Oilfield and elaborating on the advantages of gas drilling, gas drilling has been the most effective method to improve drilling efficiency in deep formation. By using the method of minimum speed and minimum kinetic energy, a set of reasonable drilling parameters and full-size bottom hole assembly(BHA) are determined according to the comprehensive analyze about well structure, formation drill ability, hole stability and water exit.
2) By a comparison with hole deviation of gas drilling and conventional drilling, influencing factors and the mechanism of well deviation in gas drilling are clarified. Owing to the existence of negative pressure, force conditions of the wellbole are changed. The force to break the rock decrease and fragmentation volume increase significantly. The bit drill along the craters, hole deviation is easy to take place. Gas drilling change the stress state of bottom hole rock, anisotropy index of formation is magnified, so that the formation natural deviation force increase. This is the root cause of well deviation and uncontrollable during gas drilling.
3) On the basis of seepage mechanics, the computation formula of formation water yield and the solving method of differential pressure are presented. Through computing and analyzing, evaluation results of gas drilling adaptability in Daqing oilfield are provided. The results provide theoretical base for the further application of gas drilling in Daqing oilfield.
4) This article firstly indicates the water shutoff method with bearing oppositely, and a series of laboratory experiments are performed. Physical simulation experiment show that acrylamide gel is adapt to gel packer formulation, oxides of Ammonium sulfate and Ferrous sulfate are adapt to gel breaker for the gel plug and slow releasing of capsules is used to break. As long as the fluid gel packer can meet the requirements, water yield formations can be blocked effectively during air drilling.
引文
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