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组焊机械手的示教系统与焊缝跟踪系统研究
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摘要
在机器人加工单元中,由于焊接工件的多样性和复杂性,弧焊机器人不可能独立完成复杂工件的焊接,这就需要具有示教功能的示教系统。而在实际的焊接过程中由于焊枪或工件运动轨迹的波动或焊接变形以及干扰等因素,即使是示教好了的焊缝,也会出现焊接电弧偏离焊缝位置而焊偏的现象。为了实现焊接自动化以及提高焊接质量,需要引入焊缝跟踪系统。因此,示教系统是机器人的重要组成部分,而焊缝自动跟踪是实现焊接自动化的重要内容。
     本文在分析组焊机械手现状的基础上,讨论了其示教系统的设计过程。该示教系统是一个基于单片机的系统,具有按键、显示和通信的功能。通过进行示教焊接实验,表明该示教系统安全可靠,人机操作界面友好,在实际焊接中也能工作良好。
     由于焊接过程是一个高度非线性、强耦合及时变性的复杂过程,难以建立起精确的数学模型,为此我们把模糊控制引入到焊缝自动跟踪中。在CO_2气体保护焊中,采用摆动电弧传感器进行焊缝跟踪的困难在于如何提取准确的焊缝偏差信号。由于弧焊过程中存在许多对信号采集与处理的不利因素,如短路电流等的干扰,因此我们采用了硬件滤波,时间域与空间域相结合的软件滤波以及曲线拟合的方法对实际的焊接过程的电弧传感信号进行离线信号处理。利用电流积分差值法作为焊缝控制算法,通过离线计算,准确地提取出了焊缝偏差信号。根据离线处理的实验结果,我们设计了一模糊控制器,开发了垂直角焊缝的实时自动跟踪软件。通过对各个位置的垂直角焊缝进行焊接跟踪实验,结果表明,系统工作稳定,跟踪精度满足垂直角焊缝的焊接要求。
In the robots machining unit, because of the diversity and complexity of the welding parts, the arc welding robot can't weld the complicated part independently, this makes it necessary to have a teaching system that has teaching function. While in the actual welding process ,as the moving track's the fluctuating of welding torch or part, welding distortion and disturbing etc, even if the track of weld joint have been taught, the instance that welding arc departures from the track of weld joint appears. In order to realize welding automation and improve welding quality, the weld joint tracking system is needed. So the teaching system is the important composed part of robot, while the weld joint tracking system is the important content.
    On the base of analyzing the arm-and-hand system's actuality, this thesis dicusses the design process of the arm-and-hand system's teaching system, which is a system based on singlechip. It has the function of key-press, display and communication. Welding experiment results that the teaching system is safe and reliable and the man-machine interface is friendly.
    As the welding process is a nonlinear, coupling and time-variable complicated process, it is difficult to built its mathematic model. Fuzzy control is employed to the weld joint tracking system. In CO2 gas metal arc welding, the difficulty hi seam tracking by pendular arc sensor is how to attain the tolerance signal of weld joint. As hi the arc welding process, there are many bad factors that affect the collection and process of arc sensor signal, the methods of hardware filtering, software filtering in time and space field and curve fitting are employed to process the arc sensor signals off-line. By using the current integral indifference method as seam tracking control algorithm and computing off line, the seam tolerance signals have been attained. On the basis of experiment results processed offline, A fuzzy controller and software used in real time seam tracking of vertical fillet joint is designed. The experimental result of welding vertical fillet joint at every position shows that the automatic seam tracking system is steady and the seam tracking precision is satisfied with the welding request of vertical fillet joint.
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