生物过滤处理湘江微污染源水的特性研究
|
摘要
近10年来，湘江中、下游普遍受到各种有机物、氨氮、铁、锰和重金属的污染，一些河段水质指标经常达不到现行《地面水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类水源水质标准要求。以湘江为水源的大部分水厂，由于受常规处理工艺的局限，出厂水中常含有较多的污染物质，水质常达不到生物稳定。本研究通过试验探讨了生物过滤对湘江微污染源水的处理特性，结果表明，生物过滤可有效去除微污染源水中的有机物、NH_4~+-N、Fe和Mn，提高饮用水生物稳定性，生物过滤对TOC去除率为25～32％，对BDOC的去除率为41.3～65％，对AOC的去除率为59.2～84.2％，对COD_(Mn)的去除率为40.2～49.4％，对UV_(254)的去除率为60.6～66.5％，对NH_4~+-N的去除率达67～90％，对铁的去除率可达88～95％，对锰的去除率为36～87％。溶解性有机物的去除效果与有机物分子量的分布密切相关，GAC-石英砂生物过滤对于分子量小于1000和分子量在3000～6000之间的有机物有较好的去除特性，去除率分别可达54.46％和54.57％，这些有机物可能主要由苯酸脂类、酮类、酚类等合成有机物和腐殖酸类物质组成。生物过滤具有良好的去浊特性，当进水浊度小于5NTU时，生物过滤能在较长时间内保持出水浊度低于0.1 NTU，浊度的去除是传统吸附截留和生物吸附共同作用的结果；在生物滤柱内，生物膜量的分布都是随水流方向自上而下逐渐降低的；生物膜在滤料表面以菌胶团形式存在，而且并未完全覆盖滤料表面。假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌分别为生物滤柱内的优势菌属和亚优势菌属，生物膜的组成除了细菌，还包括放线菌、霉菌、藻类、单体钟虫和一些线虫等后生动物，这些微生物通过复杂的食物链共同组成了一个稳定的微生物生态系统。空床接触时间和水温的增加可以改善生物过滤的处理性能；用未加氯水反冲洗对生物膜量影响较小；滤池关闭对生物过滤影响较小，重新启动后能在较短时间内恢复。
In recent ten years,the middle and lower reaches of Xiangjiang River has been polluted by various organic matter, NH4+-N, Fe and Mn.The water quality of these reaches usually couldn't be up to the standard of the third grade of source water quality standard which the current surface water environmental quality standards had prescribed.A majority of water plant which use the Xiangjing River water as the water source are disable to remove the most pollutant because of using the conventional filtration,thus the effluent water of these plants couldn't attain the biological stability. This research examined the results of the treatment of micro-polluted Xiangjiang River source water by biofiltration.The results show that the removal rate of TOC can be reached 25~32% , the removal rate of BDOC can be reached 41.3~65% , and the removal rate of AOC can be reached 59.2-84.2% respectively.The removal rate of CODMn can be reached 40.4-49.4%, the removal rate of UV254 can be reached 60.6-66.5%,the removal rate of NH4+-N
can be reached 67~90%,the removal rate of Fe can be reached 88~95%, and the removal rate of Mn can be reached 36~87% respectively.For the efficient removal of organic matter, NH4 + -N, Fe and Mn,the biofilter has the ability to enhance the biological stability of drinking water.The removal of dissolved organic matters is strongly related to the molecular weight of the organic matters.The GAC-sand biofilter is capable of removing the organic matters with small molecular weight (<1000) and with molecular weight of 3000~6000.The removal rate of organic matter with small molecular weight (<1000) and with molecular weight of 3000~6000 is 54.46% and 54.57% respectively, and these organic matter mainly consist of synthetical compound(keto compound, hydroxybenzene and phenyl acid ester)and humic acid. The biofiltration has superior characteristic of turbidity removal,when the influent turbidity is bellow 5 NTU,the effluent turbiduty of the biofilters can maintain less than 0.1NTU for acceptable long time.The mechan
ism of turbidity removal is mainly attribute to the combined action of traditional adsorption and biosorption. The biomass in the biofilters decrease gradually from the top layer to the bottom layer along the water flow.The biofilm on the media surface mainly presented in zoogloea form.The dominant bacterial genus
and sub-dominant bacterial genus were Pseudomonas and Bacillus respectively.We found that the species that made up the biofilm were comparatively complete by means of the microscope. It included bacteria, filamentous fungus,mold, vorticella and metazoan etc., which formed a stable microbial ecosystem jointly. The increase of EBCT and water temperature can improve the effect of biofiltration.Backwash with nonchlorinated water has less impact on bifiltration.Shutdown of the biofilters has minor impact on biofiltration performance,the biofilters can return to normal operation quickly after restart.
In recent ten years,the middle and lower reaches of Xiangjiang River has been polluted by various organic matter, NH4+-N, Fe and Mn.The water quality of these reaches usually couldn't be up to the standard of the third grade of source water quality standard which the current surface water environmental quality standards had prescribed.A majority of water plant which use the Xiangjing River water as the water source are disable to remove the most pollutant because of using the conventional filtration,thus the effluent water of these plants couldn't attain the biological stability. This research examined the results of the treatment of micro-polluted Xiangjiang River source water by biofiltration.The results show that the removal rate of TOC can be reached 25~32% , the removal rate of BDOC can be reached 41.3~65% , and the removal rate of AOC can be reached 59.2-84.2% respectively.The removal rate of CODMn can be reached 40.4-49.4%, the removal rate of UV254 can be reached 60.6-66.5%,the removal rate of NH4+-N
can be reached 67~90%,the removal rate of Fe can be reached 88~95%, and the removal rate of Mn can be reached 36~87% respectively.For the efficient removal of organic matter, NH4 + -N, Fe and Mn,the biofilter has the ability to enhance the biological stability of drinking water.The removal of dissolved organic matters is strongly related to the molecular weight of the organic matters.The GAC-sand biofilter is capable of removing the organic matters with small molecular weight (<1000) and with molecular weight of 3000~6000.The removal rate of organic matter with small molecular weight (<1000) and with molecular weight of 3000~6000 is 54.46% and 54.57% respectively, and these organic matter mainly consist of synthetical compound(keto compound, hydroxybenzene and phenyl acid ester)and humic acid. The biofiltration has superior characteristic of turbidity removal,when the influent turbidity is bellow 5 NTU,the effluent turbiduty of the biofilters can maintain less than 0.1NTU for acceptable long time.The mechan
ism of turbidity removal is mainly attribute to the combined action of traditional adsorption and biosorption. The biomass in the biofilters decrease gradually from the top layer to the bottom layer along the water flow.The biofilm on the media surface mainly presented in zoogloea form.The dominant bacterial genus
and sub-dominant bacterial genus were Pseudomonas and Bacillus respectively.We found that the species that made up the biofilm were comparatively complete by means of the microscope. It included bacteria, filamentous fungus,mold, vorticella and metazoan etc., which formed a stable microbial ecosystem jointly. The increase of EBCT and water temperature can improve the effect of biofiltration.Backwash with nonchlorinated water has less impact on bifiltration.Shutdown of the biofilters has minor impact on biofiltration performance,the biofilters can return to normal operation quickly after restart.
引文
[1] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999：2-23；28-35；58-69
[2] Barrentt A D,Pescod M B.Water supply in developing countries: improving on current practice. Jour.NEWWA,1986,100(2):195
[3] Rebhun M, Schwarz J.Clogging and contamination processes in recharge wells.Water Resources Res.,1968,4(6):1207
[4] Vik E A.Removing aquatic humus from Norwegian Lakes. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1985,77(3):58
[5] Knoppert P L,Oskam G, Vreedenburgh E G H.An overview of European water treatment practice. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1980,46(11):593
[6] Digiano F A, Singer P C,Parameswar C,et al.Biodegradation kinetics of ozonated NOM and aldehydes. Journal of American Water Works Association,2001,93(8):92-104
[7] Collins M R,Eighmy T T, Frenstermacher M J,et al.Removing natural organic matter by conventional slow sand filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992,84(5):81-89
[8] Boethling R S,Alexander M.Microbial degradation of organic compounds at trace levels.Environmental Science&Technology, 1979,13(8):989-991
[9] Frederick H T, Cannon F S.Calcium-NOM loading onto GAC. Journal of American Water Works Association,2001,93(12):77-89
[10] Andrews S,Huck P.Using fractionated organic matter to quantitate organic by-products of ozonation.Ozone Sci.&Engrg.,1995,17:283
[11] Lechevallier M W, C B William, Schorr P, et al. Evaluating the performance of Biologically Active Rapid Filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992, 84(4):136-146
[12] Semmens M J,Staples A B.The nature of organic removal during treatment of Mississippi River water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1986,78(2):76
[13] Rittmann B E, SnoeyinkV L. Achieving biologically stable drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1984,76(10):
106-114
[14]张锡辉．高等环境化学与微生物学原理及应用．北京：化学工业出版社，2001：284-286
[15]Hozalski R M,Goel S,Bouwer E J.TOC removal in biological filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1995,87(12):40-53
[16]Urfer D,Huck P M,Booth S D J,et al.Biological filtration for BOM and particle:a critical review. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1997,89(12):83-95
[17]Huck P M,Zhang S,Price M L.BOM removal during biological treatment:a first-order model. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1994,86(6):61-63
[18]Bouwer E J,Growe P B.Biological Processes in Drinking Water Treatment. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1988,80(9): 82-84
[19]Bablon G P, Ventresque C,Aim R B.Developing a sand-GAC filter to achieve high-rate biological filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1988,80(12):47-49
[20]Miltner R J,Summers R S,Wang J Z.Biofiltration performance:part 2:effect of backwashing. Journal of American Water Works Association,1995,87(12):64-70
[21]Huck P M,Fedorak P M,Anderson W B.Formation and removal of assimilable organic carbon during biological treatment. Journal of American Water Works Association,1991,83(12):69-70
[22]Ahmad R,Amirtharajah.Detachment of particles during biofilter backwashing. Journal of American Water Works Association,1998,90(12):74-85
[23]Goldgrabe J C,Summers R S,Milter R J.Particle removal and head loss development in biological filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1993, 85 (12):94-105
[24]李亚新．生物砂滤池处理微污染源水工艺特性研究．给水排水，1997，23(7)： 6-8
[25]吴为中，王占生．水库水源水生物陶粒滤池预处理中试研究．环境科学研究，1999，12(1)：10-14
[26]杨开，周涛，高婷，等．生物活性炭．砂滤处理微污染源水研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(12)：54-55
[27] 李德生，黄晓东，王占生．微污染源水净化新工艺—生物强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(10)：18
[28] 黄晓东，李德生，吴为中，等．生物活性滤池的强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2001，17(8)：11-11
[29] 李家就，杨文进，朱建国，等．受污染珠江水的生物膜法预处理研究．中国给水排水，1999，15(7)：8-10
[30] 薛记中．生物陶粒滤池预处理滏阳河微污染源水．中国给水排水，1999，15(11)：66-68
[31] 于鑫，李旭东，杨俊仕．微污染原水的生物流化床预处理技术试验研究．环境工程，1999，17(5)：13-16
[32] 刘雨，赵庆良，郑兴灿．生物膜法污水处理技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000，30-60
[33] Mouchet P.From conventional to biological removal of Iron and Manganese in france. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992,84(4):158-160
[34] Rittmann B E. Model of steady-state biofilm kinetics.Biotechnol. Bioeng., 1980,22:2243
[35] Rittmann B E. Evaluation of Steady-state Biofilm Kinetics. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1980, 22:2359-2361
[36] Heath M S,Wirtel S A,Rittman B E.Simplified design of biofilm processes using normalized loading curves.Res.Jour.WPCF, 1990,62: 185
[37] Lechevallier M W, Lowry C D,Lee R G. Disinfecting biofilms in a model distribution system. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1990,82(7):87
[38] Rittmann B E.Design of fixed-film processes with steady-Statebiofilm model. Prog.Wtr. Technol.,1980,12:271-273
[39] Rittmann B E. Analyzing biofilm processes used in biological filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1990, 56(12):62-63
[40] McCarty P L.Trace organics in groundwater.Environmental Science and Technology, 1981,15:40
[41] Stratton R G. Secondary utilization of trace organics by biofilms on porous media. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1983,75(9):463-469
[42] Rittmann B E.Substrate flux into biofilm of any thickness. J.Envir.Engrg. Div.—ASCE, 1981,107:831-834
[43] Rittmann B E.Biological treatment of public water supplies.Crit.Rev. Environ.Control, 1989, 19(2):119-184
[44] Namkung E.Removal of taste and odor-causing compounds by biofilms grow on humic substances. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1987,79(7): 107-111
[45] 张长，曾光明，余健，等．微污染饮用水生物处理中痕量有机物生物降解研究述评。环境污染与防治，2003，25(6)：356-358
[46] Rittmann B E.Trace-Organics biodegradation in aquifer recharge .Ground Water Treatment,1980,18:236-237
[47] Chih-Jen L.Effect of natural organic matter on biodegradation of a recalcitrant synthetic organic chemical. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1991, 83(2):56-61
[48] Namkung E.Modeling biosubstrate removal by biofilms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,1987,29(2):269-277
[49] Namkung E,et al.Predicting removal of trace organic compound by biofilm.WPCF, 1983, 55(11):1366-1377
[50] Rittmann B E,et al.The Nonsteady-state-bilfilm Process for Advanced Organics Removal.WPCF, 1984,56(7):874-880
[51] 许保玖．给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000，34-45
[52] 何元春．微污染饮用水生物过滤试验研究．[湖南大学硕士学位论文]．长沙：湖南大学土木工程学院，2002，18-20；53-54
[53] 余健，曾光明，施周．饮用水生物过滤工艺述评．中国给水排水，2002，18(3)：37
[54] 阮如新．陶粒粒度对过滤的影响．给水排水，1997，23(11)：15-17
[55] Kooij V D.Determing the concentration of easily assimilable organic carbon in drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1982,74(10):60-68
[56] 吴为中，王占生．不同生物接触氧化法的净化效果及其生物膜特性的比较．环境科学学报，2000，20(S 9)：44-50
[57] Wang J Z, Summers R S,Miltner R J. Biofiltration performance:part Ⅰ, relationship to biomass.Journal of American Water Works Association,1995,87(12):55-63.
[58] Findlay R H,King G M,Watling L.Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in
determining microbial biomass in sediments.Appl.& Envir.Microbiol.,1989, 55(11):2888-2893
[59] 于鑫，张晓健，王占生．饮用水生物处理中生物量的脂磷法测定．给水排水，2002，28(5)：1-5
[60] Greesey G G, Mittelman M W, Lieu V T.Evaluation of slime-producing bacteria in oil field core flood experiments.Appl.Envir.Microbiol., 1987,53(2):278
[61] 俞毓馨，吴国庆，孟宪庭．环境工程微生物检验手册．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1990，136-138
[62] 周群英，高廷耀．环境工程微生物学(第二版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2000，287-290
[63] 刘文君，吴红伟，王占生，等．饮用水中BDOC测定动力学研究．环境科学，1999，20(4)：21-23
[64] 吴红伟，石振清，王占生．净水工艺对水中可生物降解有机物去除的研究．给水排水，1999，25(7)：16-18
[65] Cipparone L A,Diehl A C,Speitel G E Jr,et al.Ozonation and BDOC removal:effect on water quality. Journal of American Water Works Association,1997,89(2):84
[66] Kooij D.Assimilable organic carbon as an indicator of bacterial regrowth. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992,26(2):57-58
[67] 刘文君，王亚娟，张丽萍，等．饮用水中可同化有机碳(AOC)测定方法研究．给水排水，2000，26(11)：1-5
[68] 国家环保局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法(第3版)，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989，252-278；359
[69] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．水源水中有机物特性及其氯化活性研究．环境科学学报，2001，21(5)：573-576
[70] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．常规工艺对消毒副产物及前体物的去除．给水排水，2001，27(4)：35-36
[71] 俞汉青，顾国维．生物膜反应器挂膜方法的试验研究．中同给水排水，1992，8(3)：13-17
[72] 赵兵，杨为群．生物滤柱挂膜的生产实践．交通环保，1999，20(4)：25-27
[73] 邓志光．生物处理法在给水处理中的应用．中国给水排水，1991，7(5)41-43
[74] Carlson K H,Amy G L.BOM removal during biofiltration. Journal of American Water Works Association,1998,90(12):42-49
[75] 李伟英，张玉先．给水生物预处理工艺中生物相的作用．工业用水与废水，2000，31(3)：7-10
[76] 周春生，李永秋，俞毓馨．陶粒柱反应器生物膜特性的研究．中国环境科学，1995，15(5)：352
[77] Rittmann B E.Analyzing biofilm processes used in biological filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1990,82(12):62
[78] Yu Jian, Zhang Chang, Zeng Guangming,et al.Study on distribution and characteristics of the biofilm in the drinking-water biofilter. In:Proceedings of the enerenv'2003 conference.Beijing.New York: Science Press,2003, 913-918
[79] Rittmann B E.In situ determination of kinetic parameter for biofilms:isolation and characterization of ologortrophic biofilms. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1986,28(11): 1753-1760
[80] 岳舜琳．水的浊度问题．中国给水排水，1995，11(4)：33
[81] 王洪山，王秀丽，戴中英．水中有机物与浊度之相关性．中国给水排水，1991，7(2)：30
[82] 周德庆．微生物学教程(第二版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2002，152-153
[83] Li J W.Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the characteristics and trihalomethanes formation potential of humic acid. Jour.Water Res.,1996,30:347
[84] Milter R J,Summers R S,Zhang J Z.Biofiltration by-product formation and control by ozonation and biotreatment Journal of American Water Works Association,1992,84(11):53
[85] Tuovinen O H,Button K S,Vuorinen A,et al.Bacterial,chemical,and mineralogical characteristics of tubercles in distribution pipelines. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1980,14(11):626-627
[86] Lee S H,Connor J T, Banerji.Biologically mediated corrosion and its effects on water quality in distribution systems. Journal of American Water Works Association,1980,72(11):636-645
[87] Zhang S,Huck P M.Removal of AOC in biological water treatment processes:a kinetic modeling approach.Water Research, 1996,30(5):
1195
[88] Lechevallier M W.Coliform regrowth in drinking water:a review. Journal of American Water Works Association,1990,82(11):74-86
[89] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．供水管网中AOC、消毒副产物的变化规律．中国给水排水，2001，17(6)：1-2
[90] Hem L J,Efraimsen H.Assimilable organic carbon in molecular weight fractions of nature organic matter.Journal of Water Research,2002, 35(4):1106
[91] 岳舜琳，周云．水中溶解性有机物分子量分布测定方法评价．净水技术，2002，21(2)：37-38
[92] Collings M R,Amy G L,Steelink C.Molecular weight distribution, carboxylic acidity,and humic substances content of aquatic organic matter:implications for removal during water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 1986,20(10):1028
[93] Davis J A,Gloor R.Adsorption of disolved organic in lakewater by aluminum oxide:effect of molecular weight. Environmental Science & Technology, 1981,15(10): 1223
[94] Tambo N,Kamei K.Treatability evaluation of general organic matter-matric conception and its application for a regional water and waste water system. Water Research, 1978, 12:931-950
[95] Amy G L,Collins M R,Kuo C J,et al.Comparing gel permeation chromatograph and ultrafiltration for the molecular weight characterization of aquatic organic matter. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 1987,79(1):45
[96] 罗晓鸿，曹莉莉，王占生．不同分子量的有机物在净水工艺中的去除研究．中国环境科学，1998，18(4)：341-344
[97] 赵振业，肖贤明，李丽，等．水体中不同相对分子质量有机质对饮用水消毒的影响．环境科学，2002，23(6)：45-50
[98] Aelion C M,Swindoll C M, Pfaender F K.Adaption to and biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by microbial communities from pristine aquifer.Applied environmental microbiology, 1987, 53(9):2212-2217
[99] Joe H J,Xie Y.Using BAC for HAA removal,part 1:batch study. Journal of American Water Works Association,2002,94(4):195
[100] Joe H J,Xie Y.Using BAC for HAA removal,part 2:column study.
Journal of American Water Works Association,2002,94(5):126
[101] Peldazus S,Huck P M,Andrews S A.Determination of short chain aliphatic,oxo and hydroxy-acid in drinking water at low ug/L concentrations.Jour. Chromatography A,1996,27:723
[102] Wolfe R L,Ward N R,Olson B H.Inorganic chloramines as drinking water disinfectants:A Review. Journal of American Water Works Association,1984,76(5):74
[103] Manem J A,Rittmann B E.Removing trace-level organic pollutants in a Biological Filter. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992, 84(4):152
[104] 黄晓东，李德生，王占生，等．生物活性滤池强化过滤的影响因素研究．中国给水排水，2003，19(5)：67-68
[105] Kirisits M,Snoeyink V L,Chee-sanford J C,et al.Effect of operating conditions on bromate removal efficiency in BAC filters. Journal of American Water Works Association,2002,94(4): 183-193
[106] Moll D M,Summers R S,Fonseca C,et al.Impact of temperature on drinking water biofilter performance and microbial community structure. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(14):2377
[107] Gregory D,Carlson K.Relationship of pH and Floc formation kinetics to granular media filtration performance. Environmental Science& Technology,2003,37(7):1398-1403
[108] Niquette P, Prevost M,Maclean R G, et al.Backwashing first-stage sand-BAC filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1998,90(1):86-97
[109] Liu X,Huck P M,Slawson R M.Factors affecting drinking water biofiltration. Journal of American Water Works Association,2001,93 (12):90-91
[110] Gregory D,Carlson K.Relationship of pH and Floe formation kinetics to granular media filtration performance. Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(7):1398-1403
[111] Servais P, Billen G, Ventresque C.Microbial activity in GAC filters at the choisy-le-roi treatment plant. Journal of American Water Works Association,1991,83(2):62-68
[112] Urfer D,Huck P M.Measurement of biomass activity in drinking water biofilters using a respirometric method.Water
Research,2001,55(6): 1469-1477
[113] Boethling R S.Effect of concentration of organic chemicals on their biodegradation by natural microbial communities.Appl.Environ. Microbiol., 1979,37:1211
[114] 陈余道，朱学愚．大武水源地地下水生物降解烃污染物的机理．广西地质，1999，12(2)：31-33
[115] 肖羽堂，许建华．生物接触氧化法净化微污染源水的机理研究．环境科学，1999，20(3)：88
[116] Niquette P, Prevost M,Servais P, et al.Shutdown of BAC filters:effects on water quality. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1998, 90(12):53
[2] Barrentt A D,Pescod M B.Water supply in developing countries: improving on current practice. Jour.NEWWA,1986,100(2):195
[3] Rebhun M, Schwarz J.Clogging and contamination processes in recharge wells.Water Resources Res.,1968,4(6):1207
[4] Vik E A.Removing aquatic humus from Norwegian Lakes. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1985,77(3):58
[5] Knoppert P L,Oskam G, Vreedenburgh E G H.An overview of European water treatment practice. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1980,46(11):593
[6] Digiano F A, Singer P C,Parameswar C,et al.Biodegradation kinetics of ozonated NOM and aldehydes. Journal of American Water Works Association,2001,93(8):92-104
[7] Collins M R,Eighmy T T, Frenstermacher M J,et al.Removing natural organic matter by conventional slow sand filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992,84(5):81-89
[8] Boethling R S,Alexander M.Microbial degradation of organic compounds at trace levels.Environmental Science&Technology, 1979,13(8):989-991
[9] Frederick H T, Cannon F S.Calcium-NOM loading onto GAC. Journal of American Water Works Association,2001,93(12):77-89
[10] Andrews S,Huck P.Using fractionated organic matter to quantitate organic by-products of ozonation.Ozone Sci.&Engrg.,1995,17:283
[11] Lechevallier M W, C B William, Schorr P, et al. Evaluating the performance of Biologically Active Rapid Filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992, 84(4):136-146
[12] Semmens M J,Staples A B.The nature of organic removal during treatment of Mississippi River water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1986,78(2):76
[13] Rittmann B E, SnoeyinkV L. Achieving biologically stable drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1984,76(10):
106-114
[14]张锡辉．高等环境化学与微生物学原理及应用．北京：化学工业出版社，2001：284-286
[15]Hozalski R M,Goel S,Bouwer E J.TOC removal in biological filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1995,87(12):40-53
[16]Urfer D,Huck P M,Booth S D J,et al.Biological filtration for BOM and particle:a critical review. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1997,89(12):83-95
[17]Huck P M,Zhang S,Price M L.BOM removal during biological treatment:a first-order model. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1994,86(6):61-63
[18]Bouwer E J,Growe P B.Biological Processes in Drinking Water Treatment. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1988,80(9): 82-84
[19]Bablon G P, Ventresque C,Aim R B.Developing a sand-GAC filter to achieve high-rate biological filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1988,80(12):47-49
[20]Miltner R J,Summers R S,Wang J Z.Biofiltration performance:part 2:effect of backwashing. Journal of American Water Works Association,1995,87(12):64-70
[21]Huck P M,Fedorak P M,Anderson W B.Formation and removal of assimilable organic carbon during biological treatment. Journal of American Water Works Association,1991,83(12):69-70
[22]Ahmad R,Amirtharajah.Detachment of particles during biofilter backwashing. Journal of American Water Works Association,1998,90(12):74-85
[23]Goldgrabe J C,Summers R S,Milter R J.Particle removal and head loss development in biological filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1993, 85 (12):94-105
[24]李亚新．生物砂滤池处理微污染源水工艺特性研究．给水排水，1997，23(7)： 6-8
[25]吴为中，王占生．水库水源水生物陶粒滤池预处理中试研究．环境科学研究，1999，12(1)：10-14
[26]杨开，周涛，高婷，等．生物活性炭．砂滤处理微污染源水研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(12)：54-55
[27] 李德生，黄晓东，王占生．微污染源水净化新工艺—生物强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(10)：18
[28] 黄晓东，李德生，吴为中，等．生物活性滤池的强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2001，17(8)：11-11
[29] 李家就，杨文进，朱建国，等．受污染珠江水的生物膜法预处理研究．中国给水排水，1999，15(7)：8-10
[30] 薛记中．生物陶粒滤池预处理滏阳河微污染源水．中国给水排水，1999，15(11)：66-68
[31] 于鑫，李旭东，杨俊仕．微污染原水的生物流化床预处理技术试验研究．环境工程，1999，17(5)：13-16
[32] 刘雨，赵庆良，郑兴灿．生物膜法污水处理技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000，30-60
[33] Mouchet P.From conventional to biological removal of Iron and Manganese in france. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992,84(4):158-160
[34] Rittmann B E. Model of steady-state biofilm kinetics.Biotechnol. Bioeng., 1980,22:2243
[35] Rittmann B E. Evaluation of Steady-state Biofilm Kinetics. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1980, 22:2359-2361
[36] Heath M S,Wirtel S A,Rittman B E.Simplified design of biofilm processes using normalized loading curves.Res.Jour.WPCF, 1990,62: 185
[37] Lechevallier M W, Lowry C D,Lee R G. Disinfecting biofilms in a model distribution system. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1990,82(7):87
[38] Rittmann B E.Design of fixed-film processes with steady-Statebiofilm model. Prog.Wtr. Technol.,1980,12:271-273
[39] Rittmann B E. Analyzing biofilm processes used in biological filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1990, 56(12):62-63
[40] McCarty P L.Trace organics in groundwater.Environmental Science and Technology, 1981,15:40
[41] Stratton R G. Secondary utilization of trace organics by biofilms on porous media. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1983,75(9):463-469
[42] Rittmann B E.Substrate flux into biofilm of any thickness. J.Envir.Engrg. Div.—ASCE, 1981,107:831-834
[43] Rittmann B E.Biological treatment of public water supplies.Crit.Rev. Environ.Control, 1989, 19(2):119-184
[44] Namkung E.Removal of taste and odor-causing compounds by biofilms grow on humic substances. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1987,79(7): 107-111
[45] 张长，曾光明，余健，等．微污染饮用水生物处理中痕量有机物生物降解研究述评。环境污染与防治，2003，25(6)：356-358
[46] Rittmann B E.Trace-Organics biodegradation in aquifer recharge .Ground Water Treatment,1980,18:236-237
[47] Chih-Jen L.Effect of natural organic matter on biodegradation of a recalcitrant synthetic organic chemical. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1991, 83(2):56-61
[48] Namkung E.Modeling biosubstrate removal by biofilms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,1987,29(2):269-277
[49] Namkung E,et al.Predicting removal of trace organic compound by biofilm.WPCF, 1983, 55(11):1366-1377
[50] Rittmann B E,et al.The Nonsteady-state-bilfilm Process for Advanced Organics Removal.WPCF, 1984,56(7):874-880
[51] 许保玖．给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000，34-45
[52] 何元春．微污染饮用水生物过滤试验研究．[湖南大学硕士学位论文]．长沙：湖南大学土木工程学院，2002，18-20；53-54
[53] 余健，曾光明，施周．饮用水生物过滤工艺述评．中国给水排水，2002，18(3)：37
[54] 阮如新．陶粒粒度对过滤的影响．给水排水，1997，23(11)：15-17
[55] Kooij V D.Determing the concentration of easily assimilable organic carbon in drinking water. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1982,74(10):60-68
[56] 吴为中，王占生．不同生物接触氧化法的净化效果及其生物膜特性的比较．环境科学学报，2000，20(S 9)：44-50
[57] Wang J Z, Summers R S,Miltner R J. Biofiltration performance:part Ⅰ, relationship to biomass.Journal of American Water Works Association,1995,87(12):55-63.
[58] Findlay R H,King G M,Watling L.Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in
determining microbial biomass in sediments.Appl.& Envir.Microbiol.,1989, 55(11):2888-2893
[59] 于鑫，张晓健，王占生．饮用水生物处理中生物量的脂磷法测定．给水排水，2002，28(5)：1-5
[60] Greesey G G, Mittelman M W, Lieu V T.Evaluation of slime-producing bacteria in oil field core flood experiments.Appl.Envir.Microbiol., 1987,53(2):278
[61] 俞毓馨，吴国庆，孟宪庭．环境工程微生物检验手册．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1990，136-138
[62] 周群英，高廷耀．环境工程微生物学(第二版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2000，287-290
[63] 刘文君，吴红伟，王占生，等．饮用水中BDOC测定动力学研究．环境科学，1999，20(4)：21-23
[64] 吴红伟，石振清，王占生．净水工艺对水中可生物降解有机物去除的研究．给水排水，1999，25(7)：16-18
[65] Cipparone L A,Diehl A C,Speitel G E Jr,et al.Ozonation and BDOC removal:effect on water quality. Journal of American Water Works Association,1997,89(2):84
[66] Kooij D.Assimilable organic carbon as an indicator of bacterial regrowth. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992,26(2):57-58
[67] 刘文君，王亚娟，张丽萍，等．饮用水中可同化有机碳(AOC)测定方法研究．给水排水，2000，26(11)：1-5
[68] 国家环保局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法(第3版)，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989，252-278；359
[69] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．水源水中有机物特性及其氯化活性研究．环境科学学报，2001，21(5)：573-576
[70] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．常规工艺对消毒副产物及前体物的去除．给水排水，2001，27(4)：35-36
[71] 俞汉青，顾国维．生物膜反应器挂膜方法的试验研究．中同给水排水，1992，8(3)：13-17
[72] 赵兵，杨为群．生物滤柱挂膜的生产实践．交通环保，1999，20(4)：25-27
[73] 邓志光．生物处理法在给水处理中的应用．中国给水排水，1991，7(5)41-43
[74] Carlson K H,Amy G L.BOM removal during biofiltration. Journal of American Water Works Association,1998,90(12):42-49
[75] 李伟英，张玉先．给水生物预处理工艺中生物相的作用．工业用水与废水，2000，31(3)：7-10
[76] 周春生，李永秋，俞毓馨．陶粒柱反应器生物膜特性的研究．中国环境科学，1995，15(5)：352
[77] Rittmann B E.Analyzing biofilm processes used in biological filtration. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1990,82(12):62
[78] Yu Jian, Zhang Chang, Zeng Guangming,et al.Study on distribution and characteristics of the biofilm in the drinking-water biofilter. In:Proceedings of the enerenv'2003 conference.Beijing.New York: Science Press,2003, 913-918
[79] Rittmann B E.In situ determination of kinetic parameter for biofilms:isolation and characterization of ologortrophic biofilms. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1986,28(11): 1753-1760
[80] 岳舜琳．水的浊度问题．中国给水排水，1995，11(4)：33
[81] 王洪山，王秀丽，戴中英．水中有机物与浊度之相关性．中国给水排水，1991，7(2)：30
[82] 周德庆．微生物学教程(第二版)．北京：高等教育出版社，2002，152-153
[83] Li J W.Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the characteristics and trihalomethanes formation potential of humic acid. Jour.Water Res.,1996,30:347
[84] Milter R J,Summers R S,Zhang J Z.Biofiltration by-product formation and control by ozonation and biotreatment Journal of American Water Works Association,1992,84(11):53
[85] Tuovinen O H,Button K S,Vuorinen A,et al.Bacterial,chemical,and mineralogical characteristics of tubercles in distribution pipelines. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1980,14(11):626-627
[86] Lee S H,Connor J T, Banerji.Biologically mediated corrosion and its effects on water quality in distribution systems. Journal of American Water Works Association,1980,72(11):636-645
[87] Zhang S,Huck P M.Removal of AOC in biological water treatment processes:a kinetic modeling approach.Water Research, 1996,30(5):
1195
[88] Lechevallier M W.Coliform regrowth in drinking water:a review. Journal of American Water Works Association,1990,82(11):74-86
[89] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．供水管网中AOC、消毒副产物的变化规律．中国给水排水，2001，17(6)：1-2
[90] Hem L J,Efraimsen H.Assimilable organic carbon in molecular weight fractions of nature organic matter.Journal of Water Research,2002, 35(4):1106
[91] 岳舜琳，周云．水中溶解性有机物分子量分布测定方法评价．净水技术，2002，21(2)：37-38
[92] Collings M R,Amy G L,Steelink C.Molecular weight distribution, carboxylic acidity,and humic substances content of aquatic organic matter:implications for removal during water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 1986,20(10):1028
[93] Davis J A,Gloor R.Adsorption of disolved organic in lakewater by aluminum oxide:effect of molecular weight. Environmental Science & Technology, 1981,15(10): 1223
[94] Tambo N,Kamei K.Treatability evaluation of general organic matter-matric conception and its application for a regional water and waste water system. Water Research, 1978, 12:931-950
[95] Amy G L,Collins M R,Kuo C J,et al.Comparing gel permeation chromatograph and ultrafiltration for the molecular weight characterization of aquatic organic matter. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 1987,79(1):45
[96] 罗晓鸿，曹莉莉，王占生．不同分子量的有机物在净水工艺中的去除研究．中国环境科学，1998，18(4)：341-344
[97] 赵振业，肖贤明，李丽，等．水体中不同相对分子质量有机质对饮用水消毒的影响．环境科学，2002，23(6)：45-50
[98] Aelion C M,Swindoll C M, Pfaender F K.Adaption to and biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by microbial communities from pristine aquifer.Applied environmental microbiology, 1987, 53(9):2212-2217
[99] Joe H J,Xie Y.Using BAC for HAA removal,part 1:batch study. Journal of American Water Works Association,2002,94(4):195
[100] Joe H J,Xie Y.Using BAC for HAA removal,part 2:column study.
Journal of American Water Works Association,2002,94(5):126
[101] Peldazus S,Huck P M,Andrews S A.Determination of short chain aliphatic,oxo and hydroxy-acid in drinking water at low ug/L concentrations.Jour. Chromatography A,1996,27:723
[102] Wolfe R L,Ward N R,Olson B H.Inorganic chloramines as drinking water disinfectants:A Review. Journal of American Water Works Association,1984,76(5):74
[103] Manem J A,Rittmann B E.Removing trace-level organic pollutants in a Biological Filter. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1992, 84(4):152
[104] 黄晓东，李德生，王占生，等．生物活性滤池强化过滤的影响因素研究．中国给水排水，2003，19(5)：67-68
[105] Kirisits M,Snoeyink V L,Chee-sanford J C,et al.Effect of operating conditions on bromate removal efficiency in BAC filters. Journal of American Water Works Association,2002,94(4): 183-193
[106] Moll D M,Summers R S,Fonseca C,et al.Impact of temperature on drinking water biofilter performance and microbial community structure. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(14):2377
[107] Gregory D,Carlson K.Relationship of pH and Floc formation kinetics to granular media filtration performance. Environmental Science& Technology,2003,37(7):1398-1403
[108] Niquette P, Prevost M,Maclean R G, et al.Backwashing first-stage sand-BAC filters. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1998,90(1):86-97
[109] Liu X,Huck P M,Slawson R M.Factors affecting drinking water biofiltration. Journal of American Water Works Association,2001,93 (12):90-91
[110] Gregory D,Carlson K.Relationship of pH and Floe formation kinetics to granular media filtration performance. Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(7):1398-1403
[111] Servais P, Billen G, Ventresque C.Microbial activity in GAC filters at the choisy-le-roi treatment plant. Journal of American Water Works Association,1991,83(2):62-68
[112] Urfer D,Huck P M.Measurement of biomass activity in drinking water biofilters using a respirometric method.Water
Research,2001,55(6): 1469-1477
[113] Boethling R S.Effect of concentration of organic chemicals on their biodegradation by natural microbial communities.Appl.Environ. Microbiol., 1979,37:1211
[114] 陈余道，朱学愚．大武水源地地下水生物降解烃污染物的机理．广西地质，1999，12(2)：31-33
[115] 肖羽堂，许建华．生物接触氧化法净化微污染源水的机理研究．环境科学，1999，20(3)：88
[116] Niquette P, Prevost M,Servais P, et al.Shutdown of BAC filters:effects on water quality. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1998, 90(12):53
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |