渭河下游三门峡库区防洪对策研究
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摘要
渭河下游三门峡库区是指渭河干流成阳铁路桥以下至入黄口，北洛河状头以下至入渭口，渭河渭南以东12条南山支流老西潼公路以北地区。该区包括咸阳、西安、渭南三市13个县(市、区)，土地总面积约2100km~2，耕地约213.26万亩，人口约171.69万人。是陕西省重要的工农业基地，在陕西省国民经济发展中占有极为重要的位置。
三门峡水库建成运用后，由于对黄河泥沙问题认识不足，库区泥沙淤积迅猛发展，导致潼关河床急剧抬高近5米左右，渭河下游泥沙淤积不断加剧，淤积重心不断上延，关中平原深受其害。水库改为蓄清排浑运用方式后，潼关高程虽相对稳定，但一直居高不下，遇到不利水沙条件淤积仍继续发展，致使洪水灾害频发，损失愈来愈重。
本文通过对实测资料进行系统分析认为，目前渭河下游面临的主要防洪问题有：(1)、潼关高程居高不下，造成河道泥沙淤积严重，主槽萎缩，过流能力锐减，致使同流量水位大幅抬升，河势多变。(2)、华县水文站90年代年径流量比多年平均值减少40％，减水幅度大于减沙幅度，汛期经常出现的小水大沙洪水过程，加重了渭河下游三门峡库区的泥沙淤积，水沙条件不利使该区防洪形势更加严峻。(3)、防洪工程实际防御能力低，堤防质量差，险点隐患众多；河道工程长度不足，难以有效控导河势；渭河高含沙洪水的经常倒灌南山支流，致使支流入渭口段河床不断抬升，河槽堵塞，洪水下泄不畅，频繁出险；非工程措施滞后。洪水测报系统不够完善，测淤设施损毁严重，信息采集及分析利用不足，管理设施陈旧，防汛决策支持系统尚未建立。(4)、由于上游来水减少，用水量增加，河道污染严重，生态环境恶化。
本文通过对渭河下游存在问题的分析研究，认为渭河下游三门峡库区的治理应实现河床不抬高，堤防不决口，生态环境得到改善的目标。治理思路是标本兼治，上拦、下排、中防护。对策是进行综合治理，以改变三门峡水库运用方式，实施潼关上下游黄、渭、洛河河道治理，修建泾河东庄水库调水调沙等综合措施，降低潼关高程，减少渭河下游河道淤积；同时进行渭洛河下游防洪续建、移民防洪保安、疏浚淤背、南山支流治理等防洪工程建设，加强水文测验、河道淤积测验、管理信息系统建设等非工程措施。
The district of Sanmenxia reservoir at downstream of Weihe River is that from the Xianyang railway bridge to the entrance of Yellow River, from Zhuangtou hydrometric station of northern Luohe River to the entrance of Weihe River, and the district of northern of old Xitong road. The area is about 2100 square kilometers, including 13 counties of Xianyang, Xi'an, and Weinan city, the population is 1716.9 thousands and the arable land area is 2132.6 thousands mu. It's the agriculture and industry center of Shanxi province and brings great influence to national economy.
Since the operation of the Sanmenxia reservoir, because of lack of enough investigation on the sediment problem in the Yellow River, deposition at the Sanmenxia reservoir has caused the riverbed of Tongguan sharply rising about 5 meters, and it intensified deposition of the downstream of Weihe River and endangered the Guanzhong Plain day by day. After the control rule of "store when less sediment and drain when more" has been utilized in Sanmenxia reservoir, the Tongguan stage has no longer gone up but kept high ,and there are deposition if the water and sediment condition would go worse. So there are flood disasters and economic lose frequently.
In the light of the study of survey data, we have found some problems about flood control in the downstream of Weihe River: (1) the Tongguan stage did not go up but kept high, it caused the river deposits gravely. The water level became much higher when there was the same discharge as it of the past. (2) Average annual runoff in 1990's at Huaxian hydrometric station reduced 40% than many years annual runoff, while sediment reduced less. So. at flood season, there was less water and more sediment in river, which could aggravate deposition in Sanmenxia reservoir district and block the waterway, even more, it may strengthen the pressure of flood control. (3 ) Some trouble, such as: practical capability of the flood control projects was exaggerated, embankment was rotten, hidden danger on dams was overlooked and so on, cause some problems, which was that cannot control the terrain of this reach, the high sediment flow would go back to the Nanshan minor current, silted up the waterway, blocked up the fl
ow of flood, and broke dams even. (4) Because of the water quantity from the upstream went down and the demand for water increased quickly, the river was polluted seriously and the environment went worse year by year.
This paper has introduced and analyzed the problems of the downstream in Weihe River.lt considers that the aim is that the riverbed does not get up, the dykes and dam does not break, and the ecological environment does not worsen. On the one hand, the comprehensive river training works contain impeding, dredging, and building some low dams and shiplocks. It may change the operation means of the Sanmenxia reservoir, and
stabile and rectify the waterway of Yellow River, Weihe River, and Luohe River. Meanwhile, setting up some structures to lower the water level of Tongguan, and decrease accretion in the downstream of Weihe River. On the other hand, river regulation, emigrant, dredging, and flood control project can make great contribution to the works. Finally, some non-engineering projects conclude: enhance hydrometric survey, follow deposition test, and carry out administration information system.
三门峡水库建成运用后，由于对黄河泥沙问题认识不足，库区泥沙淤积迅猛发展，导致潼关河床急剧抬高近5米左右，渭河下游泥沙淤积不断加剧，淤积重心不断上延，关中平原深受其害。水库改为蓄清排浑运用方式后，潼关高程虽相对稳定，但一直居高不下，遇到不利水沙条件淤积仍继续发展，致使洪水灾害频发，损失愈来愈重。
本文通过对实测资料进行系统分析认为，目前渭河下游面临的主要防洪问题有：(1)、潼关高程居高不下，造成河道泥沙淤积严重，主槽萎缩，过流能力锐减，致使同流量水位大幅抬升，河势多变。(2)、华县水文站90年代年径流量比多年平均值减少40％，减水幅度大于减沙幅度，汛期经常出现的小水大沙洪水过程，加重了渭河下游三门峡库区的泥沙淤积，水沙条件不利使该区防洪形势更加严峻。(3)、防洪工程实际防御能力低，堤防质量差，险点隐患众多；河道工程长度不足，难以有效控导河势；渭河高含沙洪水的经常倒灌南山支流，致使支流入渭口段河床不断抬升，河槽堵塞，洪水下泄不畅，频繁出险；非工程措施滞后。洪水测报系统不够完善，测淤设施损毁严重，信息采集及分析利用不足，管理设施陈旧，防汛决策支持系统尚未建立。(4)、由于上游来水减少，用水量增加，河道污染严重，生态环境恶化。
本文通过对渭河下游存在问题的分析研究，认为渭河下游三门峡库区的治理应实现河床不抬高，堤防不决口，生态环境得到改善的目标。治理思路是标本兼治，上拦、下排、中防护。对策是进行综合治理，以改变三门峡水库运用方式，实施潼关上下游黄、渭、洛河河道治理，修建泾河东庄水库调水调沙等综合措施，降低潼关高程，减少渭河下游河道淤积；同时进行渭洛河下游防洪续建、移民防洪保安、疏浚淤背、南山支流治理等防洪工程建设，加强水文测验、河道淤积测验、管理信息系统建设等非工程措施。
The district of Sanmenxia reservoir at downstream of Weihe River is that from the Xianyang railway bridge to the entrance of Yellow River, from Zhuangtou hydrometric station of northern Luohe River to the entrance of Weihe River, and the district of northern of old Xitong road. The area is about 2100 square kilometers, including 13 counties of Xianyang, Xi'an, and Weinan city, the population is 1716.9 thousands and the arable land area is 2132.6 thousands mu. It's the agriculture and industry center of Shanxi province and brings great influence to national economy.
Since the operation of the Sanmenxia reservoir, because of lack of enough investigation on the sediment problem in the Yellow River, deposition at the Sanmenxia reservoir has caused the riverbed of Tongguan sharply rising about 5 meters, and it intensified deposition of the downstream of Weihe River and endangered the Guanzhong Plain day by day. After the control rule of "store when less sediment and drain when more" has been utilized in Sanmenxia reservoir, the Tongguan stage has no longer gone up but kept high ,and there are deposition if the water and sediment condition would go worse. So there are flood disasters and economic lose frequently.
In the light of the study of survey data, we have found some problems about flood control in the downstream of Weihe River: (1) the Tongguan stage did not go up but kept high, it caused the river deposits gravely. The water level became much higher when there was the same discharge as it of the past. (2) Average annual runoff in 1990's at Huaxian hydrometric station reduced 40% than many years annual runoff, while sediment reduced less. So. at flood season, there was less water and more sediment in river, which could aggravate deposition in Sanmenxia reservoir district and block the waterway, even more, it may strengthen the pressure of flood control. (3 ) Some trouble, such as: practical capability of the flood control projects was exaggerated, embankment was rotten, hidden danger on dams was overlooked and so on, cause some problems, which was that cannot control the terrain of this reach, the high sediment flow would go back to the Nanshan minor current, silted up the waterway, blocked up the fl
ow of flood, and broke dams even. (4) Because of the water quantity from the upstream went down and the demand for water increased quickly, the river was polluted seriously and the environment went worse year by year.
This paper has introduced and analyzed the problems of the downstream in Weihe River.lt considers that the aim is that the riverbed does not get up, the dykes and dam does not break, and the ecological environment does not worsen. On the one hand, the comprehensive river training works contain impeding, dredging, and building some low dams and shiplocks. It may change the operation means of the Sanmenxia reservoir, and
stabile and rectify the waterway of Yellow River, Weihe River, and Luohe River. Meanwhile, setting up some structures to lower the water level of Tongguan, and decrease accretion in the downstream of Weihe River. On the other hand, river regulation, emigrant, dredging, and flood control project can make great contribution to the works. Finally, some non-engineering projects conclude: enhance hydrometric survey, follow deposition test, and carry out administration information system.
引文
[1]刘昌明，何希吾：中国21世纪水问题方略，科学出版社，1998
[2]刘恒福，杨武学：近年来渭河中下游污染状况及其带来的问题，《陕西水利》，2002．5
[3]陕西省三门峡库区管理局：三门峡库区防洪暨治理学术研讨会论文选编，黄河水利出版社，2000．8
[4]黄委会勘测规划设计研究院，陕西省三门峡库区勘测设计院：三门峡库区渭洛河下游防洪续建工程可行性研究报告，2002．1
[5]张楚汉：水利水电工程科学前言，清华大学出版社，2002．4
[6]王浩，扬小柳，阮本清，梁瑞驹：流域水资源管理，科学出版社，2001．11
[7]程龙渊，刘栓明，肖俊法等：三门峡库区水文泥沙实验研究，黄河水利出版社，1999．9
[8]苏人琼，扬勤业，关志华等：黄河流域灾害环境综合治理对策，黄河水利出版社，1999．1
[9]姚乐人等，防洪工程，北京，中国水利水电出版社，1997．10
[10]张俊华等，河道整治及堤防管理，郑州，黄河水利出版社，1998
[11]黄河水利委员会勘测规划设计研究院，黄河流域(片)防洪规划纲要(送审稿)2001．6
[12]黄河流域及西北片水旱灾害编委会：黄河流域水旱灾害，黄河水利出版社，1996．4
[13]黄河口治理研究所：黄河河口治理总结暨学术研讨会论文集，黄河水利出版社，1995．12
[14]中国水利学会，黄河研究会：黄河河口问题及治理对策研讨会，黄河水利出版社，2003．5
[15]黄河水利委员会：“数字黄河”工程规划．黄河水利出版社，2003．9
[16]王运洪，李宁生：水利信息化技术应用与发展，中国水利水电出版社，2004．01
[17]宋超智，李朋德等：信息化测绘与数字区域建设，西安地图出版社，2002．08
[18]中国测绘学会：地理空间信息技术与应用，成都地图出版社，2002．08
[19]陈文风，水库淤积上延问题的探讨，泥沙研究，1984．第4期。
[20]史鉴，陈兆丰，邢大韦等：关中地区水资源合理开发利用与生态环境保护，黄河水利出版社，2002．12
[21]王敏捷，杨武学：渭河下游近期泥沙淤积带来的防洪问题，人民黄河，1999(10)
[22]蒋建军，杨武学：渭河下游防洪形势与对策，陕西水利，2003(4)
[23]张小凤：渭河下游洪水特性及防洪特点分析，陕西水利，2002科技专辑
[24]ADB. Disaster Mitigation in Asia and the Pacific, Manila, ADB, 1991
[25]U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division, 1993—94 Operating plan, Missouri River Main stem Reservoirs .
[26]J.J. Franco, Research for River Reyulation dike design,Journal of the Waterways and Marbons Division, ASCE vol .93 No. ww3, 1967.
[27]K.t by, Willian H. Hydrologist, office of surface Waster, UsGs, Restore, VA, Persona Communication.June 13 .1994.
[28]Borland, W.M. and C.R. Miller, Distribution of sediment in Large Reservoirs,Trans. ASCE. 1960.
[29]Efrem G. Mallach :Decision Support and Data Warehouse Systems, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000
[30]Helweg, O.J. Water resources planning and management, John Wiley & Sons. 1995
[31]Cudworth, A.G. Flood hydrologymanual. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver, CO.1989
[32]Leikin, H. Financial and Insurance Aspects of the Mid - West Flood of 93, Proceedings of ICID Conference, The Hague. 1993
[33]崔承章，熊治平，治河防洪工程，武汉大学，2003．7
[34]谢鉴衡，河床演变及整治，北京水利水电出版社，1989．10
[35]李文家，黄河小浪底水库防洪作用大的原因分析，人民黄河，1994年第4期
[36]孙锦惠，1993年汛期潼关高程升高原因的调查分析，人民黄河，1994年第7期
[37]于青云，黄河三门峡大坝观测系统更新改造设计，大坝观测与土木测试，1995年第5期
[38]郭庆超，三门峡(潼关至大坝)泥沙冲淤规律分析，泥沙研究，1995年第1期
[39]卢亿农，三门峡库区：一个历史遗留的话题，陕西水利，1995年第4期
[40]董山虎，三门峡库区大禹渡至马家庄河段河床演变及整治，人民黄河，1995年第2期
[2]刘恒福，杨武学：近年来渭河中下游污染状况及其带来的问题，《陕西水利》，2002．5
[3]陕西省三门峡库区管理局：三门峡库区防洪暨治理学术研讨会论文选编，黄河水利出版社，2000．8
[4]黄委会勘测规划设计研究院，陕西省三门峡库区勘测设计院：三门峡库区渭洛河下游防洪续建工程可行性研究报告，2002．1
[5]张楚汉：水利水电工程科学前言，清华大学出版社，2002．4
[6]王浩，扬小柳，阮本清，梁瑞驹：流域水资源管理，科学出版社，2001．11
[7]程龙渊，刘栓明，肖俊法等：三门峡库区水文泥沙实验研究，黄河水利出版社，1999．9
[8]苏人琼，扬勤业，关志华等：黄河流域灾害环境综合治理对策，黄河水利出版社，1999．1
[9]姚乐人等，防洪工程，北京，中国水利水电出版社，1997．10
[10]张俊华等，河道整治及堤防管理，郑州，黄河水利出版社，1998
[11]黄河水利委员会勘测规划设计研究院，黄河流域(片)防洪规划纲要(送审稿)2001．6
[12]黄河流域及西北片水旱灾害编委会：黄河流域水旱灾害，黄河水利出版社，1996．4
[13]黄河口治理研究所：黄河河口治理总结暨学术研讨会论文集，黄河水利出版社，1995．12
[14]中国水利学会，黄河研究会：黄河河口问题及治理对策研讨会，黄河水利出版社，2003．5
[15]黄河水利委员会：“数字黄河”工程规划．黄河水利出版社，2003．9
[16]王运洪，李宁生：水利信息化技术应用与发展，中国水利水电出版社，2004．01
[17]宋超智，李朋德等：信息化测绘与数字区域建设，西安地图出版社，2002．08
[18]中国测绘学会：地理空间信息技术与应用，成都地图出版社，2002．08
[19]陈文风，水库淤积上延问题的探讨，泥沙研究，1984．第4期。
[20]史鉴，陈兆丰，邢大韦等：关中地区水资源合理开发利用与生态环境保护，黄河水利出版社，2002．12
[21]王敏捷，杨武学：渭河下游近期泥沙淤积带来的防洪问题，人民黄河，1999(10)
[22]蒋建军，杨武学：渭河下游防洪形势与对策，陕西水利，2003(4)
[23]张小凤：渭河下游洪水特性及防洪特点分析，陕西水利，2002科技专辑
[24]ADB. Disaster Mitigation in Asia and the Pacific, Manila, ADB, 1991
[25]U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division, 1993—94 Operating plan, Missouri River Main stem Reservoirs .
[26]J.J. Franco, Research for River Reyulation dike design,Journal of the Waterways and Marbons Division, ASCE vol .93 No. ww3, 1967.
[27]K.t by, Willian H. Hydrologist, office of surface Waster, UsGs, Restore, VA, Persona Communication.June 13 .1994.
[28]Borland, W.M. and C.R. Miller, Distribution of sediment in Large Reservoirs,Trans. ASCE. 1960.
[29]Efrem G. Mallach :Decision Support and Data Warehouse Systems, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000
[30]Helweg, O.J. Water resources planning and management, John Wiley & Sons. 1995
[31]Cudworth, A.G. Flood hydrologymanual. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Denver, CO.1989
[32]Leikin, H. Financial and Insurance Aspects of the Mid - West Flood of 93, Proceedings of ICID Conference, The Hague. 1993
[33]崔承章，熊治平，治河防洪工程，武汉大学，2003．7
[34]谢鉴衡，河床演变及整治，北京水利水电出版社，1989．10
[35]李文家，黄河小浪底水库防洪作用大的原因分析，人民黄河，1994年第4期
[36]孙锦惠，1993年汛期潼关高程升高原因的调查分析，人民黄河，1994年第7期
[37]于青云，黄河三门峡大坝观测系统更新改造设计，大坝观测与土木测试，1995年第5期
[38]郭庆超，三门峡(潼关至大坝)泥沙冲淤规律分析，泥沙研究，1995年第1期
[39]卢亿农，三门峡库区：一个历史遗留的话题，陕西水利，1995年第4期
[40]董山虎，三门峡库区大禹渡至马家庄河段河床演变及整治，人民黄河，1995年第2期
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