碱沟煤矿急斜近距煤层联合开采的数值分析
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摘要
我国在当前及以后相当长的一段时间内，煤炭资源仍将稳居能源结构的首位。新疆煤炭预测储量19241亿吨，为我国第一，同时也是我国集中赋存急斜煤层的区域。它赋存着30多层厚度不同、层间距不同的急斜煤层，其特殊的赋存条件也引起国内外采矿界广泛的关注。而急斜近距煤层科学的开采方法，则更是长期困扰乌鲁木齐矿区的开采难题。由于单独开采任何一个煤层均会对邻近层造成破坏，有的矿井常常是“采一丢一”、甚至“采一丢二”，从而造成了大量优质煤炭资源的浪费。因而研究急斜近距煤层的高产高效采煤方法，具有重要的科学意义和经济价值。
本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上，采用平面和三维数值模拟方法，对碱沟煤矿急斜近距煤层开采过程中围岩运动规律及矿山压力显现进行了分析，并采用相似材料模拟和现场观测试验的方法进行对比分析，研究了急斜近距煤层联合开采的科学性。
急斜近距煤层独立开采时，无论采取上行开采还是下行开采均会对邻近煤层的再次开采产生了较大的影响。为了避免近距煤层开采的相互影响，必须发展联合开采。联合开采不仅仅可以提高生产能力，而且可以避免分别开采造成未采煤层的破坏；在同一水平B19、 B20联合乃至 B18、 B19和 B20联合开采，由于应力重新分布,形成的采动影响域较某一煤层单独开采时有增大趋势，但开采范围的增大对其影响不大，表明联合开采时并未引起围岩破坏运动范围的急剧增加，近距煤层联合开采一般情况下不会对岩层控制带来难以预计的困难；急斜水平分段放顶煤与缓斜煤层长壁工作面放顶煤开采所引起的围岩破坏运动范围有很大区别。急斜煤层工作面采放出一个水平分段的煤体后，工作面上方是残留和随后由于岩层破坏而充填的煤、岩、土体，并对工作面矿山压力显现起主要作用，由于其运动过程的随机性，矿山压力显现也具随机性。煤层的直接顶、老顶，在开采中虽然也会发生变形和破坏，但它对工作面的影响仅仅是工作面靠顶板的一部分，而且倾角越大，影响的范围越小。因而，象碱沟煤矿煤层倾角平均84°时，对工作面矿山压力显现起决定作用的是工作面上方残留和随后由于岩层破坏而充填的煤、岩、土体。因而支架所承受的载荷是有限的,完全可以提高水平分段的高度,以提高工作面产量。
Coal resource is always the first steadly in energy sources structure for very long time in China .The forecasted coal reserves in Xinjiang are 19241 hundred million tons that is the first in our country, Xinjiang is the region in which storage steep seam concentratedly, there are more than 30 layers steep seams with different thickness and distance, its special storage condition makes it become the attentive focus in mining circles in the world. The scientific mining method of steep and close seam is always the difficult problem in Urumchi diggings. Because mining any coal seam separately always destroys the neighboring ones, the coal seams are only mined 1/2 or 1/3 in some mines, a lot of high quality coal resources are wasted.So studying on high yield and effect mining method of steep and close seam has scientific and economic value
Based on the research harvest, using the two and three-dimensions numerical simulation analysis, the law of movement in surrounding rock and the strata pressure appearance are analysed for steep and close seam in Jiangou coal mine using similar material simulation and locale testing experiment, the scientific of combining mining in steep and close seam is studied.
Independent mining in steep and close seam can influence the next mining of the adjacent coal seam greatly, either mining from up to down or down to up. To avoiding the mutual influence , combining mining must be used.combining mining not only improve the throughput but although avoid the destroying to the unmined coal seam; when combining mine in the same level(B19 and B20 even B18 ,B19 ,and B20),the mining influent region is more and more increase than indepent mining because of the afresh distribution of stress，but the increasing of the mining region influence it not greatly， this shows that combining mining does not make the scope of destruction and movement in surrounding rock increase greatly，
combining mining does not bring unpredictable difficulty to terreance controlling ；the scope of the destruction and movement in surrounding rock causing from horizontal section sub-level caving in steep seam and long wall face sublevel caving in gently inclined seam are very different， after mining coal mass of horizontal section，up the working face of steep seam are remnant and filling coal ,rock and soil mass which takes great effect to the strata pressure appearance that is randomicity. Immediate roof and main roof of the coal seam are also distorted and destroyed in mining , but it only influence the work face near to the roof ,the influnet scope is smaller with the increasing of the obliquity. So to Jiangou coal mine in which obliquity of the coal seam is 84°everagely, the deciding effect to the strata pressure appearance is the remnant and filling coal ,rock and soil mass from the distruction of the terrane up the workface .So the load which bracket supporting is limited,the altitude of the horizontal section can be improved completely in order to increasing the output of the working face.
本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上，采用平面和三维数值模拟方法，对碱沟煤矿急斜近距煤层开采过程中围岩运动规律及矿山压力显现进行了分析，并采用相似材料模拟和现场观测试验的方法进行对比分析，研究了急斜近距煤层联合开采的科学性。
急斜近距煤层独立开采时，无论采取上行开采还是下行开采均会对邻近煤层的再次开采产生了较大的影响。为了避免近距煤层开采的相互影响，必须发展联合开采。联合开采不仅仅可以提高生产能力，而且可以避免分别开采造成未采煤层的破坏；在同一水平B19、 B20联合乃至 B18、 B19和 B20联合开采，由于应力重新分布,形成的采动影响域较某一煤层单独开采时有增大趋势，但开采范围的增大对其影响不大，表明联合开采时并未引起围岩破坏运动范围的急剧增加，近距煤层联合开采一般情况下不会对岩层控制带来难以预计的困难；急斜水平分段放顶煤与缓斜煤层长壁工作面放顶煤开采所引起的围岩破坏运动范围有很大区别。急斜煤层工作面采放出一个水平分段的煤体后，工作面上方是残留和随后由于岩层破坏而充填的煤、岩、土体，并对工作面矿山压力显现起主要作用，由于其运动过程的随机性，矿山压力显现也具随机性。煤层的直接顶、老顶，在开采中虽然也会发生变形和破坏，但它对工作面的影响仅仅是工作面靠顶板的一部分，而且倾角越大，影响的范围越小。因而，象碱沟煤矿煤层倾角平均84°时，对工作面矿山压力显现起决定作用的是工作面上方残留和随后由于岩层破坏而充填的煤、岩、土体。因而支架所承受的载荷是有限的,完全可以提高水平分段的高度,以提高工作面产量。
Coal resource is always the first steadly in energy sources structure for very long time in China .The forecasted coal reserves in Xinjiang are 19241 hundred million tons that is the first in our country, Xinjiang is the region in which storage steep seam concentratedly, there are more than 30 layers steep seams with different thickness and distance, its special storage condition makes it become the attentive focus in mining circles in the world. The scientific mining method of steep and close seam is always the difficult problem in Urumchi diggings. Because mining any coal seam separately always destroys the neighboring ones, the coal seams are only mined 1/2 or 1/3 in some mines, a lot of high quality coal resources are wasted.So studying on high yield and effect mining method of steep and close seam has scientific and economic value
Based on the research harvest, using the two and three-dimensions numerical simulation analysis, the law of movement in surrounding rock and the strata pressure appearance are analysed for steep and close seam in Jiangou coal mine using similar material simulation and locale testing experiment, the scientific of combining mining in steep and close seam is studied.
Independent mining in steep and close seam can influence the next mining of the adjacent coal seam greatly, either mining from up to down or down to up. To avoiding the mutual influence , combining mining must be used.combining mining not only improve the throughput but although avoid the destroying to the unmined coal seam; when combining mine in the same level(B19 and B20 even B18 ,B19 ,and B20),the mining influent region is more and more increase than indepent mining because of the afresh distribution of stress，but the increasing of the mining region influence it not greatly， this shows that combining mining does not make the scope of destruction and movement in surrounding rock increase greatly，
combining mining does not bring unpredictable difficulty to terreance controlling ；the scope of the destruction and movement in surrounding rock causing from horizontal section sub-level caving in steep seam and long wall face sublevel caving in gently inclined seam are very different， after mining coal mass of horizontal section，up the working face of steep seam are remnant and filling coal ,rock and soil mass which takes great effect to the strata pressure appearance that is randomicity. Immediate roof and main roof of the coal seam are also distorted and destroyed in mining , but it only influence the work face near to the roof ,the influnet scope is smaller with the increasing of the obliquity. So to Jiangou coal mine in which obliquity of the coal seam is 84°everagely, the deciding effect to the strata pressure appearance is the remnant and filling coal ,rock and soil mass from the distruction of the terrane up the workface .So the load which bracket supporting is limited,the altitude of the horizontal section can be improved completely in order to increasing the output of the working face.
引文
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[2] 石平五. 西部煤矿岩层控制泛述. 矿山压力与顶板管理,2002, 1: 6～9.
[3] 樊运策.综放开采技术20年的回顾与展望.地下开采现代技术理论与实践.北京:煤炭工业出版社2002:34～38
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[10] 王卫军 ,朱川曲 ,熊仁钦．急倾斜煤层顶煤可放性识别的神经网络模型．煤炭学报，2000，25 (1)：36～39
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[13] 张嘉凡，石平五，漆涛.急斜近距煤层联合开采采前围岩稳定性三维有限元数值模拟.西安科技学院学报，2003，23（增刊）：15～17
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[16] 高召宁, 石平五.急斜煤层开采老顶破断力学模型分析.矿山压力与顶板管理,2003，(1):81～83
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Manifoldof Material Analysis .Jenner,California.USA,1995,1,21～37
[21] 赵阳生.有限元法及其在采矿工程中的应用.北京: 煤炭工业出版社，1993
[22] 朱伯芳．有限单元法原理与应用（第二版）．北京: 中国水利水电出版社，2000
[23] Wang Zhiyin, Li Yunpeng. Numerical Manifold Method and Its Application In Underground Openings. Journal Of Coal Science and Engineering. 1998,4(1):64～70
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[28] 李永和，王更语，汉宁明．多层急倾斜煤岩层中的集中煤仓三维有限元仿真分析．煤炭学报，1999，24(2):137～141
[29] 戴华阳,王金庄,滕永海等．急倾斜煤层开采地表非连续变形计算方法研究．煤炭学报，2000，25(4):356～360
[30] 吴侃，凌赓娣，徐乃忠等．急倾斜厚煤层条带开采三维有限元模拟分析．矿山测量，1994 ，(3)：39～43
[31] 王芝银，李云鹏，张恩强. 急斜煤层巷道稳定性数值模拟. 岩石力学与工程学报，2000，19(6): 718～721
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[2] 石平五. 西部煤矿岩层控制泛述. 矿山压力与顶板管理,2002, 1: 6～9.
[3] 樊运策.综放开采技术20年的回顾与展望.地下开采现代技术理论与实践.北京:煤炭工业出版社2002:34～38
[4] 徐永圻.采矿学.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2003
[5] 高召宁,石平五.急倾斜水平分段放顶煤开采岩移规律.西安科技学院学报,2001(4):316～318
[6] 王卫军等.急倾斜煤层巷道放顶煤理论与实践.北京: 煤炭工业出版社.2001. 22～33
[7] 陈良棚，王卫军．急倾斜煤层巷道放顶煤采煤法．煤，1999，8(5)：8～9
[8] 王卫军,侯朝炯,熊仁钦.急倾斜煤层放顶煤分段高度的合理确定.岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(3):355～358
[9] 王卫军，陈良棚，高军. 急斜煤层放煤巷道矿压显现分析. 矿山压力与顶板管理,1998,(2):42～44
[10] 王卫军 ,朱川曲 ,熊仁钦．急倾斜煤层顶煤可放性识别的神经网络模型．煤炭学报，2000，25 (1)：36～39
[11] 李成瑞，急倾斜煤层巷道放顶煤采煤法研究．中国矿业大学学报，1996，25(3)：115 ～119
[12] 石平五,高召宁. 急斜特厚煤层开采围岩与覆盖层破坏规律. 煤炭学报，2003，28(1):13～16
[13] 张嘉凡，石平五，漆涛.急斜近距煤层联合开采采前围岩稳定性三维有限元数值模拟.西安科技学院学报，2003，23（增刊）：15～17
[14] 高召宁,石平五.急倾斜水平分段放顶煤开采岩移规律.西安科技学院学报,2001，(4):316～318
[15] 石平五. 急斜长壁开采顶板破断运动及危险性. 西安矿业学院学报,1998,18(1):1～7
[16] 高召宁, 石平五.急斜煤层开采老顶破断力学模型分析.矿山压力与顶板管理,2003，(1):81～83
[17] 石平五.急斜大段高放顶煤矿压显现及围岩控制.矿山压力与顶板管理,1992，(4):43～47
[18] Tora?o, J.; Rodríguez, R.; Ramírez-Oyanguren, P.. Probabilistic analysis of subsidence-induced strains at the surface above steep seam mining . International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences． 2000, 37(7): 1161～1167
[19] G.H.Shi.Modeling of Rock Joints and Blocks by Manifold method .Proc.of the 32rd U.S.Symp.onRock mechanics,Santa Fe.New Mexico,1992,639～648
[20] Te_chin Ke. Artificial Joint-based Manifold Method .Working Foruon the
Manifoldof Material Analysis .Jenner,California.USA,1995,1,21～37
[21] 赵阳生.有限元法及其在采矿工程中的应用.北京: 煤炭工业出版社，1993
[22] 朱伯芳．有限单元法原理与应用（第二版）．北京: 中国水利水电出版社，2000
[23] Wang Zhiyin, Li Yunpeng. Numerical Manifold Method and Its Application In Underground Openings. Journal Of Coal Science and Engineering. 1998,4(1):64～70
[24] 王泳嘉，刑纪波．离散单元法及其在岩土力学中的应用．沈阳：东北工学院出版社，1991
[25] 孙钧．岩石力学在我国的若干进展．西部钻探工程，1999，11(1):1～5
[26] 杨更社 ,孙 钧 ．中国岩石力学的研究现状及其展望分析．西安公路交通大学学报，2001，21(3):5～9
[27] 李宁，G. Swoboda．当前岩石力学数值方法的几点思考．岩石力学与工程学报，1997，16(5):502～505
[28] 李永和，王更语，汉宁明．多层急倾斜煤岩层中的集中煤仓三维有限元仿真分析．煤炭学报，1999，24(2):137～141
[29] 戴华阳,王金庄,滕永海等．急倾斜煤层开采地表非连续变形计算方法研究．煤炭学报，2000，25(4):356～360
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