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利益相关者理论在旅游地可持续发展中的应用研究
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摘要
在发达国家旅游业中,对于利益相关者理论应用已显示出其重要价值,我国旅游界也开始接受了这一理念。该理论奉行的核心思想是:企业的经营管理活动要为综合平衡各个利益相关者的利益要求而展开,任何一个企业的发展都离不开各种利益相关者的投入或参与。企业追求的是利益相关者的整体利益,而不仅仅是某个主体的利益。利益相关者理论要求旅游地重视利益相关者的利益诉求,协调他们之间的利益冲突,承担起超越经济目标的更广泛的社会义务和责任。
     本文结合我国旅游地发展的实际情况,运用理论研究和实证分析相结合的方法,提供了一个利益相关者理论在旅游地发展中应用的研究框架。即在旅游地的规划、开发和管理各阶段,针对“利益相关者有哪些?各自的利益是什么?如何实现他们的利益要求?”等问题进行探讨。
     论文第一部分对利益相关者理论进行综述,揭示了利益相关者理论的内涵,全面分析了旅游地发展中的利益相关者,并建立了利益相关者理论应用的研究框架。本文认为,利益相关者理论以企业的社会责任出发,本质上是支持可持续发展理论的,该理论在旅游地发展中的引入,是获得旅游地可持续发展的重要保证。
     第二部分阐述了利益相关者理论在旅游地发展规划中的应用。文章对旅游规划编制中的利益相关者进行了分析,并结合实际探索了利益相关者参与规划编制的技术路线。本文将利益相关者分析方法引入旅游地发展规划中,通过对利益相关者行为决策的研究,找出影响旅游地发展的潜在的制约因素,使规划更具前瞻性和科学性。
     第三部分探讨了利益相关者理论在旅游地项目开发中的应用。文章首先对项目开发过程中的主要利益相关者进行分析,阐述了社区居民在旅游开发中的关键作用。并针对我国的现实背景,提出社区居民参与的措施与建议。其次,本文在旅游项目盈利模式分析中引入了利益相关者的分析工具,对利益相关者进行博弈分析,达到或接近纳什均衡将有利于项目盈利模式的稳定。
    
     第四部分是利益相关者理论在旅游地环境管理中的应用。论文首先确立了以
    管理者为核心的多方面利益相关者体系。借鉴西方国家成功经验,本文创造性地
    提出了利益相关者共同参与的战略性环境管理模式,新模式要求旅游地建立环境
    管理与利益相关者良好的双向互动机制,实现环境管理的外部环境内部化,才能
    够高效的、全方位地开展环境管理工作,真正实现旅游地的可持续发展。
Stakeholder theory has gained a pretty good effect on the practice of western tourist management, and it also begins to demonstrate its value in our country. The core thought of this theory is: the management of enterprise must balance each stakeholders' benefit, any enterprise could not make progress without the devotion and participation of all stakeholders, the solitary goal of enterprise should be the whole benefit but not just a individual's behalf. Stakeholder theory emphasizes that tourist site must pay attention to the demand of all stakeholders, coordinate the benefit conflict among them, bear more extensive social obligation and responsibility besides economic goal.
    The dissertation analyses the fact of domestic tourist site development, uses the method of theory research and demonstration analyses, provide a study framework of the application in tourist site development, which is to answer the questions including which person is stakeholder? What kind of benefit they have? How to put them benefit into reality? in planning stage, developing stage and management stage..
    Part one of this dissertation summarizes the stakeholder theory, introduces the definition of stakeholder, analyses all kinds of stakeholders in different development stage and then builds up a study framework of stakeholder theory application. This text think interests person who correlated with theory set out in order to the community responsibility of enterprises, support sustainable development theory in essence, in tourist site developing introduction theory this, it is the important insurance of winning sustainable development of tourist site.
    Part two discusses the application of stakeholder theory in tourist site development planning. First of all, the dissertation builds up a stakeholder frame of tourist site planning, and then seeks after the technical route of stakeholder's
    
    
    
    participation in tourist site planning combining the facts of our country. Secondly, the dissertation introduces the method of stakeholder theory into tourist site development planning, finds out the potential restriction factor influencing tourist site development by working over stakeholders behavior decision-making, enables the planning to have more perspectivly and scientifically.
    The third part probes into the application of stakeholder theory hi tourist project development. At first, the dissertation analyses the main stakeholders in the procession of tourist project development, points out the important role community residents played in the development, and then brings forward measures and suggestions of community residents participation according to the realistic background of our country. Secondly, the dissertation introduces the method of stakeholder theory into tourist project profit mode, establishes a game model of correlated stakeholders hi project, promotes the stability of tourist project profit model by judging whether the game model is close to Nash equilibrium or not.
    The fourth part is about the application of stakeholder theory in tourist site environmental management. Firstly, the dissertation establishes an omni-directional stakeholders system, which is taking administrator as key factor. Using western countries' successful experience for reference, the dissertation has put forward a strategic environmental management mode based on stakeholder participation creatively. The new mode requires tourist site build up a good two-way mutual mechanism between environmental management and correlated stakeholders realizes the internalization of external environment management, so that we can implement high-efficient, omni-directional environmental management and reach the sustainable development finally.
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