济阳坳陷古近系—新近系地层油藏形成机制与分布规律
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摘要
济阳坳陷古近系-新近系发育过程中,形成了多个规模不等的不整合,为地层油藏的发育提供了有利条件。近些年,济阳坳陷相继发现了多个古近系-新近系地层油藏,探明储量呈明显上升趋势,充分展示了该类油藏具有较大的勘探潜力。但勘探实践也表明,目前对不整合输导与遮挡性能、地层油藏油气运聚过程与成藏模式、地层油藏分布规律等认识程度还很低,这些认识上的不足在较大程度上制约着地层油藏的深化勘探。
本文基于区内大量探井与地震资料分析、典型地区油藏解剖,分析了古近系-新近系不整合样式结构特征及其在油气成藏中的作用,研究了古近系-新近系地层油藏形成过程与成藏模式,总结了盆缘地层油藏分布规律,探索建立了地层油藏含油高度量化预测模型,研究成果有效指导了地层油藏的勘探实践。
研究表明,济阳坳陷古近系-新近系不整合宏观样式有四种,分别为削超、削平、平超、平行。其中,削超样式主要分布在凹陷边坡地区,平行样式主要分布在凹陷内部,其它类型样式分布局限。垂向上发育三层结构,即不整合顶板岩石、风化粘土层和半风化岩石,风化粘土层缺失时成为二层结构,部分半风化岩石顶部因后期完全充填而形成一层致密“硬壳”。不整合结构层在岩石学、矿物学、元素地球化学、风化程度指标上呈现出不同特征。以岩心分析为约束,应用有序数列最优分割与主成分分析方法,建立了不整合结构测井量化判识图版,实现了无岩心情况下的不整合结构识别。不整合结构的形成与原岩岩性、间断时期、古地形、保存条件等因素密切相关,上述多种因素在盆地发育过程中的相互耦合,控制着不整合结构层的空间展布。
不整合宏观样式与垂向结构是决定不整合在油气成藏中遮挡、储集、控圈或输导作用的关键。其中,遮挡作用主要取决于不整合结构层中的风化粘土层、半风化岩石“硬壳”、顶板正常沉积的泥岩,当上述结构层存在时,不整合起遮挡作用,不整合面上、下油气运聚相对独立。储集作用主要取决于不整合结构层中的渗透性岩石,类型主要有不整合顶板砂砾岩、半风化砂岩、半风化碳酸盐岩、半风化火成岩以及半风化变质岩。控圈作用与不整合宏观样式以及不整合面上下渗透性、非渗透性结构层的对接方式密切相关。其中,地层超覆圈闭形成于削超样式、平超样式的不整合中,不整合面上、下为渗透性结构层、非渗透性结构层对接;不整合遮挡圈闭则主要形成于削超样式、削平样式的不整合中,不整合面上、下为非渗透性结构层、渗透性结构层对接。输导作用取决于不整合结构中渗透层及其顶部非渗透层的横向连续性。由于陆相断陷盆地以砂泥岩互层为主,泥岩层风化后物性改善不大,不利于油气沿不整合长距离横向输导,而只在局部地区起横向或垂向输导作用。
古近系-新近系地层圈闭圈源距离较远,油气运聚过程复杂,其成藏过程可概括为:它源供油,复式输导,晚期充注,压-浮转换驱动,非渗透不整合结构层遮挡。盆缘地层油藏具有不整合样式结构控制地层圈闭类型及分布、源岩供烃能力控制油气分布范围及规模、正向构造背景控制油气富集区的分布规律。在有输导体系存在的条件下,地层油藏含油高度受控于四大因素,即烃源岩排烃量、运移距离、输导层倾角、输导层毛细管阻力。在单因素分析基础上,通过多元回归,建立了地层油藏含油高度预测模型。基于地层油藏分布规律认识与油藏含油高度预测模型,确定出了6个地层油藏有利目标区,预计储量规模超过1.5×108t。
课题研究与实践紧密结合。2006-2009年,以研究成果及认识为指导,部署探井31口,成功17口,累计探明储量2362×104t,预测储量3684×104t,勘探效果显著。
During Paleogene - Neogene period, multiple scale unconformities had been formed in Jiyang depression, which provided favorable conditions for stratigraphic reservoirs. In recent years, various Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression have been found, and proved reserves were rising significantly, which fully showed a great exploration potential for this kind of reservoirs. But the practice of exploration in recent years indicated that the unconformities carrier system and its ability of sealing, petroleum migration and its accumulation model, distribution of stratigraphic reservoirs are uncertain, which deeply restrict the exploration degree of stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression.
Based on the analysis of a large number of exploration wells and seismic data for typical reservoirs, the paper analyses unconformities construct and its effect to generation in the Paleogene– Neogene, and summarize the distribution pattern of stratigraphic reservoirs based on petroleum mechanism and accumulation model. Finally, a highly quantitative prediction modelof height of pools in stratigraphic reservoirs was established, the research results effectively guided the exploration practice of stratigraphic reservoir.
There are four macro unconformity types of Paleogene- Neogene formation which including truncation-overlap, truncation-parallel, parallel-overlap and paralel unconformity in Jiyang depression. Besides truncation-overlap unconformity lies in slopes of depression, and parallel unconformity developed inside of depression, another two types lie in local areas. Unconformity can be developed vertically three–layer structure which including unconformity roof rock, weathered clay layer and semi-weathered rock. It also can be two-layer structure if without weathered clay layer. And part of semi-weather rock can be form a hard shell accuse of its filling process during the later stage. Geological characteristic of the structure layer of unconformity is different in lithology, mineralogy, element geochemistry and weather degree index. Based on optimal partition of sequential number and principal component analysis, logging quantification recognition method about unconformity structure layers was established, on which effective identification of unconformity structure layers can bu achieved in the case of no rock core. The formation of various unconformity structure types is related to many factors such as, parent rock lithology, interval of deposition hiatus, palaeotopography, and preservation conditions, which are together to control spatial distributions of unconformity structure types.
Macro styles and its vertical structure of unconformity can be effected as a blocking, reservoir, trap or carrier system. Blocking affection to fluid depends on weathered clay layer, hard shell of semi-weathered rock and mudstone. So petroleum migration and accumulation units is relatively independence above and below unconformity if structure layers mentioned above existed. Reservoir affection is due to permeable rock, including roof sandstone, semi-weathered sandstone, semi-weathered carbonate rock, semi-weathered igneous rock and semi-weathered metamorphic. Trap-controlling affection related to macro unconformity type and its juxtapose to permeability and impermeability rock above and below unconformity. It is easy to develop stratigraphy traps where the permeability and impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-overlap unconformity, where up permeability and down impermeability in parallel-overlap unconformity, and down permeability and up impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-parallel. Transporting affection is owing to lateral continuity of permeable rock of unconformity. In a terrestrial rift basin, petroleum migration in transverse or vertical short distance in local area ,and is not conducive to petroleum long distance along unconformity,because interbedding pattern of mudstone and sandstone is dominated, and its physical property of mudstone improved poorly.
Because of the long distance from resource to trap, migration and accumulation procese is very complicated.Accumulation process of Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic traps can be summarized as following: allochthonous source rock, compound transportation,later period charging, buoyancy and pressure conversion driving for accumulation ,and blocking by non-permeable layer of unconformity. Trap types and its distribution are controlled by unconformity structure styles.Petroleum distribution and its scale are controlled by generating ability of source rock. Petroleum accumulation area is decided by positive tectonic units. If carrier system existed, oil column of stratigraphic reservoirs is effected by four main factors which including generation expulsion quantity, migrating distance, dip angle and capillary resistance of carrier layer. Based on the analysis of single factor, the prediction model of height of oil columu through multi-factor regressions was established. Based on the model, the paper definited 6 favorable areas, which reserves in these areas exceed 1.5×10~8t.
Research results of the paper combined closely with exploration practice, and according to previous research results, 31 exploration wells had been drilled, which of them 17 wells were successfully from 2006 to 2009. There is accumulation proved reserves was up to 2362×10~4t. and predict reserves was to 3684×10~4t.
本文基于区内大量探井与地震资料分析、典型地区油藏解剖,分析了古近系-新近系不整合样式结构特征及其在油气成藏中的作用,研究了古近系-新近系地层油藏形成过程与成藏模式,总结了盆缘地层油藏分布规律,探索建立了地层油藏含油高度量化预测模型,研究成果有效指导了地层油藏的勘探实践。
研究表明,济阳坳陷古近系-新近系不整合宏观样式有四种,分别为削超、削平、平超、平行。其中,削超样式主要分布在凹陷边坡地区,平行样式主要分布在凹陷内部,其它类型样式分布局限。垂向上发育三层结构,即不整合顶板岩石、风化粘土层和半风化岩石,风化粘土层缺失时成为二层结构,部分半风化岩石顶部因后期完全充填而形成一层致密“硬壳”。不整合结构层在岩石学、矿物学、元素地球化学、风化程度指标上呈现出不同特征。以岩心分析为约束,应用有序数列最优分割与主成分分析方法,建立了不整合结构测井量化判识图版,实现了无岩心情况下的不整合结构识别。不整合结构的形成与原岩岩性、间断时期、古地形、保存条件等因素密切相关,上述多种因素在盆地发育过程中的相互耦合,控制着不整合结构层的空间展布。
不整合宏观样式与垂向结构是决定不整合在油气成藏中遮挡、储集、控圈或输导作用的关键。其中,遮挡作用主要取决于不整合结构层中的风化粘土层、半风化岩石“硬壳”、顶板正常沉积的泥岩,当上述结构层存在时,不整合起遮挡作用,不整合面上、下油气运聚相对独立。储集作用主要取决于不整合结构层中的渗透性岩石,类型主要有不整合顶板砂砾岩、半风化砂岩、半风化碳酸盐岩、半风化火成岩以及半风化变质岩。控圈作用与不整合宏观样式以及不整合面上下渗透性、非渗透性结构层的对接方式密切相关。其中,地层超覆圈闭形成于削超样式、平超样式的不整合中,不整合面上、下为渗透性结构层、非渗透性结构层对接;不整合遮挡圈闭则主要形成于削超样式、削平样式的不整合中,不整合面上、下为非渗透性结构层、渗透性结构层对接。输导作用取决于不整合结构中渗透层及其顶部非渗透层的横向连续性。由于陆相断陷盆地以砂泥岩互层为主,泥岩层风化后物性改善不大,不利于油气沿不整合长距离横向输导,而只在局部地区起横向或垂向输导作用。
古近系-新近系地层圈闭圈源距离较远,油气运聚过程复杂,其成藏过程可概括为:它源供油,复式输导,晚期充注,压-浮转换驱动,非渗透不整合结构层遮挡。盆缘地层油藏具有不整合样式结构控制地层圈闭类型及分布、源岩供烃能力控制油气分布范围及规模、正向构造背景控制油气富集区的分布规律。在有输导体系存在的条件下,地层油藏含油高度受控于四大因素,即烃源岩排烃量、运移距离、输导层倾角、输导层毛细管阻力。在单因素分析基础上,通过多元回归,建立了地层油藏含油高度预测模型。基于地层油藏分布规律认识与油藏含油高度预测模型,确定出了6个地层油藏有利目标区,预计储量规模超过1.5×108t。
课题研究与实践紧密结合。2006-2009年,以研究成果及认识为指导,部署探井31口,成功17口,累计探明储量2362×104t,预测储量3684×104t,勘探效果显著。
During Paleogene - Neogene period, multiple scale unconformities had been formed in Jiyang depression, which provided favorable conditions for stratigraphic reservoirs. In recent years, various Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression have been found, and proved reserves were rising significantly, which fully showed a great exploration potential for this kind of reservoirs. But the practice of exploration in recent years indicated that the unconformities carrier system and its ability of sealing, petroleum migration and its accumulation model, distribution of stratigraphic reservoirs are uncertain, which deeply restrict the exploration degree of stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression.
Based on the analysis of a large number of exploration wells and seismic data for typical reservoirs, the paper analyses unconformities construct and its effect to generation in the Paleogene– Neogene, and summarize the distribution pattern of stratigraphic reservoirs based on petroleum mechanism and accumulation model. Finally, a highly quantitative prediction modelof height of pools in stratigraphic reservoirs was established, the research results effectively guided the exploration practice of stratigraphic reservoir.
There are four macro unconformity types of Paleogene- Neogene formation which including truncation-overlap, truncation-parallel, parallel-overlap and paralel unconformity in Jiyang depression. Besides truncation-overlap unconformity lies in slopes of depression, and parallel unconformity developed inside of depression, another two types lie in local areas. Unconformity can be developed vertically three–layer structure which including unconformity roof rock, weathered clay layer and semi-weathered rock. It also can be two-layer structure if without weathered clay layer. And part of semi-weather rock can be form a hard shell accuse of its filling process during the later stage. Geological characteristic of the structure layer of unconformity is different in lithology, mineralogy, element geochemistry and weather degree index. Based on optimal partition of sequential number and principal component analysis, logging quantification recognition method about unconformity structure layers was established, on which effective identification of unconformity structure layers can bu achieved in the case of no rock core. The formation of various unconformity structure types is related to many factors such as, parent rock lithology, interval of deposition hiatus, palaeotopography, and preservation conditions, which are together to control spatial distributions of unconformity structure types.
Macro styles and its vertical structure of unconformity can be effected as a blocking, reservoir, trap or carrier system. Blocking affection to fluid depends on weathered clay layer, hard shell of semi-weathered rock and mudstone. So petroleum migration and accumulation units is relatively independence above and below unconformity if structure layers mentioned above existed. Reservoir affection is due to permeable rock, including roof sandstone, semi-weathered sandstone, semi-weathered carbonate rock, semi-weathered igneous rock and semi-weathered metamorphic. Trap-controlling affection related to macro unconformity type and its juxtapose to permeability and impermeability rock above and below unconformity. It is easy to develop stratigraphy traps where the permeability and impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-overlap unconformity, where up permeability and down impermeability in parallel-overlap unconformity, and down permeability and up impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-parallel. Transporting affection is owing to lateral continuity of permeable rock of unconformity. In a terrestrial rift basin, petroleum migration in transverse or vertical short distance in local area ,and is not conducive to petroleum long distance along unconformity,because interbedding pattern of mudstone and sandstone is dominated, and its physical property of mudstone improved poorly.
Because of the long distance from resource to trap, migration and accumulation procese is very complicated.Accumulation process of Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic traps can be summarized as following: allochthonous source rock, compound transportation,later period charging, buoyancy and pressure conversion driving for accumulation ,and blocking by non-permeable layer of unconformity. Trap types and its distribution are controlled by unconformity structure styles.Petroleum distribution and its scale are controlled by generating ability of source rock. Petroleum accumulation area is decided by positive tectonic units. If carrier system existed, oil column of stratigraphic reservoirs is effected by four main factors which including generation expulsion quantity, migrating distance, dip angle and capillary resistance of carrier layer. Based on the analysis of single factor, the prediction model of height of oil columu through multi-factor regressions was established. Based on the model, the paper definited 6 favorable areas, which reserves in these areas exceed 1.5×10~8t.
Research results of the paper combined closely with exploration practice, and according to previous research results, 31 exploration wells had been drilled, which of them 17 wells were successfully from 2006 to 2009. There is accumulation proved reserves was up to 2362×10~4t. and predict reserves was to 3684×10~4t.
引文
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