三维面形测量及其在强激光功率密度测量中的应用
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摘要
光学三维面形测量技术具有精度高、无损、非接触等特点，在机器视觉、工业检测、生物医学领域具有广泛应用。因此，光学三维面形测量技术受到广大学者的重视，正成为信息光学的前沿研究领域和方向之一。
本论文讨论了投影光栅法三维面形测量技术原理和实现方案，运用CCD拍摄带有光栅的测量物体图象，用图象处理和分析技术获取三维测量数据。
介绍了OpenGL三维图形技术以及存VC++6.0环境下的编程实现。讨论了OpenGL技术对三维数据进行三维重建的方法，并根据测量物体在现实环境的真实情况，调整相应的光照、材质、反射特性、观察角度，以真实再现原测量物体，从视觉上证明测量的可行性。
基于上述工作，我们将投影光栅法三维面形测量用于激光烧融坑测量，提出根据激光烧融坑形貌测量求出作用激光的功率密度分布的方法，讨论测量方法的可行性。最后，给出根据测量结果预计激光热处理相变硬化带并与实验测量进行比较的实例。
The technology of optical three-dimension shape measurement is of high precision, non-touching, non-damaging, etc. It has been used in the fields of machine vision, industrial inspecting, biomedicine, etc. So, more and more scholars attach importance to optical three-dimension shape measurement and it is being one of front line studying fields and researching direction of information optics.
Firstly, this paper explores the principle and solutions of three-dimension shape measurement. Object images of carrying grating lights can be taken by CCD, then three-dimension measurement data can be gotten by image processing and analyzing.
Secondly, the paper proposes OpenGL three-dimension graph technology and how to programming with OpenGL in VC++ 6.0, and studying the method of three-dimension restructuring by three dimension data in OpenGL. According to the actual conditions of measured object's environments, adjusting watching direction and properties of lights, material and reflection, the measured object can be lifelikely reappeared. So the method of three-dimension shape measurement can be proved to be reasonable.
Based upon the studied work, applying grating lights three dimension shape measurement in measuring hole shape of laser burning Plexiglas, this paper proposes a new method of obtaining the laser power density according to the measurement of laser burning hole shape, and explores feasibility of the measuring method. Finally, a instance is given comparing simulation of phase transformation hardening locality of laser heat processing with experiment based on the power density distribution of high power laser measured by the method presented this paper.
本论文讨论了投影光栅法三维面形测量技术原理和实现方案，运用CCD拍摄带有光栅的测量物体图象，用图象处理和分析技术获取三维测量数据。
介绍了OpenGL三维图形技术以及存VC++6.0环境下的编程实现。讨论了OpenGL技术对三维数据进行三维重建的方法，并根据测量物体在现实环境的真实情况，调整相应的光照、材质、反射特性、观察角度，以真实再现原测量物体，从视觉上证明测量的可行性。
基于上述工作，我们将投影光栅法三维面形测量用于激光烧融坑测量，提出根据激光烧融坑形貌测量求出作用激光的功率密度分布的方法，讨论测量方法的可行性。最后，给出根据测量结果预计激光热处理相变硬化带并与实验测量进行比较的实例。
The technology of optical three-dimension shape measurement is of high precision, non-touching, non-damaging, etc. It has been used in the fields of machine vision, industrial inspecting, biomedicine, etc. So, more and more scholars attach importance to optical three-dimension shape measurement and it is being one of front line studying fields and researching direction of information optics.
Firstly, this paper explores the principle and solutions of three-dimension shape measurement. Object images of carrying grating lights can be taken by CCD, then three-dimension measurement data can be gotten by image processing and analyzing.
Secondly, the paper proposes OpenGL three-dimension graph technology and how to programming with OpenGL in VC++ 6.0, and studying the method of three-dimension restructuring by three dimension data in OpenGL. According to the actual conditions of measured object's environments, adjusting watching direction and properties of lights, material and reflection, the measured object can be lifelikely reappeared. So the method of three-dimension shape measurement can be proved to be reasonable.
Based upon the studied work, applying grating lights three dimension shape measurement in measuring hole shape of laser burning Plexiglas, this paper proposes a new method of obtaining the laser power density according to the measurement of laser burning hole shape, and explores feasibility of the measuring method. Finally, a instance is given comparing simulation of phase transformation hardening locality of laser heat processing with experiment based on the power density distribution of high power laser measured by the method presented this paper.
引文
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[4] Mason Woo, Jackie Neider, Tom Davis et al., 吴斌，段海波，薛凤武 译，Open GL编程权威指南．北京：中国电力出版社，2001：23～71，117，149～186，223～247，375～406
[5] 向世明，OpenGL编程与实例．北京：电子工业出版社，1999：6
[6] 和平鸽工作室，OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发．北京：中国电力出版社，2003：1～5，15～17，47～57
[7] 周海波，李万荣，程海英等，非接触式三维成像技术及其在人脸识别中的应用，见：杭州光学会议论文集，2004：49～109
[8] 王邦平，李俊昌，王柏平，Visual C++6.0中OpenGL字体显示方法研究，昆明理工大学学报，2002
[9] 苏显渝，李继陶，信息光学．北京：科学出版社，1999：306～338
[10] 陈家壁，苏显渝，光信息技术原理及应用．北京：高等教育出版社：2002：321～361
[11] 金观昌，计算机辅助光学测量．北京：清华大学出版社：1997：211-214
[12] 周文莲，物体形态的三维测量技术[J] ，人类学学报，2000，19(4)：324～331
[13] 徐利华，多传感器光学三维脚型测量系统的研究：[博士论文]．四川：四川大学，2002
[14] Xiaoxue Cheng, Xianyu Su, Lurong Guo, Automated measurement method for 360°shape objects. Appl. Opt. 30(10). 1991: 1274
[15] 胡家升，凌伟，黄廉卿等，遥感中的立体成像技术，光学学报，Vol．17(2)．1997：22
[16] T.Darrel, K. Wohn, Pyramid based depth from focus Proc of IEEE Conf. CVPR.1988: 504
[17] A.Pentland, A new sense for depth field, IEEE Trans. on PAMI Vol.9(4),
1987：523
[18] 苏显渝 李继淘，三维面形测量技术新进展，物理 1995：614-620
[19] J.A.Jalkio,R.C.Kim, S.K.Case,Optical Eng.,24-26(1985),966.
[20] 孔兵，多光束共焦三维轮廓测量技术理论及应用研究：[博士论文]．陕西：西安交通大学，2002
[21] Minsky M. Microscopy apparatus[P], US Patent, 3013467, 1961
[22] DaVidovits P, Egger M D. Scanning laser microsope for biological investigations[J]. APPlied OPtics, 1971, 10: 1615～1619
[23] Slomba A F, Wassernann D E, Kaufman G I, et al. A laser flying spot scanner for use in aulomated fluorescence antibody instruments[J]. J of the Assoc for the Adv of Med Instr, 1972, 6: 230～234
[24] Wilson T, C J R Sheppard, Theory and practice of scanning optical microscopy[M] London: London Academic Press, 1984: 1～65
[25] 高万荣，聂守平，刘明 等，影响共焦荧光扫描显微镜分辨率的因素[J]，光电子·激光，1998，9(6)：501～503．
[26] 孟广政，张志三，聂玉听，共焦扫描激光显微镜[J]，光谱学与光谱分析，1995，15(1)：105～108．
[27] 田明丽，包正康，刘显，激光共焦扫描显微镜及其应用[J]，光学仪器，2001，23(1)：16～19
[28] C J R Sheppard, T John Connolly Jin Lee, Confocal imaging of a stratified mediurn[M]. APPlied Optics, 1994, 33(4): 631～640
[29] J F Aguliar, E R Mendez, Imaging optically thick objects in scanning microscopy, perfectly conducting surfaces[J]. J. Opt.Soc. Am.A, 1994, 11(1): 155～167.
[30] 张平，吴震，向际鹰，激光扫描共焦荧光显微系统研究[J]，激光技术，1998，22(1)：37～41．
[31] 丁志华，包正康，刘星 等，共焦扫描显微术中影响轴向分辨率的因素分析[J]，中国激光，2000，A27(6)：531～536．
[32] Joe-Angel Conchello, Jeff W Lichtman Theoretical analysis of a rotating-disk Partially confocal scanning microscoPe[J]. Applied optics 1994,33(4): 585～596
[33] Mojmir perrá, Milan Hadravsk, M David Egger, et al. Tandem-scanning reflected-light microscope[J]. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 196858(5): 661～664.
[34] G Q Xiao, G S Kino. A real-time confocal scanning optical microscope[C]. SPIE,1987, 809; 107～113
[35] Hans J Tiziani, Michael Wegner, Danlela Steudle. Confocal principle for macro-and microscopic surface and defect analysis[J]. Optical Engineering, 2000, 39(1): 32～39
[36] Hans J Tiziani, Hans-Martin Uhde: Three-dimentional analysis by a microlens-array confocal arrangement[J]. APPlied Optics, 1994, 33(4) 567～572.
[37] 田维坚，丁志华，郭履容 等，一种全场三维共焦检测的新方法[J]，光学学报，1998，18(6)：757～761
[38] Mitsuhiro ISHIHARA, Hiromi SASAKI High-speed 3D shape measurement using a non-scanning multiple-beam confocal imaging system[C]. SPIE, 1998,3478: 68～75
[39] Katsumasa Fujita, Osamu Nakamura, Tomoyuki Kaneko. Confocal multiPoint multiphoton excitation microscope with microlens and pinhole arrays[J]. Optics Communications, 2000, 1: 7～12
[40] Peter M Delaney, Martin R Harris, Roger G King. Fiber-optic laser scanning confocal microscope suitable for fluorescence imaging[J]. Applied Optics, 1994, 33(4): 573～577
[41] T Wilson. Fluorescence imaging modes in fibre-optic based confocal scanning microscopes[J]. Optics Communications, 1993, 96: 133～141
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