森林游憩区游憩冲击感知与游客体验之间的关系研究
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摘要
国内外户外游憩发展的大量事实证明,不仅游憩活动对游憩区的自然生态环境、社会环境等方面产生深刻的负面影响,而且这种负面影响也会反作用于游客本身,影响游客的游憩体验。游憩活动对环境的负面影响已引起学术界的广泛重视,但是关于这种负面影响对游客体验的反作用却未得到充分关注,缺乏探讨。本研究通过对大众旅游区——张家界国家森林公园的实证分析,结合生态学、社会学、环境心理学等学科理论与研究方法,运用因素分析、聚类分析、相关分析、逐步回归分析、路径分析等数理统计方法,定量研究了游客游憩动机、环境态度对游客的游憩冲击感知的影响,游客的游憩冲击感知强度及其与游憩动机、游憩期望等因子之间的相互作用对游客总体满意度的影响,并探讨了游客游憩冲击感知与游憩冲击的实际强度之间的差异。主要研究结论如下：
(1)游憩冲击感知的类型与强度因游客的游憩动机、环境意识水平的不同而有显著差异：以回归自然为主导动机的“回归自然者”对“资源冲击”的感知强度显著高于主导动机为其他类型的游客；环境意识水平较高的游客对人为破坏环境的行为与迹象更为敏感。
(2)游憩冲击感知与总体满意度之间呈负相关关系；游憩冲击感知通过直接或间接的途径降低总体游憩体验。研究发现：①游憩冲击感知会降低总体满意度,但是游憩冲击感知对总体满意度的预测能力并不高,其对旺季与平季游客总体满意度变化的解释率分别为11.5%、6.7%,同时说明了影响总体满意度因子的多样性与复杂性；②一些游憩冲击感知虽然不直接降低总体满意度,但是它们将通过相应的满意度维度间接降低总体满意度；③游憩动机与“社会性冲击”感知之间存在着交互作用影响总体满意度,两者的交互作用可以解释旺季游客总体满意度变化的10.5%。④游憩冲击感知还可能充当其他因子对总体满意度作用的中间变量。
‘(3)通常,游客并不能准确评价客观环境因子受冲击的强度。游客对地表植被冲击、土壤冲击的感受性较低,低于实际冲击强度；而对于明显是由游客的不“规范”行为引起的非正式游道与垃圾两个冲击因子较为敏感。
(4)旺季与平季游客在游憩冲击感知类型与强度上具有显著差异。①旺季游客对所有游憩冲击因子的感知强度均显著高于平季的游客。对于植被、土壤、非正式游道因子,即使是实际受冲击强度相同,但是处于高利用水平之下的游客感知强度要高于处于低利用水平之下的游客感知强度。这与高利用水平带来的拥挤使游客产生了负面情绪效应有关。②旺季游客更倾向于注意由游客、管理者或其他人为导致的冲击,而不是对植被、土壤、水体等的资源冲击；在平季,由于利用水平较低,社会性冲突减少,游客更为关注“资源冲击”。
(5)游客对可能采取的旨在保护资源与提高游憩体验的刚性与柔性管理措施表示强烈支持。基于研究结果,本文提出了高利用水平下的户外游憩冲击管理模式,可为我国的森林游憩区管理借鉴。
Lots of facts in outdoor recreation development at home and abroad proved that, not only recreation activities adversely impacted on natural and social environment,but also the impacts have an negative impact on visitors'experience.The negative impact of recreation activities on environment has drew much attention of researchers, however, few researchers pay attention to the reaction of the recreation impact on the visitors' experience. Based on visitor surveys to China's first national forest park--Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, this dissertation focuses on the effect of recreation impact perception on visitors'experience integrating ecology, sociology and environmental psychology by factor analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, path analysis,ect, and finds that:
1.Type and intensity of visitors'Recreation impact perception are different based on visitors' recreation motivations and level of environmental concern.Perception to resource impact of visitors whose motivation is 'Return to Nature'is higher than others;Visitors of a higher-level environmental concern are more sensitive to vaderlism.
2.Recreation impact perception has a negative relationship with overall satisfaction; recreation impact perception can affect overall recreation experience directly or indirectly.The study find that:(1) Recreation impact perception have an adverse effect on overall satisfaction,but it have a very limited predicting capability to overall satisfaction.It can explain 11.5%,6.7% of the on-season and average season visitor's overall satisfaction variance.That indicate the diversity and complication of factors influenced overall satisfaction. (2)Although perception to some type of recreation impact have no direct effect on overall satisfaction,but they will have indirect effect on it via the according satisfaction dimension; (3)Interaction between receation motivation and'social impact' perception can explain 10.% of the variance of on-season visitors'overall satisfaction.(4)Recreation impact perception may act as a mediation factor between other factors,such as recreation expectation and overall satisfaction.
3.Generally,visitors can't assess the impacted intensity of environmental factors corectly.Visitors are less sensitive to impact of vegetation and soil,their assessment is higher than the actual impact intensity;however,they are more sensitive to the informal trails and litters which are evidently caused by visitors' behavior against to norm.
4.Type and intensity of recreation impact perception is significantly different between on-season visitors and average season visitors. (1)Differences on recreation impact type:perception of all recreation impact of on-season visitors are higher than that of average season visitors.As to vegetation, soil and informal trails,even if the actual impacted intensity of on-season is the same as that of average season,while the perception of on-season visitors is much higher than that of average season visitors.This phenomena may be caused by the negative emotion aroused by crowding in a high use level recreation environment. (2)Perception to managerial impact of on-season and average season are the highest of all type of recreation impact.But visitors of on-season tend to be more concern about impact caused by visitors,managers or other anthropologic impact,while neglect resource impact,such as vegetation,soil and water impact.Visitors of average season are relatively more concern about resource impact,because social conflicts decrease in a low use level recreation environment.
5.Visitors are strongly support to the hard and soft potentional management actions.Based on the results,this dissertation put forward an integrated recreation impact management pattern in high use level environment.Hopefully,it will be helpful to managers of China's forest recreation areas.
(1)游憩冲击感知的类型与强度因游客的游憩动机、环境意识水平的不同而有显著差异：以回归自然为主导动机的“回归自然者”对“资源冲击”的感知强度显著高于主导动机为其他类型的游客；环境意识水平较高的游客对人为破坏环境的行为与迹象更为敏感。
(2)游憩冲击感知与总体满意度之间呈负相关关系；游憩冲击感知通过直接或间接的途径降低总体游憩体验。研究发现：①游憩冲击感知会降低总体满意度,但是游憩冲击感知对总体满意度的预测能力并不高,其对旺季与平季游客总体满意度变化的解释率分别为11.5%、6.7%,同时说明了影响总体满意度因子的多样性与复杂性；②一些游憩冲击感知虽然不直接降低总体满意度,但是它们将通过相应的满意度维度间接降低总体满意度；③游憩动机与“社会性冲击”感知之间存在着交互作用影响总体满意度,两者的交互作用可以解释旺季游客总体满意度变化的10.5%。④游憩冲击感知还可能充当其他因子对总体满意度作用的中间变量。
‘(3)通常,游客并不能准确评价客观环境因子受冲击的强度。游客对地表植被冲击、土壤冲击的感受性较低,低于实际冲击强度；而对于明显是由游客的不“规范”行为引起的非正式游道与垃圾两个冲击因子较为敏感。
(4)旺季与平季游客在游憩冲击感知类型与强度上具有显著差异。①旺季游客对所有游憩冲击因子的感知强度均显著高于平季的游客。对于植被、土壤、非正式游道因子,即使是实际受冲击强度相同,但是处于高利用水平之下的游客感知强度要高于处于低利用水平之下的游客感知强度。这与高利用水平带来的拥挤使游客产生了负面情绪效应有关。②旺季游客更倾向于注意由游客、管理者或其他人为导致的冲击,而不是对植被、土壤、水体等的资源冲击；在平季,由于利用水平较低,社会性冲突减少,游客更为关注“资源冲击”。
(5)游客对可能采取的旨在保护资源与提高游憩体验的刚性与柔性管理措施表示强烈支持。基于研究结果,本文提出了高利用水平下的户外游憩冲击管理模式,可为我国的森林游憩区管理借鉴。
Lots of facts in outdoor recreation development at home and abroad proved that, not only recreation activities adversely impacted on natural and social environment,but also the impacts have an negative impact on visitors'experience.The negative impact of recreation activities on environment has drew much attention of researchers, however, few researchers pay attention to the reaction of the recreation impact on the visitors' experience. Based on visitor surveys to China's first national forest park--Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, this dissertation focuses on the effect of recreation impact perception on visitors'experience integrating ecology, sociology and environmental psychology by factor analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, path analysis,ect, and finds that:
1.Type and intensity of visitors'Recreation impact perception are different based on visitors' recreation motivations and level of environmental concern.Perception to resource impact of visitors whose motivation is 'Return to Nature'is higher than others;Visitors of a higher-level environmental concern are more sensitive to vaderlism.
2.Recreation impact perception has a negative relationship with overall satisfaction; recreation impact perception can affect overall recreation experience directly or indirectly.The study find that:(1) Recreation impact perception have an adverse effect on overall satisfaction,but it have a very limited predicting capability to overall satisfaction.It can explain 11.5%,6.7% of the on-season and average season visitor's overall satisfaction variance.That indicate the diversity and complication of factors influenced overall satisfaction. (2)Although perception to some type of recreation impact have no direct effect on overall satisfaction,but they will have indirect effect on it via the according satisfaction dimension; (3)Interaction between receation motivation and'social impact' perception can explain 10.% of the variance of on-season visitors'overall satisfaction.(4)Recreation impact perception may act as a mediation factor between other factors,such as recreation expectation and overall satisfaction.
3.Generally,visitors can't assess the impacted intensity of environmental factors corectly.Visitors are less sensitive to impact of vegetation and soil,their assessment is higher than the actual impact intensity;however,they are more sensitive to the informal trails and litters which are evidently caused by visitors' behavior against to norm.
4.Type and intensity of recreation impact perception is significantly different between on-season visitors and average season visitors. (1)Differences on recreation impact type:perception of all recreation impact of on-season visitors are higher than that of average season visitors.As to vegetation, soil and informal trails,even if the actual impacted intensity of on-season is the same as that of average season,while the perception of on-season visitors is much higher than that of average season visitors.This phenomena may be caused by the negative emotion aroused by crowding in a high use level recreation environment. (2)Perception to managerial impact of on-season and average season are the highest of all type of recreation impact.But visitors of on-season tend to be more concern about impact caused by visitors,managers or other anthropologic impact,while neglect resource impact,such as vegetation,soil and water impact.Visitors of average season are relatively more concern about resource impact,because social conflicts decrease in a low use level recreation environment.
5.Visitors are strongly support to the hard and soft potentional management actions.Based on the results,this dissertation put forward an integrated recreation impact management pattern in high use level environment.Hopefully,it will be helpful to managers of China's forest recreation areas.
引文
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