声光可调谐滤波器的研究
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摘要
可调谐滤波器是波分复用系统WDM（Wavelength Division Multiplexing）中不可缺少的分光元件。集成光学声光可调谐滤波器（AOTF）的调谐范围大，调谐方便，它的滤出带宽和插入损耗能很好地满足WDM系统的需要。特别是，它具有多态WDM开关的功能，这是其他类型的滤波器无法实现、无可替代的。因此，集成光学声光可调谐的波长滤波器已成为波分复用系统中波长选择滤波器的最佳选择。但实际商用的器件要求AOTF的工作不依赖于偏振，要求AOTF的滤出波形的侧瓣小（减小串音），而且对AOTF滤出带宽的要求也极为严格。虽然已制成的单级依赖于偏振的共线型器件在各项指标上都达到了国际先进水平，但还不足以用，所以开展了进一步的研究来改善AOTF的性能。本文的主要内容就是这些研究的主要成果。
论文的第一章介绍了指向耦合器型模分离器（TE－TM Mode Splitter）的基本原理，制作了实际的器件，从而解决了AOTF对入射光的偏振依赖性问题；在第二章中，我们用准共线型声光耦合的作用方式代替了原来的共线型声光作用方式，从而有效地压制了侧瓣，这部分的工作也已经顺利完成；我们在第三章中介绍了反射镜技术，以及如何利用反射镜将单级的AOTF连接起来，这有效的解决了传统的多级串联带来的几何尺寸过大的问题。在论文的最后一章，利用了声光可调谐滤波器的性能稳定性对外界环境温度变化特别敏感这一特点，制成了基于集成光学声光可调谐滤波器的温度传感器和近红外光谱仪。
Tunable Wavelength Filter is a required component in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) System. Integrated Acousto-optic tunable filter has the characteristics of easily tuning and wide tunable range, besides, its filtering bandwidth and insert wastage can meet the needs of system very well. What’s more, integrated optical filter has the function of Multi-state WDM Switch that was not occupied by other filters. So, Integrated Acousto-optic Tunable Filter has become the most appropriate wavelength filter in WDM system. But factually used AOTF in business requires that the apparatus is not polarization relied, and has low sidelobes. Besides, it must have a very narrow filtering bandwidth rigidly. Although the developed apparatus has reached a relatively high level in some index even in the world, it can’t be used in business. So further researches must be carried out. What the thesis contents is the result of these researches.
In the first chapter of the thesis, we researched on the TE/TM mode splitter, introduced the basic principle of the directional coupler typed mode splitter, and made factual apparatus which help us solve the problem of AOTF’s relying on polarization of incident light; In the second chapter, we substituted quasi-collinear type of acousto-optic interaction for the forgoing collinear one and then suppress sidelobes effectively. The work has been done successfully; In the following chapter, we introduced reflector technology and method to connect single-grade AOTF. The achievement effectively help us solve the problem of too big geometry brought by traditional connective technology; At last, we made use of the high sensitivity of AOTF’s characteristic stability due to the change of outer temperature, and successfully developed Acousto-optic Tunable Filter based temperature sensor and Acousto-optic Tunable Filter based spectrometer.
论文的第一章介绍了指向耦合器型模分离器（TE－TM Mode Splitter）的基本原理，制作了实际的器件，从而解决了AOTF对入射光的偏振依赖性问题；在第二章中，我们用准共线型声光耦合的作用方式代替了原来的共线型声光作用方式，从而有效地压制了侧瓣，这部分的工作也已经顺利完成；我们在第三章中介绍了反射镜技术，以及如何利用反射镜将单级的AOTF连接起来，这有效的解决了传统的多级串联带来的几何尺寸过大的问题。在论文的最后一章，利用了声光可调谐滤波器的性能稳定性对外界环境温度变化特别敏感这一特点，制成了基于集成光学声光可调谐滤波器的温度传感器和近红外光谱仪。
Tunable Wavelength Filter is a required component in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) System. Integrated Acousto-optic tunable filter has the characteristics of easily tuning and wide tunable range, besides, its filtering bandwidth and insert wastage can meet the needs of system very well. What’s more, integrated optical filter has the function of Multi-state WDM Switch that was not occupied by other filters. So, Integrated Acousto-optic Tunable Filter has become the most appropriate wavelength filter in WDM system. But factually used AOTF in business requires that the apparatus is not polarization relied, and has low sidelobes. Besides, it must have a very narrow filtering bandwidth rigidly. Although the developed apparatus has reached a relatively high level in some index even in the world, it can’t be used in business. So further researches must be carried out. What the thesis contents is the result of these researches.
In the first chapter of the thesis, we researched on the TE/TM mode splitter, introduced the basic principle of the directional coupler typed mode splitter, and made factual apparatus which help us solve the problem of AOTF’s relying on polarization of incident light; In the second chapter, we substituted quasi-collinear type of acousto-optic interaction for the forgoing collinear one and then suppress sidelobes effectively. The work has been done successfully; In the following chapter, we introduced reflector technology and method to connect single-grade AOTF. The achievement effectively help us solve the problem of too big geometry brought by traditional connective technology; At last, we made use of the high sensitivity of AOTF’s characteristic stability due to the change of outer temperature, and successfully developed Acousto-optic Tunable Filter based temperature sensor and Acousto-optic Tunable Filter based spectrometer.
引文
[1] 陈益新，集成光学三十年，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1999
[2] 王红，光无源器件技术发展综述，光通信技术，2001，25（3），193~195
[3] 林学煌，光无源器件，北京：人民邮电出版社，1998
[4] J. R. Dutton, Understanding Optical Communications, Australia: IBM, 1998
[5] 于荣金，集成光学的进展与现状，高速摄影与光子学，1990，19（2），97~102
[6] M.Papuchon, A. Roy and D.B.Ostrowsky, “Electrical active optical bifurcation: BOA”, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol 31, pp266-267
[7] A. Neyer, “Integrated optical multichannel wavelength multiplexer for monomode systems”, Eledtron. Lett., vol 20, pp 744-746 , 1984
[8] D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides , Academic, New York, 1974
[9] D.Yap, L.M.Johnson, and G.W.Pratt, “Passive Ti:LiNbO3 channel waveguide TE-TM mode splitter”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol 44, pp583-585, 1984
[10] A. Neyer, “Low-crosstalk passive polarization splitters using Ti:LINbO3 waveguide crossings”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol 55, pp 927-929 , 1989
[11]Amalia N.Miliou, Ramakant Srivastava, Ramu V.Ramaswamy, “A 1.3um directional coupler polarization splitter by ion-exchange”, J.lightwave Technol.,LT-11(20), 220-225, 1993
[12]Bersiner, U. Hempelmann, and E. Strake, "Numerical analysis of passive integrated-opticalpolarization splitters: comparison of finite-element method and beam-propagation method results", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol.8, No.2, Febr.,422-433, 1991.
[13]IHONG HE, HONGZHANG HU，“the development of cross TE/TM mode splitter”， Chinese J.Lasers, Vol.A24, No.3 April 1997, in Chinese.
[14]Bing Yuan, Xiaohong Song, Hongzhang Hu, “A TE-TM mode splitter on LiNbO3 using an asymmetric Y-junction with a gap region”, Opt. Communication, 107:205-207, 1994
[15]L.B. Aronson, G.Rankin, ect., Reduced sidelobe integrated acousto-optic filter with birefringence apodization, Opt. Lett. 18, 1721(1993)
[16]Ceung K W，Liew D C，Smith S A, Lo C N，Simultaneous five-wavelength filtering at 2.2nm wavelength separation using an integrated-optic acoustic-optic tunable filter with subcarrier detection. Electron. Lett. 25, 636(1989).（光束传播法）
[17]E.Strake, G.P.Bava and I.Montrosset , “Guided mode of Ti:LiNbO3 channel waveguide:a novel quasi-analytical techniquein comparison with the scalar finite-element method”, J.Lightwave Techol.,VOL 6, 1126-1134, 1988
[18]S,Fouchet, A.Carenco, C.Daguet, “Wavelength Dispersion of Ti Induced Refractive Index Change in LiNbO 3 as a Function of Diffusion Parameters”. J.lightwave Technol., vol. LT-5 NO.5. May 1987
[19] 陈坚，胡鸿璋，耿凡,“采用电光效应实现双折射切趾的集成光学声光可调谐滤波器”， 光学学报，2002,22(3):1011-1014
[20] 刘威，唐多强等，“集成光学M-Z调制器的行波电极电场的有限元分析”，量子电子学报，2001，18(2):136-139
[21] 许永兴，电磁场理论及计算，上海：同济大学出版社，1994
[22] 曾余庚，电磁场有限单元法编著出版发行项，北京：科学出版社，1982
[23] 巴伊鲍罗金, 激光技术手册,苏联, 1978
[24] A.Kar-Roy, C.S.Tsai, "Low sidelobe weighted-couple integrated acousto-optic filter using focused surface acoustic waves", IEEE Photon Technol. Lett, 1992,4:1547-1586
[25] Y.Yamamoto, C.S.Tsai, K.Esteghamat, et al, "Suppression of sidelobe levels for guideed-wave acousto-optic tunable filter using weighted coupling", IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, and frequency control, 1993,40(6):814-818
[26] H.Herrmann, K.Schafer, W.Sohler, "Tapered acoustical directional couplers for polarization independent, integrated optical acoustically tunable wavelength filters/switchs",1994,6(11):1335-1337
[27] H.Herrmann, U.Rust, K.Schafer, "Tapered acoustical directional couplers for integrated acouso-optical mode converters with weighted coupling", IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1995,13(3):364-374
[28] David A. Smith, Jave. E. Baran, John, J. Johnson, Integrated optic acoustically-tunable filter for WDM networks, IEEE. J. Selected Areas in communications, 1990，8（6）, 1151~1159
[28] E. A. J. Marcatili, Dielectric rectangular waveguide and directional coupler for integrated optics, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 1969, 48, 2071~2102
[29] L. Bersiner, U. Hempelmann, E. Strake, Numerical analysis of passive integrated-optical polarization splitters: comparison of finite-element method and beam-propagation method results, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1991, 8（2）, 422~433
[30] M.R.施皮尔格尔，傅立叶分析原理与题解，（陈瑞琳译），1993
[31] G. J. Griffiths, R. J. Esdaile, Analysis of titanium diffused planar optical waveguides in lithium niobate, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, 1984, QE-20, 400~409
[32] Kwang T. Koai, Pao-Lo Liu, Modeling of Ti：LiNbO3 waveguide Devices: Part II—S-shaped channel waveguide bends, J. Lightwave Technology, 1989, 7（7）, 620~624
[33] Pao-Lo Liu, Bing-Jin Li, Paul J. Cressman, et al, Comparison of measured losses of Ti：LiNbO3 channel waveguide bends, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1991, 3（8）, 755~756
[34] Wang Wei, Zhang Zaixuan et al.. Temperature Measurement Accuracy of Distributed Optical Fiber Raman Photons Temperature Sensor System. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 1999, 19(1):87～92(in Chinese)
[35] Shen Weiming, Zhang Yi, Theoretical Model for Optical Temperature Sensor with Refractive Index Sensitive to Temperature. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 1998, 18(12):1741～1745(in Chinese)
[36] Zhang Ying, Dong Xiaoyi et al.. A Novel Fiber Grating Sensor for Simultaneous of Strain and Temperature Based on Prestrain Technique. Chinese J. Lasers., 1996, A28(8):729～731(in Chinese)
[37] Shen Yonghang. Sapphire Fiber Thermometer Ranging From the Room Temperature to 1800oC. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 2000, 20(8):83～87(in Chinese)
[38] Jin Wei, Liao Yanbiao, Zhang Zhipeng et al.. M. Guided-Wave Optical Sensors Theory and Technology. Beijing: Science and Technology Press, 1998.5
[39] Xue Ting, Hu Hongzhang et al.. Development of Integrated Optical Acoustooptic Tunable Wavelength Filter. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 2000, 20(8):1095～1099(in Chinese)
[40] Hu Hongzhang, Ling Shide. M. Applied Optics Principle. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1993
[41] Tadao Nakazawa, Shinji Tanjguchi, Minoru Seino et al.. Ti:LiNbO3 Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter(AOTF). Fujitsu Sci. & Tech. Journal., 1999, 35(1):107～112
[42]M.Huhne, U.Eschenauer, H.W.Siesler. Performance and selected applications of an acousto-optic tunable filter near infrared spectrometer. Applied Spectroscopy,1995,49(2):177-180
[43]A.Norman Mortensen, Stephen A.Dyer, an Robert M.Hammaker et al, A hadamard-multiplexed spectrometer based on an acousto-optic tunable filter. IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1996,45(2):394-398
[44]David P.Baldwin, Daniel S.Zamzow, Apthur P.D’silva, High-resolution spectrometer using an acousto-optic tunable filter and a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer. Applied Spectroscopy, 1996,50(4):498-503
[45]薛挺，祁芳，胡鸿璋，集成光学声光可调谐波长滤波器的研制，光学学报，2000,20(8):1095-1099
[46]胡鸿璋，凌世德. 应用光学原理, 北京:机械工业出版社,1993
[47]H.Z.Hu, H.Y.Lin, J.S.Yang et al, An integrated quasi-collinear coupled acoustooptical mode converter. Optics Communications. 2002,208:79-83
[2] 王红，光无源器件技术发展综述，光通信技术，2001，25（3），193~195
[3] 林学煌，光无源器件，北京：人民邮电出版社，1998
[4] J. R. Dutton, Understanding Optical Communications, Australia: IBM, 1998
[5] 于荣金，集成光学的进展与现状，高速摄影与光子学，1990，19（2），97~102
[6] M.Papuchon, A. Roy and D.B.Ostrowsky, “Electrical active optical bifurcation: BOA”, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol 31, pp266-267
[7] A. Neyer, “Integrated optical multichannel wavelength multiplexer for monomode systems”, Eledtron. Lett., vol 20, pp 744-746 , 1984
[8] D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides , Academic, New York, 1974
[9] D.Yap, L.M.Johnson, and G.W.Pratt, “Passive Ti:LiNbO3 channel waveguide TE-TM mode splitter”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol 44, pp583-585, 1984
[10] A. Neyer, “Low-crosstalk passive polarization splitters using Ti:LINbO3 waveguide crossings”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol 55, pp 927-929 , 1989
[11]Amalia N.Miliou, Ramakant Srivastava, Ramu V.Ramaswamy, “A 1.3um directional coupler polarization splitter by ion-exchange”, J.lightwave Technol.,LT-11(20), 220-225, 1993
[12]Bersiner, U. Hempelmann, and E. Strake, "Numerical analysis of passive integrated-opticalpolarization splitters: comparison of finite-element method and beam-propagation method results", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol.8, No.2, Febr.,422-433, 1991.
[13]IHONG HE, HONGZHANG HU，“the development of cross TE/TM mode splitter”， Chinese J.Lasers, Vol.A24, No.3 April 1997, in Chinese.
[14]Bing Yuan, Xiaohong Song, Hongzhang Hu, “A TE-TM mode splitter on LiNbO3 using an asymmetric Y-junction with a gap region”, Opt. Communication, 107:205-207, 1994
[15]L.B. Aronson, G.Rankin, ect., Reduced sidelobe integrated acousto-optic filter with birefringence apodization, Opt. Lett. 18, 1721(1993)
[16]Ceung K W，Liew D C，Smith S A, Lo C N，Simultaneous five-wavelength filtering at 2.2nm wavelength separation using an integrated-optic acoustic-optic tunable filter with subcarrier detection. Electron. Lett. 25, 636(1989).（光束传播法）
[17]E.Strake, G.P.Bava and I.Montrosset , “Guided mode of Ti:LiNbO3 channel waveguide:a novel quasi-analytical techniquein comparison with the scalar finite-element method”, J.Lightwave Techol.,VOL 6, 1126-1134, 1988
[18]S,Fouchet, A.Carenco, C.Daguet, “Wavelength Dispersion of Ti Induced Refractive Index Change in LiNbO 3 as a Function of Diffusion Parameters”. J.lightwave Technol., vol. LT-5 NO.5. May 1987
[19] 陈坚，胡鸿璋，耿凡,“采用电光效应实现双折射切趾的集成光学声光可调谐滤波器”， 光学学报，2002,22(3):1011-1014
[20] 刘威，唐多强等，“集成光学M-Z调制器的行波电极电场的有限元分析”，量子电子学报，2001，18(2):136-139
[21] 许永兴，电磁场理论及计算，上海：同济大学出版社，1994
[22] 曾余庚，电磁场有限单元法编著出版发行项，北京：科学出版社，1982
[23] 巴伊鲍罗金, 激光技术手册,苏联, 1978
[24] A.Kar-Roy, C.S.Tsai, "Low sidelobe weighted-couple integrated acousto-optic filter using focused surface acoustic waves", IEEE Photon Technol. Lett, 1992,4:1547-1586
[25] Y.Yamamoto, C.S.Tsai, K.Esteghamat, et al, "Suppression of sidelobe levels for guideed-wave acousto-optic tunable filter using weighted coupling", IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, and frequency control, 1993,40(6):814-818
[26] H.Herrmann, K.Schafer, W.Sohler, "Tapered acoustical directional couplers for polarization independent, integrated optical acoustically tunable wavelength filters/switchs",1994,6(11):1335-1337
[27] H.Herrmann, U.Rust, K.Schafer, "Tapered acoustical directional couplers for integrated acouso-optical mode converters with weighted coupling", IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1995,13(3):364-374
[28] David A. Smith, Jave. E. Baran, John, J. Johnson, Integrated optic acoustically-tunable filter for WDM networks, IEEE. J. Selected Areas in communications, 1990，8（6）, 1151~1159
[28] E. A. J. Marcatili, Dielectric rectangular waveguide and directional coupler for integrated optics, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 1969, 48, 2071~2102
[29] L. Bersiner, U. Hempelmann, E. Strake, Numerical analysis of passive integrated-optical polarization splitters: comparison of finite-element method and beam-propagation method results, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1991, 8（2）, 422~433
[30] M.R.施皮尔格尔，傅立叶分析原理与题解，（陈瑞琳译），1993
[31] G. J. Griffiths, R. J. Esdaile, Analysis of titanium diffused planar optical waveguides in lithium niobate, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, 1984, QE-20, 400~409
[32] Kwang T. Koai, Pao-Lo Liu, Modeling of Ti：LiNbO3 waveguide Devices: Part II—S-shaped channel waveguide bends, J. Lightwave Technology, 1989, 7（7）, 620~624
[33] Pao-Lo Liu, Bing-Jin Li, Paul J. Cressman, et al, Comparison of measured losses of Ti：LiNbO3 channel waveguide bends, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1991, 3（8）, 755~756
[34] Wang Wei, Zhang Zaixuan et al.. Temperature Measurement Accuracy of Distributed Optical Fiber Raman Photons Temperature Sensor System. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 1999, 19(1):87～92(in Chinese)
[35] Shen Weiming, Zhang Yi, Theoretical Model for Optical Temperature Sensor with Refractive Index Sensitive to Temperature. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 1998, 18(12):1741～1745(in Chinese)
[36] Zhang Ying, Dong Xiaoyi et al.. A Novel Fiber Grating Sensor for Simultaneous of Strain and Temperature Based on Prestrain Technique. Chinese J. Lasers., 1996, A28(8):729～731(in Chinese)
[37] Shen Yonghang. Sapphire Fiber Thermometer Ranging From the Room Temperature to 1800oC. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 2000, 20(8):83～87(in Chinese)
[38] Jin Wei, Liao Yanbiao, Zhang Zhipeng et al.. M. Guided-Wave Optical Sensors Theory and Technology. Beijing: Science and Technology Press, 1998.5
[39] Xue Ting, Hu Hongzhang et al.. Development of Integrated Optical Acoustooptic Tunable Wavelength Filter. J. Acta Optica Sinica., 2000, 20(8):1095～1099(in Chinese)
[40] Hu Hongzhang, Ling Shide. M. Applied Optics Principle. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1993
[41] Tadao Nakazawa, Shinji Tanjguchi, Minoru Seino et al.. Ti:LiNbO3 Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter(AOTF). Fujitsu Sci. & Tech. Journal., 1999, 35(1):107～112
[42]M.Huhne, U.Eschenauer, H.W.Siesler. Performance and selected applications of an acousto-optic tunable filter near infrared spectrometer. Applied Spectroscopy,1995,49(2):177-180
[43]A.Norman Mortensen, Stephen A.Dyer, an Robert M.Hammaker et al, A hadamard-multiplexed spectrometer based on an acousto-optic tunable filter. IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1996,45(2):394-398
[44]David P.Baldwin, Daniel S.Zamzow, Apthur P.D’silva, High-resolution spectrometer using an acousto-optic tunable filter and a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer. Applied Spectroscopy, 1996,50(4):498-503
[45]薛挺，祁芳，胡鸿璋，集成光学声光可调谐波长滤波器的研制，光学学报，2000,20(8):1095-1099
[46]胡鸿璋，凌世德. 应用光学原理, 北京:机械工业出版社,1993
[47]H.Z.Hu, H.Y.Lin, J.S.Yang et al, An integrated quasi-collinear coupled acoustooptical mode converter. Optics Communications. 2002,208:79-83
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