大功率注入式有源电力滤波器的理论研究及工程应用
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摘要
世界范围内电力市场改革的目标在于提高电力生产与运行的效率,提供更加完善的电力系统辅助服务,用以提高电力系统的安全与稳定,加强电力系统的可靠性,并保证较高的电能质量。但随着大量新型电力电子设备投入电网中实用,一方面给电能的变换和应用带来了方便,另一方面又给电力系统带来了较严重的电能质量问题,如谐波污染、无功问题、电压波动及不平衡等。无源滤波器(Passive Filter,简称PF)作为传统的谐波治理手段,由于存在只能滤除特定次谐波和可能与电网发生串并联谐振等缺点,将逐步被新型装置所取代。有源电力滤波器(Active Power Filter,简称APF)被公认为是治理电网谐波及无功污染、改善电能质量最有效的手段,现已成为电力电子技术应用中一个比较新的研究热点。本文针对最基础、最实用并且最利于产业化的并联型有源电力滤波器进行了较为系统和深入的理论与应用研究,为其在厂矿企业的实用化奠定了较好的基础。
本文首先根据某厂矿企业的中高压配电网治理谐波的实际情况,综合考虑谐波治理以及无功功率补偿等要求,提出了一种新型大功率单独注入式有源电力滤波器( High-capacity Active Power Filter with Single Injection Circuit,简称HAPFSIC),其注入支路给谐波提供一条低阻抗的通道,阻隔电网电压并能补偿一定的无功,而流过注入支路的基波电流都将流入谐振于基波频率的串联LC网络中,使HAPFSIC的逆变器容量较小兼具一定容量的无功静补能力。在根据HAPFSIC的结构特点,建立了控制系统方程后,依次对其拓扑结构、补偿特性等进行了深入研究和仿真分析,得出该装置有源部分承受的电网基波电压不大,也没有基波电流流入,逆变器容量小,初期投资较小的结论。
准确、实时地检测出电网中瞬态变化的畸变电流,为有源电力滤波器控制系统进行精确补偿提供参考信号,是决定有源电力滤波器补偿性能优劣的关键,本文考虑了实际运行过程中出现的电网电压频率缓慢变化和基波电流发生突变的情况,在兼顾满足有源电力滤波器谐波检测的实时性和准确性要求的前提下,提出了一种基于扩展普罗尼谱估计的自适应频率跟踪电流分频检测算法。这种方法是用具有幅值、相位和频率的N个指数组合来逼近一个等间隔长度为L的采样数据序列,采用自适应调整算法中LMS算法在线优化扩展普罗尼谱估计法中电导矩阵的频率,该算法仅需求解幅值,计算量很小,在一定程度上实现了在小于一个基波周期的时间内跟踪负载的变化。
选择不同的有源滤波器控制方法将直接影响系统的响应速度和谐波治理效果,而HAPFSIC是电力电子开关器件的变流器,是一个天然的变结构系统,采用滑模变结构控制具有非常明显的优势。但传统滑模变结构控制中控制器的结构只在切换曲面两侧变化,不能够无静差地跟踪参考输入信号,因此根据本系统中大多数负载(如整流器、电机、计算机等电气设备)的电流变化缓慢(相对于电网基波周期),并呈现出周期性的特点,本文提出了一种基于重复预测的改进滑模变结构控制算法,它结合滑模变结构控制算法响应速度快和重复控制算法无稳态误差的优点,兼顾了动态性能和控制精度的统一,不会使得电网电流出现明显的高频开关毛刺,非常适合于HAPFSIC的控制,完全能够满足厂矿企业配电网谐波治理应用的要求。
最后本文在理论分析和实践经验的基础上,根据江西某厂有源电力滤波器应用的实例,以系统能量成本和滤波装置投资成本最小化为目的,提出了一套包括HAPFSIC的结构和参数设计方法等内容的谐波抑制方案,可为并联型有源电力滤波器的推广应用提供有益的参考和借鉴。该应用方案对HAPFSIC中主电路各组成部分的参数优化设计、装置的实际工程应用等方面进行了详细论述,并结合计算机仿真实验,证明了HAPFSIC在现场运行的可行性和有效性,并在实地进行了投运,取得了良好的应用效果。
The target of electricity market’s reform around the world is to improve the efficiency of electric power production and operation, provide better auxiliary services, improve security and stability, strengthen the reliability of power systems, as well as ensure better power quality. The application of new power electronic equipment in power grid makes the power transformation and application more convenient; on the other hand, it brings serious power quality problems such as harmonic pollution, reactive power problems, voltage fluctuations, imbalances and etc. As a traditional means of harmonic control, Passive Filter (PF) will be gradually replaced by new devices, due to the disadvantage that it can only filter some specific orders of harmonic and may lead to series-parallel resonant with power grid. Active Power Filter (APF) has been recognized as the most effective means of harmonic control, reactive pollution control and power quality improving. Now it has become a new research focus in application of the power electronics technology. Parallel APF is the most basic, practical and beneficial to industrialization. In this paper, a research on parallel APF is made systematically and deeply both in theory and application, which lays a good foundation for its application in factories and mines.
Based on the actual situation of a high voltage distribution network’s harmonic elimination in factories and mines, as well as general consideration on command of harmonic control and reactive power compensation, a high active power filter with single injection circuit (HAPFSIC) is proposed in this paper. Its injection branch provides a low impedance channel for harmonic which insulates network voltage and compensates certain reactive power. The fundamental currents that flow through the injection branch will flow into the series LC network resonating in fundamental frequency, so that the inverter of HAPFSIC with smaller capacity is needed and it also has certain ability of static reactive compensation. Based on the structural features of HAPFSIC, a control system equation is then set up. Deep research and simulation are made on its topology, compensation and output characteristics. Conclusions are that the active part of device undertakes little grid fundamental voltage, there is no fundamental current flowing, the inverter capacity is small and the initial investment is small.
To detect the distorted current in grid accurately and in real-time, and then to provide reference signal for active power filter control system’s accurate compensation is the key to determine the compensation performance of active power filter. In this paper, problems as slow changes in voltage frequency and fundamental current’s mutation in actual operation are considered. By the premise of meeting the demands of real-time performance and accuracy of active power filter harmonic detection, an adaptive frequency tracking current frequency division detection method based on extended Prony spectrum estimation is proposed. This method uses N index Portfolio combinations with amplitude, phase and frequency to approach a sampling data sequence with equal interval L, and adopts LMS algorithm of adaptive adjustment algorithm to optimize the frequency of conductance matrix in extended Prony spectrum estimation. The method is of low computational complexity with the only need to solve amplitude, and to a certain degree it realizes tracking load change in the time shorter than a fundamental cycle.
The control method of active power filter will directly affect the system’s response speed and harmonic elimination effect, moreover, HAPFSIC is a converter of power electronic switching devices with natural changing structure system, using sliding mode variable structure control has very obvious advantage. But in traditional sliding mode variable structure control, controller’s structure can only switch on both sides of surface, and it can’t track reference input signal without static difference. So according to the characteristics of slow current changing (oppose to power fundamental cycle) and periodicity for a most loads (such as rectifiers, motor, computer and other electrical equipments), this paper proposes an advanced sliding mode variable structure control algorithm based on repetitive control. It combines fast response speed of the sliding mode variable structure control algorithm and non-steady-state error of repetitive control algorithm. It unifies the dynamic performance and the control accuracy, and will not make obvious high-frequency switch burr, thus it is very suitable for HAPFSIC control and can fully meet the requirements of distribution network harmonic elimination in factories and mines.
Finally, on the basis of theory analysis, practical experience and the application of active power filter in some factories in Jiangxi, and in order to minimize the costs of system energy and investment of filter device, a HAPFSIC structure and parameter design method suiting for harmonic suppression are proposed which provide useful references for promotion application of shunt active power filter. It makes a detailed exposition on parameter optimization design, device’s practical engineering application in various components of HAPFSIC’s main circuit. It is combined with computer simulation results, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of HAPFSIC in operation. It has been put into operation in some factories and shows good effect.
本文首先根据某厂矿企业的中高压配电网治理谐波的实际情况,综合考虑谐波治理以及无功功率补偿等要求,提出了一种新型大功率单独注入式有源电力滤波器( High-capacity Active Power Filter with Single Injection Circuit,简称HAPFSIC),其注入支路给谐波提供一条低阻抗的通道,阻隔电网电压并能补偿一定的无功,而流过注入支路的基波电流都将流入谐振于基波频率的串联LC网络中,使HAPFSIC的逆变器容量较小兼具一定容量的无功静补能力。在根据HAPFSIC的结构特点,建立了控制系统方程后,依次对其拓扑结构、补偿特性等进行了深入研究和仿真分析,得出该装置有源部分承受的电网基波电压不大,也没有基波电流流入,逆变器容量小,初期投资较小的结论。
准确、实时地检测出电网中瞬态变化的畸变电流,为有源电力滤波器控制系统进行精确补偿提供参考信号,是决定有源电力滤波器补偿性能优劣的关键,本文考虑了实际运行过程中出现的电网电压频率缓慢变化和基波电流发生突变的情况,在兼顾满足有源电力滤波器谐波检测的实时性和准确性要求的前提下,提出了一种基于扩展普罗尼谱估计的自适应频率跟踪电流分频检测算法。这种方法是用具有幅值、相位和频率的N个指数组合来逼近一个等间隔长度为L的采样数据序列,采用自适应调整算法中LMS算法在线优化扩展普罗尼谱估计法中电导矩阵的频率,该算法仅需求解幅值,计算量很小,在一定程度上实现了在小于一个基波周期的时间内跟踪负载的变化。
选择不同的有源滤波器控制方法将直接影响系统的响应速度和谐波治理效果,而HAPFSIC是电力电子开关器件的变流器,是一个天然的变结构系统,采用滑模变结构控制具有非常明显的优势。但传统滑模变结构控制中控制器的结构只在切换曲面两侧变化,不能够无静差地跟踪参考输入信号,因此根据本系统中大多数负载(如整流器、电机、计算机等电气设备)的电流变化缓慢(相对于电网基波周期),并呈现出周期性的特点,本文提出了一种基于重复预测的改进滑模变结构控制算法,它结合滑模变结构控制算法响应速度快和重复控制算法无稳态误差的优点,兼顾了动态性能和控制精度的统一,不会使得电网电流出现明显的高频开关毛刺,非常适合于HAPFSIC的控制,完全能够满足厂矿企业配电网谐波治理应用的要求。
最后本文在理论分析和实践经验的基础上,根据江西某厂有源电力滤波器应用的实例,以系统能量成本和滤波装置投资成本最小化为目的,提出了一套包括HAPFSIC的结构和参数设计方法等内容的谐波抑制方案,可为并联型有源电力滤波器的推广应用提供有益的参考和借鉴。该应用方案对HAPFSIC中主电路各组成部分的参数优化设计、装置的实际工程应用等方面进行了详细论述,并结合计算机仿真实验,证明了HAPFSIC在现场运行的可行性和有效性,并在实地进行了投运,取得了良好的应用效果。
The target of electricity market’s reform around the world is to improve the efficiency of electric power production and operation, provide better auxiliary services, improve security and stability, strengthen the reliability of power systems, as well as ensure better power quality. The application of new power electronic equipment in power grid makes the power transformation and application more convenient; on the other hand, it brings serious power quality problems such as harmonic pollution, reactive power problems, voltage fluctuations, imbalances and etc. As a traditional means of harmonic control, Passive Filter (PF) will be gradually replaced by new devices, due to the disadvantage that it can only filter some specific orders of harmonic and may lead to series-parallel resonant with power grid. Active Power Filter (APF) has been recognized as the most effective means of harmonic control, reactive pollution control and power quality improving. Now it has become a new research focus in application of the power electronics technology. Parallel APF is the most basic, practical and beneficial to industrialization. In this paper, a research on parallel APF is made systematically and deeply both in theory and application, which lays a good foundation for its application in factories and mines.
Based on the actual situation of a high voltage distribution network’s harmonic elimination in factories and mines, as well as general consideration on command of harmonic control and reactive power compensation, a high active power filter with single injection circuit (HAPFSIC) is proposed in this paper. Its injection branch provides a low impedance channel for harmonic which insulates network voltage and compensates certain reactive power. The fundamental currents that flow through the injection branch will flow into the series LC network resonating in fundamental frequency, so that the inverter of HAPFSIC with smaller capacity is needed and it also has certain ability of static reactive compensation. Based on the structural features of HAPFSIC, a control system equation is then set up. Deep research and simulation are made on its topology, compensation and output characteristics. Conclusions are that the active part of device undertakes little grid fundamental voltage, there is no fundamental current flowing, the inverter capacity is small and the initial investment is small.
To detect the distorted current in grid accurately and in real-time, and then to provide reference signal for active power filter control system’s accurate compensation is the key to determine the compensation performance of active power filter. In this paper, problems as slow changes in voltage frequency and fundamental current’s mutation in actual operation are considered. By the premise of meeting the demands of real-time performance and accuracy of active power filter harmonic detection, an adaptive frequency tracking current frequency division detection method based on extended Prony spectrum estimation is proposed. This method uses N index Portfolio combinations with amplitude, phase and frequency to approach a sampling data sequence with equal interval L, and adopts LMS algorithm of adaptive adjustment algorithm to optimize the frequency of conductance matrix in extended Prony spectrum estimation. The method is of low computational complexity with the only need to solve amplitude, and to a certain degree it realizes tracking load change in the time shorter than a fundamental cycle.
The control method of active power filter will directly affect the system’s response speed and harmonic elimination effect, moreover, HAPFSIC is a converter of power electronic switching devices with natural changing structure system, using sliding mode variable structure control has very obvious advantage. But in traditional sliding mode variable structure control, controller’s structure can only switch on both sides of surface, and it can’t track reference input signal without static difference. So according to the characteristics of slow current changing (oppose to power fundamental cycle) and periodicity for a most loads (such as rectifiers, motor, computer and other electrical equipments), this paper proposes an advanced sliding mode variable structure control algorithm based on repetitive control. It combines fast response speed of the sliding mode variable structure control algorithm and non-steady-state error of repetitive control algorithm. It unifies the dynamic performance and the control accuracy, and will not make obvious high-frequency switch burr, thus it is very suitable for HAPFSIC control and can fully meet the requirements of distribution network harmonic elimination in factories and mines.
Finally, on the basis of theory analysis, practical experience and the application of active power filter in some factories in Jiangxi, and in order to minimize the costs of system energy and investment of filter device, a HAPFSIC structure and parameter design method suiting for harmonic suppression are proposed which provide useful references for promotion application of shunt active power filter. It makes a detailed exposition on parameter optimization design, device’s practical engineering application in various components of HAPFSIC’s main circuit. It is combined with computer simulation results, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of HAPFSIC in operation. It has been put into operation in some factories and shows good effect.
引文
[1]王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.北京:机械工业出版社, 1998
[2] George J.Wakileh.电力系统谐波——基本原理?分析方法和滤波器设计.徐政.第一版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003,37-40
[3]赵贺.电力电子学在电力系统中的应用——灵活交流输电系统.北京:中国电力出版社,2001
[4] Rissik H. The Mercury Arc Current Converter. Pitman,London,1935
[5] Read J C. The Calculation of Rectifier and Converter Performance Characteristics. Journal IEF,1945,92,pt.II:495-590
[6] Kimbark E W. Direct Current Transmission (Vol.Ⅰ). John Wiley & Sons,New York,1971
[7]吴竞昌,孙树勤,宋文南等.电力系统谐波.北京:水利电力出版社, 1988
[8]许克明,徐云,刘付平.电力系统高次谐波.重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1991
[9]张一中,宁元中,宋永华,朱光永.电力谐波.成都:成都科技大学出版社, 1992
[10]夏道止,沈赞埙.高压直流输电系统的谐波分析及滤波.北京:水利电力出版社,1994
[11]林海雪,孙树勤.电力网中的谐波.北京:中国电力出版社,1998
[12]李健生,肖遥.华中500KV系统谐波测试及其结果分析.中国电力1994, 27(1):18-22
[13] Buddingh P .C, Even harmonic resonance–an unusual problems, IEEE Trans, Ind, Applicant, July/Aug . 2003,39(4):1181-1186
[14]鲍敏铎.电力系统谐波及其危害.浙江电力. 1994,16 (4):18-22
[15]汤钰鹏,徐建军.高次谐波产生的原因?危害及其抑制措施.电气传动自动化, 2000,22(1):3-6
[16]田葳,荐志清.有色加工企业谐波的产生与治理.东北电力技术, 1999年第7期:48-51
[17]王兆安.电力电子技术是电能质量控制的重要手段,电力电子技术, 2004,38 (6): 1
[18]朱桂萍,王树民.电能质量控制技术综述,电力系统自动化, 2002, 26(19): 28-31
[1]王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.北京:机械工业出版社, 1998
[2] George J.Wakileh.电力系统谐波——基本原理?分析方法和滤波器设计.徐政.第一版.北京:机械工业出版社,2003,37-40
[3]赵贺.电力电子学在电力系统中的应用——灵活交流输电系统.北京:中国电力出版社,2001
[4] Rissik H. The Mercury Arc Current Converter. Pitman,London,1935
[5] Read J C. The Calculation of Rectifier and Converter Performance Characteristics. Journal IEF,1945,92,pt.II:495-590
[6] Kimbark E W. Direct Current Transmission (Vol.Ⅰ). John Wiley & Sons,New York,1971
[7]吴竞昌,孙树勤,宋文南等.电力系统谐波.北京:水利电力出版社, 1988
[8]许克明,徐云,刘付平.电力系统高次谐波.重庆:重庆大学出版社, 1991
[9]张一中,宁元中,宋永华,朱光永.电力谐波.成都:成都科技大学出版社, 1992
[10]夏道止,沈赞埙.高压直流输电系统的谐波分析及滤波.北京:水利电力出版社,1994
[11]林海雪,孙树勤.电力网中的谐波.北京:中国电力出版社,1998
[12]李健生,肖遥.华中500KV系统谐波测试及其结果分析.中国电力1994, 27(1):18-22
[13] Buddingh P .C, Even harmonic resonance–an unusual problems, IEEE Trans, Ind, Applicant, July/Aug . 2003,39(4):1181-1186
[14]鲍敏铎.电力系统谐波及其危害.浙江电力. 1994,16 (4):18-22
[15]汤钰鹏,徐建军.高次谐波产生的原因?危害及其抑制措施.电气传动自动化, 2000,22(1):3-6
[16]田葳,荐志清.有色加工企业谐波的产生与治理.东北电力技术, 1999年第7期:48-51
[17]王兆安.电力电子技术是电能质量控制的重要手段,电力电子技术, 2004,38 (6): 1
[18]朱桂萍,王树民.电能质量控制技术综述,电力系统自动化, 2002, 26(19): 28-31Regional Meeting of South-East Asia and Western Pacific,Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,Oct 4-8,1993:227-241
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[43]姚为正,王群,刘进军,王兆安.串联型有源电力滤波器控制方式的研究.电工技术学报, 1999.12:47-51
[44]姚为正,王群,刘进军,王兆安.采用复合控制方式的串联型电力有源滤波器.电工电能新技术. 1999年第3期:18-22
[45]叶忠明,董伯藩,钱照明.串联有源电力滤波器的控制策略.浙江大学学报(自然科学版), Vol.32 No.4, 1998.7:437-444
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