上海近代高校校园发展研究
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摘要
近代上海在中国具有重要历史地位,其校园发展对近代的教育、园林、建筑乃至整个上海近代史的研究具有重要价值,对当今校园规划设计也具有一定影响。有鉴于此,本文以上海近代高校校园为研究对象,将校园发展分为四个时期,通过对多所大学第一手史料的研究,理清了上海近代高校校园的发展脉络;从选址、规划、建筑、景观等多个角度分析各时期特点;通过与西方近代校园发展比较对其发展水平做出评价;从风格、时局、财政、学校监督等多维度分析总结发展规律,并分析其影响。
本文的主要结论是:
①从1863年(实业学堂开端上海同文馆开办)至1949年新中国成立,将发展分为为四个阶段。以1896年(近代大学开端南洋公学开创)、1912年(民国成立科举废除)、1927年(收回教育权运动结束)为分期节点和依据。
②各时期特点为:开埠之际以传统书院为主;萌芽初创时首先出现了操场及校园与实习场所相邻的格局,是为校园活动空间增大、实验基地发展之雏形;嬗变期校园引进西式风格,中西合璧的建筑形式堪称当时之典范,校园格局多样并存,建筑功能纯化,景观初创;至发展期,校园有市郊化发展趋势,近代校园格局初步定型,绿化景观质量提升;初步定型期校园格局、景观、管理进一步成熟规范。抗战时期校舍被毁发生衰变,校园内迁,解放后返沪,且恢复迅速。
③在发展过程中,上海近代校园始终遵循在人与律的结合中推进、在中与西的交锋中妥协、在局与财的困境中求生的规律。发展水平与西方差距逐渐缩小,符合当时师生的审美和功能需求,是为现代大学格局的雏型。战时内迁带动当地校园建设和发展,至今仍具有现实意义。
本文的创新点:
①首次对上海近代校园格局与景观的演变历程进行研究。②大量引用第一手史料,多维度地对校园演变成因、发展水平与特征进行剖析。
本文的不足之处:
鉴于作者水平和时间有限未能查遍所有相关学校档案。加之此前关于近代校园景观研究几乎空白、文献中的相关资料极少且较分散,特别是关于植物的材料更为稀缺,故有待日后进一步深入研究。
Modern Shanghai has an important historical status in China, and its campus development has an important value on the study of modern education, landscape, architecture and even the entire Shanghai's modern history, as well as today's campus planning and design. In view of this, the article takes Shanghai Modern College Campus as the research object, dividing the campus development into four periods, and clarifying the development context of the object through first-hand historical materials of many universities. Then analyze the characteristics of different periods from site selection, planning, architecture, landscape and many other aspects; assess their development level by comparing to the development of modern western campus; lastly, sum up the developing regulations from multi-dimensional analysis such as the style, the political environment, financial, school supervision and so on, then to analyze its impact.
The results as follows:
①The development from 1862 when Shanghai Tong Wen Guan of Industrial School began to the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949, can be divided into four stages, taking 1896 (the time when the Nanyang College in modern times began), 1912 (the time when the Republic of China founded and Imperial Examination abolished), 1927 (the time when the campaign of recovering education rights came to an end) as the nodes and basis for staging.
②The characteristics of various periods as follows: it was mainly traditional colleges at the beginning of Shanghai’s opening to foreigners; the pattern of the playground and campus adjacent to experimental sites firstly appeared in the early period, which was the prototype of campus space expansion and development of experimental base; During the evolution period the Western-style was introduced in and the Chinese-Western style architectural style can be called the model of that time, as well as the coexistence of diverse campus structure, purified construction features and landscape startups; during the development period, modern campus pattern was preliminary molded and the quality of green landscape was enhanced; the campus pattern, landscape and management were further mature during the preliminary molding period. The decay of school buildings and campus during Anti-Japanese War leading to internal migration until the liberation of China they came back and had a rapid restoration.
③It was always followed in the development that the combination of human being and the law, the confrontation and compromise of Chinese and the West, the law to survive in the plight of political environment and finance. The gap of developing level between china and the West gradually narrowing, reaching the aesthetic and functional requirements of teachers and students, thus it was the prototype pattern of the modern university. The internal migration during war time spurred the construction and development of the local campus, which still has practical significance nowadays.
Innovational points of this article as follows:
①Study the evolution course of campus patterns and landscape in modern Shanghai for the first time.②Analyze the evolution causes, development level and characteristics with multi-dimensional analysis, citing a large number of first-hand historical materials.
Disadvantages of this article as follows:
Given the level and time constraints I could not searched all the school relevant archives. In addition, previously research on the modern campus landscape was almost empty, relevant information in documents was rare and decentralized, especially about the plant materials. Therefore, such topics are to be carefully studied in future research.
本文的主要结论是:
①从1863年(实业学堂开端上海同文馆开办)至1949年新中国成立,将发展分为为四个阶段。以1896年(近代大学开端南洋公学开创)、1912年(民国成立科举废除)、1927年(收回教育权运动结束)为分期节点和依据。
②各时期特点为:开埠之际以传统书院为主;萌芽初创时首先出现了操场及校园与实习场所相邻的格局,是为校园活动空间增大、实验基地发展之雏形;嬗变期校园引进西式风格,中西合璧的建筑形式堪称当时之典范,校园格局多样并存,建筑功能纯化,景观初创;至发展期,校园有市郊化发展趋势,近代校园格局初步定型,绿化景观质量提升;初步定型期校园格局、景观、管理进一步成熟规范。抗战时期校舍被毁发生衰变,校园内迁,解放后返沪,且恢复迅速。
③在发展过程中,上海近代校园始终遵循在人与律的结合中推进、在中与西的交锋中妥协、在局与财的困境中求生的规律。发展水平与西方差距逐渐缩小,符合当时师生的审美和功能需求,是为现代大学格局的雏型。战时内迁带动当地校园建设和发展,至今仍具有现实意义。
本文的创新点:
①首次对上海近代校园格局与景观的演变历程进行研究。②大量引用第一手史料,多维度地对校园演变成因、发展水平与特征进行剖析。
本文的不足之处:
鉴于作者水平和时间有限未能查遍所有相关学校档案。加之此前关于近代校园景观研究几乎空白、文献中的相关资料极少且较分散,特别是关于植物的材料更为稀缺,故有待日后进一步深入研究。
Modern Shanghai has an important historical status in China, and its campus development has an important value on the study of modern education, landscape, architecture and even the entire Shanghai's modern history, as well as today's campus planning and design. In view of this, the article takes Shanghai Modern College Campus as the research object, dividing the campus development into four periods, and clarifying the development context of the object through first-hand historical materials of many universities. Then analyze the characteristics of different periods from site selection, planning, architecture, landscape and many other aspects; assess their development level by comparing to the development of modern western campus; lastly, sum up the developing regulations from multi-dimensional analysis such as the style, the political environment, financial, school supervision and so on, then to analyze its impact.
The results as follows:
①The development from 1862 when Shanghai Tong Wen Guan of Industrial School began to the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949, can be divided into four stages, taking 1896 (the time when the Nanyang College in modern times began), 1912 (the time when the Republic of China founded and Imperial Examination abolished), 1927 (the time when the campaign of recovering education rights came to an end) as the nodes and basis for staging.
②The characteristics of various periods as follows: it was mainly traditional colleges at the beginning of Shanghai’s opening to foreigners; the pattern of the playground and campus adjacent to experimental sites firstly appeared in the early period, which was the prototype of campus space expansion and development of experimental base; During the evolution period the Western-style was introduced in and the Chinese-Western style architectural style can be called the model of that time, as well as the coexistence of diverse campus structure, purified construction features and landscape startups; during the development period, modern campus pattern was preliminary molded and the quality of green landscape was enhanced; the campus pattern, landscape and management were further mature during the preliminary molding period. The decay of school buildings and campus during Anti-Japanese War leading to internal migration until the liberation of China they came back and had a rapid restoration.
③It was always followed in the development that the combination of human being and the law, the confrontation and compromise of Chinese and the West, the law to survive in the plight of political environment and finance. The gap of developing level between china and the West gradually narrowing, reaching the aesthetic and functional requirements of teachers and students, thus it was the prototype pattern of the modern university. The internal migration during war time spurred the construction and development of the local campus, which still has practical significance nowadays.
Innovational points of this article as follows:
①Study the evolution course of campus patterns and landscape in modern Shanghai for the first time.②Analyze the evolution causes, development level and characteristics with multi-dimensional analysis, citing a large number of first-hand historical materials.
Disadvantages of this article as follows:
Given the level and time constraints I could not searched all the school relevant archives. In addition, previously research on the modern campus landscape was almost empty, relevant information in documents was rare and decentralized, especially about the plant materials. Therefore, such topics are to be carefully studied in future research.
引文
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