中国癞蝗科Pamphagidae系统学研究（直翅目：蝗总科）
摘要
癞蝗属于直翅目(Orthoptera)蝗总科(Acridoidea)癞蝗科(Pamphagidae)，全世界已知癞蝗93属近600种及亚种，主要分布在非洲、欧洲、亚洲的山地和半荒漠地区。我国癞蝗已知13属48种及亚种，多分布在我国北部和西北部。
论文分总论和各论两大部分，对中国癞蝗科昆虫进行了系统分类学研究。
总论部分包括研究概述、癞蝗形态学、细胞分类学研究、分子系统学研究和地理分布与系统发育关系研究共5章。第1章对癞蝗科的分类地位、分类历史和国内、外研究情况进行了回顾总结。第2章对癞蝗科主要的形态特征进行了总结并有模式化的图文介绍。第3章对采自于我国的7属11种癞蝗进行了染色体C—带核型分析，结果表明：癞蝗科种类的核型有2种，即染色体组成为2n♂=19，性别决定机制是XO型和染色体数目为2n♂=18，性别决定机制是neo-XY型，前者有很强的保守性；染色体C—带带纹在各种间存在着差异，可以作为区分种的依据；笨蝗属与其它属的关系较远，贝蝗属和波腿蝗属的关系相对较近，突颜蝗属、突鼻蝗属、疙蝗属和短鼻蝗属关系相对较近。第4章通过对本研究测定的9属15种癞蝗的16S rDNA序列和从GenBank中检索的相关种类同源序列的比较分析，构建了分子系统树，分别探讨了我国癞蝗科9个属间的系统发育关系、短鼻蝗属6种短鼻蝗的亲缘关系以及癞蝗科的分类地位等。研究结果表明，在癞蝗科内序列组成A、T含量高，G、C含量低，序列取代变异转换数均大于颠换数，短鼻蝗属各序列间差异较大；我国癞蝗各属间的系统发育关系为笨蝗属((波腿蝗属，贝蝗属)((蒙癞蝗属，华癞蝗属)(突鼻蝗属(短鼻蝗属(突颜蝗属，疙蝗属)))))；短鼻蝗属各种间的系统发育关系为癞短鼻蝗(肃南短鼻蝗(青海短鼻蝗(裴氏短鼻蝗(红缘短鼻蝗，宁夏短鼻蝗))))；癞蝗的分类地位应为科级，隶属于蝗总科。第5章综合癞蝗形态学、细胞分类学和分子系统学研究结果，并结合我国癞蝗地理分布特点，对我国癞蝗科昆虫的系统发育关系进行了总结。
各论部分按照欧亚大陆癞蝗科分类系统，对我国癞蝗科分类系统进行了修订，描述记录我国癞蝗科昆虫3亚科13属48种及亚种，其中1新种——宁夏短鼻蝗Filchnerella ningxiaensis sp．nov．、1种雄性新发现——贺兰突颜蝗Eotmethis holanensis Zheng et Gow，1981，给出了各亚科、属、种检索表及文献引证。
The Pamphagidae, belonged to the superfamily Acridoidea, Orthoptera, mainly distributed in Eurasia and Africa, inhabited mountainous country or semi-desert country. 93 genera about 600 species and subspecies have been known in the world. There were 13 genera 48 species and subspecies in China, which distributed in the north and north-west of China.
This thesis was divided into two parts and studied on the systematics of Pamphagidae in China
The first part included 5 chapters. In chapter one, the taxonomic history, the taxonomic status and general research situation of Pamphagidae were retrospect and summed up. In chapter two, morphology of Pamphagidae was introduced, the main morphology characters were described, and some pictures of morphology characters were provided.
In chapter three, chromosome C-banding karyotypes of 7 genera 11 species of Pamphagidae from China were investigated. The result indicated: 1) there were 2 types of chromosome sets in Pamphagidae: a) karyotypes with acrocentric chromosomes only (2n=19, the mechanism of sex determination was XO which were conservative); b) karyotypes with 2n=16+neo-XY, the mechanism of sex determination was neo-XY 2) there were differences among the species on the C-banding karyotypes, which would be used to distinguish species; 3) the relative relationships between Haplotropis and other genera in the study were distant, the relative relationships between Asiotmethis and Beybienkia, among Rhinotmethis, Filchnerella, Eotmethis and Pseudotmethis were close.
In chapter four, based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA partial sequences of 15 species (9 genera) of Pamphagidae from China sequenced by the author and of some relative species indexed from GenBank, the homologus sequences were compared and the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results of sequences compared shown that: 1) the content of T and A was richer than C and G in the, 16S rDNA sequence of Pamphagidae; 2) all of the transitions numbers within each pairwise of Pamphagidae taxon were larger than transversions numbers; 3) the 16S rDNA nucleotide divergence among species of Filchnerella were large. The phylogenetic tree shown that: 1) the phylogenetic relationships of 9 genera of Pamphagidae from China were Haplotropis((Asiotmethis, Beybienkia} ((Mongolotmethis,
Sinotmethis) (Rhinotmethis (Filchnerella (Eotmethis, Pseudotmethis))); 2) the phylogenetic relationships of 6 species of Filchnerella were F. pamphagides (F. sunanensis (F. kukunoris (F. beicki (F. rubimargina, F. ningxiaensis )))); 3) the taxonomic status of Pamphagids was a family under the superfamily Acridoidea.
In chapter five, according to the results of morphology, cytotaxonomy and molecular phylogeny and the characteristics of distribution, the phylogeny of Pamphagidae from China were summarized.
In the second part, revised the taxonomic system of Chinese Pamphagidae based on the taxonomic system of Eurasia Pamphagidae, described 3 subfamilies, 13 genera and 48 species and subspecies, among them, 1 species (Filchnerella ningxiaensis sp. nov.) was new to science and the male of 1 species (Eotmethis holanensis Zheng et Gow, 1981) was described for the first time. Key and citation of subfamilies, genera and species were also given on this part.
New species: Filchnerella ningxiaensis sp. nov.
论文分总论和各论两大部分，对中国癞蝗科昆虫进行了系统分类学研究。
总论部分包括研究概述、癞蝗形态学、细胞分类学研究、分子系统学研究和地理分布与系统发育关系研究共5章。第1章对癞蝗科的分类地位、分类历史和国内、外研究情况进行了回顾总结。第2章对癞蝗科主要的形态特征进行了总结并有模式化的图文介绍。第3章对采自于我国的7属11种癞蝗进行了染色体C—带核型分析，结果表明：癞蝗科种类的核型有2种，即染色体组成为2n♂=19，性别决定机制是XO型和染色体数目为2n♂=18，性别决定机制是neo-XY型，前者有很强的保守性；染色体C—带带纹在各种间存在着差异，可以作为区分种的依据；笨蝗属与其它属的关系较远，贝蝗属和波腿蝗属的关系相对较近，突颜蝗属、突鼻蝗属、疙蝗属和短鼻蝗属关系相对较近。第4章通过对本研究测定的9属15种癞蝗的16S rDNA序列和从GenBank中检索的相关种类同源序列的比较分析，构建了分子系统树，分别探讨了我国癞蝗科9个属间的系统发育关系、短鼻蝗属6种短鼻蝗的亲缘关系以及癞蝗科的分类地位等。研究结果表明，在癞蝗科内序列组成A、T含量高，G、C含量低，序列取代变异转换数均大于颠换数，短鼻蝗属各序列间差异较大；我国癞蝗各属间的系统发育关系为笨蝗属((波腿蝗属，贝蝗属)((蒙癞蝗属，华癞蝗属)(突鼻蝗属(短鼻蝗属(突颜蝗属，疙蝗属)))))；短鼻蝗属各种间的系统发育关系为癞短鼻蝗(肃南短鼻蝗(青海短鼻蝗(裴氏短鼻蝗(红缘短鼻蝗，宁夏短鼻蝗))))；癞蝗的分类地位应为科级，隶属于蝗总科。第5章综合癞蝗形态学、细胞分类学和分子系统学研究结果，并结合我国癞蝗地理分布特点，对我国癞蝗科昆虫的系统发育关系进行了总结。
各论部分按照欧亚大陆癞蝗科分类系统，对我国癞蝗科分类系统进行了修订，描述记录我国癞蝗科昆虫3亚科13属48种及亚种，其中1新种——宁夏短鼻蝗Filchnerella ningxiaensis sp．nov．、1种雄性新发现——贺兰突颜蝗Eotmethis holanensis Zheng et Gow，1981，给出了各亚科、属、种检索表及文献引证。
The Pamphagidae, belonged to the superfamily Acridoidea, Orthoptera, mainly distributed in Eurasia and Africa, inhabited mountainous country or semi-desert country. 93 genera about 600 species and subspecies have been known in the world. There were 13 genera 48 species and subspecies in China, which distributed in the north and north-west of China.
This thesis was divided into two parts and studied on the systematics of Pamphagidae in China
The first part included 5 chapters. In chapter one, the taxonomic history, the taxonomic status and general research situation of Pamphagidae were retrospect and summed up. In chapter two, morphology of Pamphagidae was introduced, the main morphology characters were described, and some pictures of morphology characters were provided.
In chapter three, chromosome C-banding karyotypes of 7 genera 11 species of Pamphagidae from China were investigated. The result indicated: 1) there were 2 types of chromosome sets in Pamphagidae: a) karyotypes with acrocentric chromosomes only (2n=19, the mechanism of sex determination was XO which were conservative); b) karyotypes with 2n=16+neo-XY, the mechanism of sex determination was neo-XY 2) there were differences among the species on the C-banding karyotypes, which would be used to distinguish species; 3) the relative relationships between Haplotropis and other genera in the study were distant, the relative relationships between Asiotmethis and Beybienkia, among Rhinotmethis, Filchnerella, Eotmethis and Pseudotmethis were close.
In chapter four, based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA partial sequences of 15 species (9 genera) of Pamphagidae from China sequenced by the author and of some relative species indexed from GenBank, the homologus sequences were compared and the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results of sequences compared shown that: 1) the content of T and A was richer than C and G in the, 16S rDNA sequence of Pamphagidae; 2) all of the transitions numbers within each pairwise of Pamphagidae taxon were larger than transversions numbers; 3) the 16S rDNA nucleotide divergence among species of Filchnerella were large. The phylogenetic tree shown that: 1) the phylogenetic relationships of 9 genera of Pamphagidae from China were Haplotropis((Asiotmethis, Beybienkia} ((Mongolotmethis,
Sinotmethis) (Rhinotmethis (Filchnerella (Eotmethis, Pseudotmethis))); 2) the phylogenetic relationships of 6 species of Filchnerella were F. pamphagides (F. sunanensis (F. kukunoris (F. beicki (F. rubimargina, F. ningxiaensis )))); 3) the taxonomic status of Pamphagids was a family under the superfamily Acridoidea.
In chapter five, according to the results of morphology, cytotaxonomy and molecular phylogeny and the characteristics of distribution, the phylogeny of Pamphagidae from China were summarized.
In the second part, revised the taxonomic system of Chinese Pamphagidae based on the taxonomic system of Eurasia Pamphagidae, described 3 subfamilies, 13 genera and 48 species and subspecies, among them, 1 species (Filchnerella ningxiaensis sp. nov.) was new to science and the male of 1 species (Eotmethis holanensis Zheng et Gow, 1981) was described for the first time. Key and citation of subfamilies, genera and species were also given on this part.
New species: Filchnerella ningxiaensis sp. nov.
引文
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