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会计师事务所合伙制度研究
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摘要
改革开放之初,我国的会计师事务所普遍实行的是挂靠制度。到90年代末,我国会计师事务所进行了脱钩改制,脱钩改制后大多会计师事务所选择了有限责任制。有限责任制并非天生与审计职业水火不容,这种组织形式成为我国审计质量普遍低下的重要原因却是不争的事实。现有的理论研究表明在我国推行合伙制将对提高我国的审计质量有深远的意义。合伙制让合伙人以无限责任的形式为自己的审计失败承担风险,它有助于注册会计师行业的自律,可从责任制度安排上保证注册会计师行业的诚信。然而理论界对会计师事务所合伙制度缺乏系统的、针对性很强的理论探讨与对策研究。显然,理论的匮乏将不利于合伙制在我国的推广。
     本文在现有研究的基础上对这一领域的一些问题进行探讨。我们认为我国普遍实行合伙制能有效的提高我国的审计质量,但合伙制发挥作用需要以一定的条件为基础。成立合伙制会计师事务所,必须对合伙人的资格加以规定,即,只有自然人才能成为会计师事务所的普通合伙人;合伙人需要具备一定的专业胜任能力,这是合伙人能提供高质量审计报告的前提;合伙人需要有殷实的私人财产,这是合伙人专业胜任能力的信号,也是会计师事务所赔偿能力的源泉。合乎条件的注册会计师必须投入非人力资本才能成为会计师事务所的合伙人,否则容易造成人力资本所有者对非人力资本的“滥用”,从而损害非人力资本所有者和审计报告使用者的利益。如果说合伙制发挥作用的条件、合伙人的资格确定以及合伙人入伙与退伙问题研究是从宏观方面探讨合伙制度,那么会计师事务所的收益分配则是从微观方面来探讨会计师事务所的合伙制度安排。本文在强调会计师事务所实行按资分配的同时,认为会计师事务所的知识资本所有者也应该分享剩余索取权。
     本文的主要创新点在于:(1)建立数学模型分析了意愿合伙人的专业胜任能力和私人财富的关系;(2)注册会计师只有投入非人力资本才能成为合伙人,否则容易造成事务所治理上的混乱;(3)会计师事务所按资分配的基础不仅仅是投入会计师事务所的非人力资本,而且还应包括合伙人未投入会计师事务所的非人力资本;(4)事务所的知识资本所有者应该分享剩余索取权,并构建了报酬三分模式对知识资本所有者分享剩余索取权作了实务上的构想。
At the beginning of open reform policy was executed, accounting firms in China generally adopted "attachment" system. Until 1990's, most of them were re-organized and chose the limited liability system. Though the limited liability system was not born to conflict with auditing, it is the important reason for low auditing quality. Theory shows partnership system will greatly improve the auditing quality in China. This new system requires the partner undertake all the responsibility for auditing risks and it helps to restrict the certificated public accounting career, which will ensure integrity. While partnership system in accounting firms now is still lack of systematical research, which hampered it widely accepted.
    Based on the present theory, this article has a systematical research on related problems of the partnership system. We deem that the realization of partnership system will result in high audit quality in our country, however the function of partnership system should be based on some certern conditions. Some regulations on the certification of partners are requisite to the founding of accounting firms. Only the natural person can be the candidate. Meanwhile, potential partner shall have professional qualification to ensure high auditing quality. Partner also needs considerate private belongings, which signals compensation power. Second, qualified CPA must put in non-human resource to become partner of the accounting firm, otherwise will abuse the usage of non-human resource and impair the interest of auditing report user. If above discussion is seen from the macro point of view, the interest distribution is micro explanation to analyze partnership system arrangement. Emphasizing on the distribution according
     to the capital input, this article reckons that
    intelligence capital holders shall have the residual claim right.
    The innovation points of this article are: (1) mathematical mode to analyze the relationship between professional competence and private belongings. (2) Only input non-human resource can the CPA become partner. (3) The foundation for distribution according to the capital input includes not only the non-human resources have been input to the accounting firm, but also those owned by the partner outside the accounting firm. (4) Intelligence capital holder shall enjoy the residual claim right, and I struct a three-part-salary mold to propose a sharing of residual claim rights among
    
    
    
    them.
引文
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