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论股东诉讼制度与我国公司治理结构之完善
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摘要
公司治理问题的产生是由现代公司的所有权和控制权分离的产权特征决定
    的。随着股权的不断分散,董事会成为公司权力的中心,在这种形式下如何保护
    股东的权益,如何确保经营管理人员不滥用职权,履行忠实义务和注意义务,便
    成为各国公司立法和公司实践必须着力解决的重大问题。股东诉讼制度产生于英
    美法系国家,迄今已为各国公司法普遍接受,被视为解决公司治理问题的有效手段
    和股权保护的最后屏障。赋予股东诉权是为了适应现代公司“所有权与经营权相
    分离”而产生的一项重要的公司法律制度,它在公司法的发展史上具有划时代的
    重要意义,对于新形势下重构公司的治理结构发挥着不可取代的作用。实践表明,
    赋予股东提起诉讼的权利具有十分重要的意义:一方面,股东诉讼提起权的享有
    是公司股东其他权利得以维持的基础:另一方面,股东诉讼权利的享有也是公司
    法上的利益平衡得到维持的保证。
    目前我国公司治理结构中内部人控制问题严重,普遍存在公司控股股东、董
    事、经理等滥用权利、损害公司和股东利益以及证券市场上投资者遭受上市公司
    内部管理人员以及相关利益人的证券欺诈,使得大量国有企业资产流失、上市公
    司投资者利益、股份有限公司和有限责任公司小股东得不到有效的法律机制保护。
    我国绝大多数公司仍未能真正建立起有效的、科学的公司治理结构的原因,关键
    在于我国《公司法》没有赋予股东以应有的诉权!股东诉讼一般分为直接诉讼与派
    生诉讼,我国的股东直接诉讼缺乏可操作性,派生诉讼的法律法规几乎空白,正
    是因为现行公司法明显缺乏可诉性,致使股东无法通过诉权的行为有效地监控公
    司大股东、董事以及其他侵犯公司和股东个人权益,维护股权。因此,建立股东
    诉讼制度对我国具有十分重要的意义:首先,建立适合我国的股东诉讼制度是实
    现国有企业和其他公司体制改革目标,是落实公司社会责任的需要。我国赋予中
    小股东诉讼提起权将有利于对国有企业内部人控制现象的监督,保护股东权益,
    完善公司治理机制。另外还可以监督国有股减持方案的规范运作,从而促进国有企
    业体制改革。其次,建立我国股东诉讼制度是弥补我国立法漏洞、促进公司法、
    证券法、民事诉讼法的修改与完善的需要,也是我国司法与国际接轨的需要。再
    次,建立适合我国的股东诉讼制度稳定我国证券市场,社会经济稳定、发展的需
    要。所以,众学者呼吁迅速建立我国的股东诉讼制度,通过赋予股东诉权发挥股
    东权在公司治理中的内部监督功能,完善我国的公司治理结构。
    完善我国的股东直接诉讼制度首先要扩大规定直接诉权,凡公司法中已有或
    
    
    应有的民事责任的规定,只要行为结果与损害股东利益有关,就应该允许股东提
    起诉讼。这种诉讼可以是决议无效之诉、撤销之诉和损害赔偿之诉。其次,依据
    不同的诉讼类型的特点规定不同的诉讼时效,提高案件审理效率。第三,修改诉
    讼法有关条款,确定投资者集团诉讼的程序和股东诉讼专属管辖权。第四,通过
    修改《公司法》和《证券法》等有关法律,完善民事赔偿机制,确保股东直接诉
    讼的实现。
     建立适合我国的股东派生诉讼制度在实体法上主要通过修改《公司法》和相
    关法律法规,应该赋予股东派生诉讼提起权,规定什么样的情形下股东代表公司
    的权利提起派生诉讼,确定在提起和维持诉讼时具有股东资格的股东可以提起诉
    讼,能充分公正地代表公司利益和其他股东的利益。第三,确定派生诉讼的被告
    可以是公司董事、监事、清算人、发起人、控股股东、公司外第三人、行政机关
    等。第四,败诉责任由谁来承担。程序法上主要是通过修改《民事诉讼法》,设
    置前置程序和诉讼担保制度,遏制恶意诉讼和提高诉讼效率。
     总之,股东诉讼制度是激励股东保护自己合法权益的有效制度,也是切实保
    护股东特别是小股东的合法权益的有效制度。在设计我国的股东诉讼制度时要注
    意禁止滥用诉权和激励提起诉讼相结合,两者不可偏废;同时借鉴各国的先进经
    验和规定,健全我国现代企业的治理结构。
Corporate governance problem began with the separation of control power and ownership in modern company. With the constant scattering of the stock right, the board of directors becomes the center of company's power. How to protect the shareholder's rights and interests under this kind of form and how people guarantee that high level managers do not abuse their power and fulfill the duty of faith and duty of care, become the most important thing that must be put forth effort to solve by companies and legislation in various countries. Shareholder's suit system evolves from America and Britain, and so far it has already generally accepted for the company laws by different countries and considered as the last protective and effective method in corporate governance. Through a large number of domestic and international legal system collection and study, by author, a conclusion can be drawn as the following: On one hand, shareholder suit right is the foundation of other shareholders' right; On the other hand, it is
     also the assurance that maintains the interests balance on the company law. Shareholders action has an epoch-making important meaning in the history of development of the company law and it plays the role that can't be replaced on reconstruction of corporate governance under the new situation. The intention of writing this thesis is to encourage setting up shareholder action system of our country rapidly to perfect the corporate governance of our country.
    In decades, the problem of inside people control is very serious in Chinese companies. Control shareholders, directors, manager, etc. of company abuse their rights, do harm to interests of company and other minority shareholders and many investors suffer the listed company of the inside administrative staff and relevant interests people swindling on the security market. Those have made a large number of losses of assets of state-owned enterprise, investor's interests of listed company, Limited Company and limited company minority stock holder can not get the effective legal protection.
    Shareholder's action is generally divided into a direct action and derivative action. The reason of why we can not set up a real effective and scientific corporate governance key lie in our country " company law" does not give shareholder with enough suit right! Shareholder's direct action of our country lack effectiveness and derivative action
    
    
    regulations is nearly in blank. It is just current company law's ineffectiveness that cause shareholder to be unable supervise behavior of control shareholder, director and others. Setting up Chinese shareholder's action system is to realize the goal of system reform of state-run enterprise, to imply the need of company's community responsibility, to promote the company law to be in line with international standards, to protect minority stock holder's interests and arouse investor' s hospitable need. And it is a need of improving lawsuit efficiency too.
    This article plans to expound the fact separately from several aspects of how to set up law systems of shareholder's action in our country. It is written from the point of science in law, management and economics. Using methods of compare different law in many typical countries and giving many examples of Chinese listed company's cases. Combined different shareholder's action regulations in the U.S.A, British, Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan, put forward any suggestions on setting up Chinese special shareholder's action regulation system.
引文
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