英语语篇类型及其翻译研究
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摘要
本文以语篇语言学为切入点对语篇类型和基于语篇的翻译进行研究。语篇语言学涉及到语篇类型与功能及语篇单位的问题。这样的问题无疑与翻译有着密切的关系，它直接关系到译文语篇类型与功能的再现。基于国内外语篇类型研究成果以及分类方法，本文提出了便于翻译研究的分类方法，即采用英语传统写作中的分类方法，把语篇分为记叙、描写、说明和论述四大类型，进而探讨它们在翻译操作上的简便性和功能再现的明确性。同时，任何大的语篇都包含若干小的语篇单位，即它们可包含相对独立完整的次级意义单位，明确这样的翻译单位概念，有利于记叙、描写、说明和论述四大类型语篇的划分，从而便于翻译操作和研究。况且，汉语在文章学中对语篇也有近乎相同的分类，从各语篇类型的特征来看，英汉两种语言的语篇有许多相似之处，因此，再现同种语篇类型的特征及其功能是切实可行的。而英汉语篇不同之处主要是由于思维方式的不同以及文化的差异所引起的，主要表现在语篇的布局谋篇和衔接方式的不同。解决的办法是遵循“功能对等、类型相符、形式相似”的原则，并采用必要的翻译技巧。借此，必能克服英汉语翻译的障碍，推出优秀的译作。
本文论述结构如下：
在引言中对本文的原由、可行性及其意义进行阐述，并对研究的思路作概括性的陈述。
第一章介绍了语篇语言学的基本发展情况，着重阐释了语篇的定义、语篇类型和语篇单位问题，指出语篇翻译应着重考虑的是语篇类型和语篇单位。
第二章较全面地介绍了国内外语篇类型研究成果以及分类方法，指出其利弊，提出本文的分类方法采用英语传统写作中的分类，把语篇分为记叙、描写、说明和论述四大类型。通过对这种分类在应用上的普遍性和合理性的探讨，说明其在翻译操作上的简便性。
第三章首先对四种语篇类型的特征进行阐述。由于语言既具有共性又有个性，语言的共性是我们进行翻译的基础，而语言的个性是造成可译性难度的主要原因。因此，对英汉语篇类型的异同从思维，文
化和影响语篇连贯的衔接手段等方面进行了探讨。
第四章论述了基于语篇翻译的原则和标准。指出语篇翻译的过程
应从词与句子层面入手，这是通过对翻译实例的分析加以证明，进而
达到全篇译文的功能再现。
在结论部分，文章指出建立在语篇类型和功能对等基础上的忠实
翻译是切实可行的。这方面的研究有助于我们更好地完善语篇翻译理
论，以指导不断发展和繁荣的翻译事业。
Text and translation are studied together at home and abroad by linguists and translators. What category the source text belongs to exerts considerable influence on the translating product, criteria and tactics as well, just because different types of texts perform different functions in a certain linguistic and cultural context. Many attempts of formulating a typology of texts have been made but only to be beset by some problems. For example, classifying texts according to the criteria of "field of discourse" amounts to little more than a statement of subject matter, which is so broad as to have little practical value. Despite these difficulties, identifying the characteristics of the different text types is indispensable for a comprehensive master of the source language in the process of transferring into the target language. In this paper, texts will be generally analyzed in terms of the "four forms of text" : narration, description, exposition and argumentation, because it is a simple, convenient and wid
ely-accepted approach. Comparing some source- and target language texts, we can see the similarities and differences of these four text types: both English and Chinese texts have the same four types and each of them performs similar functions in their own linguistic and cultural context, though they are somewhat different in organization due to some differences in thinking modes and culture.
To what degrees the target language is equivalent to the source language text is the critical problem. The criterion of successful translation is not only to maintain faithfulness to the content, language and style of the original text, but also to preserve the same function of the original. The principle of translation is not only to preserve the form, namely stressing the typical framework of the original text, but also to transfer the total meaning of the original text, and thus to achieve the same function. By analyzing different texts, the correlation between the choice of text form and the correct rendition of the original contents and
functions are; discussed, therefore, how to use the proper forms of texts to convey the contents and functions of the source language and how to realize the principle of" equivalence of function, correspondence of text type, and similarity of form " are emphasized.
The thesis is composed of four chapters. Its feasibilities, significances, and clues of argumentation are set forth in the part of introduction In the first chapter, a survey of the text linguistics, concepts of discourse and text, unit of text and the view of the text-oriented translation, is carried out. Thus the setup of the thesis is decided, making way for the discussion of text typology as the essential part in the study of text-oriented translation by investigating text linguistics, the concept of discourse and text, and the reasons of dividing a large unit into units, which is the key point of what we mean by text-oriented translation. Further, the significances of text type study in translation are discussed so as to find out the cut-in point in the following study. In the second chapter, a literature review of text-type study at home and abroad is made so as to underlie the classification of text types in translation study. From the cognitive properties of text types, the effectiveness of the four foams of text types in translation can be revealed. In the third chapter, we analyze the characteristics of the "four forms of text types", that is: narration, description, exposition and argumentation. Comparative study of text types between English and Chinese is made as well, among which we expound the similarities and the differences of text types, and the similarities-enable the translator to realize the equivalence of contents and functions of text types of two languages, while the differences in thinking modes and culture are what we have to resolve so as to ensure the functional equivalence of the texts. In the fourth chapter, as to the text-oriented translation, it's crucial to make it clear the hierarchical
本文论述结构如下：
在引言中对本文的原由、可行性及其意义进行阐述，并对研究的思路作概括性的陈述。
第一章介绍了语篇语言学的基本发展情况，着重阐释了语篇的定义、语篇类型和语篇单位问题，指出语篇翻译应着重考虑的是语篇类型和语篇单位。
第二章较全面地介绍了国内外语篇类型研究成果以及分类方法，指出其利弊，提出本文的分类方法采用英语传统写作中的分类，把语篇分为记叙、描写、说明和论述四大类型。通过对这种分类在应用上的普遍性和合理性的探讨，说明其在翻译操作上的简便性。
第三章首先对四种语篇类型的特征进行阐述。由于语言既具有共性又有个性，语言的共性是我们进行翻译的基础，而语言的个性是造成可译性难度的主要原因。因此，对英汉语篇类型的异同从思维，文
化和影响语篇连贯的衔接手段等方面进行了探讨。
第四章论述了基于语篇翻译的原则和标准。指出语篇翻译的过程
应从词与句子层面入手，这是通过对翻译实例的分析加以证明，进而
达到全篇译文的功能再现。
在结论部分，文章指出建立在语篇类型和功能对等基础上的忠实
翻译是切实可行的。这方面的研究有助于我们更好地完善语篇翻译理
论，以指导不断发展和繁荣的翻译事业。
Text and translation are studied together at home and abroad by linguists and translators. What category the source text belongs to exerts considerable influence on the translating product, criteria and tactics as well, just because different types of texts perform different functions in a certain linguistic and cultural context. Many attempts of formulating a typology of texts have been made but only to be beset by some problems. For example, classifying texts according to the criteria of "field of discourse" amounts to little more than a statement of subject matter, which is so broad as to have little practical value. Despite these difficulties, identifying the characteristics of the different text types is indispensable for a comprehensive master of the source language in the process of transferring into the target language. In this paper, texts will be generally analyzed in terms of the "four forms of text" : narration, description, exposition and argumentation, because it is a simple, convenient and wid
ely-accepted approach. Comparing some source- and target language texts, we can see the similarities and differences of these four text types: both English and Chinese texts have the same four types and each of them performs similar functions in their own linguistic and cultural context, though they are somewhat different in organization due to some differences in thinking modes and culture.
To what degrees the target language is equivalent to the source language text is the critical problem. The criterion of successful translation is not only to maintain faithfulness to the content, language and style of the original text, but also to preserve the same function of the original. The principle of translation is not only to preserve the form, namely stressing the typical framework of the original text, but also to transfer the total meaning of the original text, and thus to achieve the same function. By analyzing different texts, the correlation between the choice of text form and the correct rendition of the original contents and
functions are; discussed, therefore, how to use the proper forms of texts to convey the contents and functions of the source language and how to realize the principle of" equivalence of function, correspondence of text type, and similarity of form " are emphasized.
The thesis is composed of four chapters. Its feasibilities, significances, and clues of argumentation are set forth in the part of introduction In the first chapter, a survey of the text linguistics, concepts of discourse and text, unit of text and the view of the text-oriented translation, is carried out. Thus the setup of the thesis is decided, making way for the discussion of text typology as the essential part in the study of text-oriented translation by investigating text linguistics, the concept of discourse and text, and the reasons of dividing a large unit into units, which is the key point of what we mean by text-oriented translation. Further, the significances of text type study in translation are discussed so as to find out the cut-in point in the following study. In the second chapter, a literature review of text-type study at home and abroad is made so as to underlie the classification of text types in translation study. From the cognitive properties of text types, the effectiveness of the four foams of text types in translation can be revealed. In the third chapter, we analyze the characteristics of the "four forms of text types", that is: narration, description, exposition and argumentation. Comparative study of text types between English and Chinese is made as well, among which we expound the similarities and the differences of text types, and the similarities-enable the translator to realize the equivalence of contents and functions of text types of two languages, while the differences in thinking modes and culture are what we have to resolve so as to ensure the functional equivalence of the texts. In the fourth chapter, as to the text-oriented translation, it's crucial to make it clear the hierarchical
引文
Baker, Mona 1998 Routlege Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, London & New York: Routledge 263-265
Baker, Mona 2000 In Other Words: Translation Course, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 110-115, 118-122, 218
Bell, Roger.T .1991.Translation and translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman. 2, 2-4, 205
Bloor, T. & Bloor, M. 1995. The functional analysis of English: A Hallidayan approach. London: Arnold.
Connor, U. 1994. Text analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 28, 682-685.
Cook, Guy, 1994 Discourse and Literature , Oxford: Oxford Unv. Press 23
Gentzler, Edwin 1993. Contemporary Translation Theories, London: Routledge Inc, 28-32
Halliday ,M.A.K. / Hasan,,R 2001, Cohesion in English, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2, 4
Halliday ,M.A.K. 2000, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 331
Hatim ,Basil, 2001, Communication Across Cultures---Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics, Shanghai :Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 47-64,140, 200-212,
Hatim ,Basil/Mason, Ian, 2001, Discourse and the Translator, Shanghai :Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 6, 9, 169
Hoey ,Michael, 2000, Patterns of Lexis in Text, Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Kirkland,James W/Dilworth, Collett B 1985 Concise English Handbook, Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company
Lyons, John, 1971, New Horizons in Linguistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., 143
Mark James, 2000, Culture in ESL Instruction: An analytic Framework TESL Canada Journal Vol. 17, No.2, Spring, 36-49
Newmark, Peter. 1981.Approaches to Translation Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
Newmark, Peter, 1998. A Textbook of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd, 144
Nida, E. A. 1993 Language, Culture and Translating Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Nord, Christiane, 2001, Translating as a Purposeful Activity---Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-52
Scollon ,Ron, 2000, Contrastive Discourse in Chinese and English----A Critical Appraisal, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 3, 15-35
Snell-Honby, Mary 2001 Translating Studies---An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 8-9, 11-13, 26-31
Steiner, George 1998.After Babel Oxford: Oxford Unv. Press, 236
Stubbs, M. 1995. Text and corpus analysis. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Swales, John. M, 1990 Genre Analysis----English in Academic and Research Settings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23-25, 40-46
Wilss, Wolfman. 1982, The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag., 134-157
何善芬，2002，《英汉语言对比研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 461-528
贺文照，2001，语篇视点与英汉语篇翻译，[J]，《安庆师范学院学报》第1期
冯国华等，2001，《英译汉别裁》，北京：外文出版社 1-30
胡曙中，1993，《英汉修辞比较研究》[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社 157～181，586～604
胡壮麟，1994，《语篇的衔接与连贯》，上海：上海外语教育出版社1-4，14，213-223
黄任，1996，《英语修辞与写作》，[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社 211，214
黄国文，张美芳，2001，以语篇分析角度看翻译单位的确定，[J]，《翻译季刊》第3期
黄国文，2001，语篇分析的理论与实践，[M]，上海外语教育出版社 5-14
黄振定，1997，试论话语分析的三个标准，[J]《外国语》13-16
李运兴，1998，《英汉语篇翻译》，[M]北京：清华大学出版社
李运兴，2000，《语篇翻译引论》，[M]北京：中国对外翻译出版公司 40-43，60-108
吕俊、侯向群，2001，《英汉翻译教程》，[M]上海：上海外语教育出版社 175-202
潘文国，2002，汉英语对比纲要[M]北京：北京语言文化大学出版社
彭宣维，2000，《英汉语篇综合对比》，[M]上海：上海外语教育出版社
申丹，1998，文学文体与小说翻译，[M]，北京：北京大学出版社 57-76，85-99
申丹，1997，论翻译中的形式对等，[J]，《外语教学与研究》，第2期
谭载喜， 1991，西方翻译简史[M]商务印书馆
陶炀，2001，语篇类型、语篇结构与结构描写方法，[J]，《大连理工大学学报》第1期
徐赳赳，1995话语分析二十年，[J]，《外语教学与研究》第1期。
杨自给，1994，翻译新论，[M]，武汉：湖北教育出版社，110，481-510
于晖，2001，语篇体裁结构潜势及其应用，[J]，《解放军外国语学院学报》第1期
郑贵友，2002，汉语语篇语言学，[M]，北京：外文出版社
朱永生等，2001，《英汉语篇衔接手段对研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社
Baker, Mona 2000 In Other Words: Translation Course, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 110-115, 118-122, 218
Bell, Roger.T .1991.Translation and translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman. 2, 2-4, 205
Bloor, T. & Bloor, M. 1995. The functional analysis of English: A Hallidayan approach. London: Arnold.
Connor, U. 1994. Text analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 28, 682-685.
Cook, Guy, 1994 Discourse and Literature , Oxford: Oxford Unv. Press 23
Gentzler, Edwin 1993. Contemporary Translation Theories, London: Routledge Inc, 28-32
Halliday ,M.A.K. / Hasan,,R 2001, Cohesion in English, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2, 4
Halliday ,M.A.K. 2000, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 331
Hatim ,Basil, 2001, Communication Across Cultures---Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics, Shanghai :Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 47-64,140, 200-212,
Hatim ,Basil/Mason, Ian, 2001, Discourse and the Translator, Shanghai :Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 6, 9, 169
Hoey ,Michael, 2000, Patterns of Lexis in Text, Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Kirkland,James W/Dilworth, Collett B 1985 Concise English Handbook, Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company
Lyons, John, 1971, New Horizons in Linguistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., 143
Mark James, 2000, Culture in ESL Instruction: An analytic Framework TESL Canada Journal Vol. 17, No.2, Spring, 36-49
Newmark, Peter. 1981.Approaches to Translation Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
Newmark, Peter, 1998. A Textbook of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd, 144
Nida, E. A. 1993 Language, Culture and Translating Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Nord, Christiane, 2001, Translating as a Purposeful Activity---Functionalist Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 45-52
Scollon ,Ron, 2000, Contrastive Discourse in Chinese and English----A Critical Appraisal, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 3, 15-35
Snell-Honby, Mary 2001 Translating Studies---An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 8-9, 11-13, 26-31
Steiner, George 1998.After Babel Oxford: Oxford Unv. Press, 236
Stubbs, M. 1995. Text and corpus analysis. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Swales, John. M, 1990 Genre Analysis----English in Academic and Research Settings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 23-25, 40-46
Wilss, Wolfman. 1982, The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag., 134-157
何善芬，2002，《英汉语言对比研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 461-528
贺文照，2001，语篇视点与英汉语篇翻译，[J]，《安庆师范学院学报》第1期
冯国华等，2001，《英译汉别裁》，北京：外文出版社 1-30
胡曙中，1993，《英汉修辞比较研究》[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社 157～181，586～604
胡壮麟，1994，《语篇的衔接与连贯》，上海：上海外语教育出版社1-4，14，213-223
黄任，1996，《英语修辞与写作》，[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社 211，214
黄国文，张美芳，2001，以语篇分析角度看翻译单位的确定，[J]，《翻译季刊》第3期
黄国文，2001，语篇分析的理论与实践，[M]，上海外语教育出版社 5-14
黄振定，1997，试论话语分析的三个标准，[J]《外国语》13-16
李运兴，1998，《英汉语篇翻译》，[M]北京：清华大学出版社
李运兴，2000，《语篇翻译引论》，[M]北京：中国对外翻译出版公司 40-43，60-108
吕俊、侯向群，2001，《英汉翻译教程》，[M]上海：上海外语教育出版社 175-202
潘文国，2002，汉英语对比纲要[M]北京：北京语言文化大学出版社
彭宣维，2000，《英汉语篇综合对比》，[M]上海：上海外语教育出版社
申丹，1998，文学文体与小说翻译，[M]，北京：北京大学出版社 57-76，85-99
申丹，1997，论翻译中的形式对等，[J]，《外语教学与研究》，第2期
谭载喜， 1991，西方翻译简史[M]商务印书馆
陶炀，2001，语篇类型、语篇结构与结构描写方法，[J]，《大连理工大学学报》第1期
徐赳赳，1995话语分析二十年，[J]，《外语教学与研究》第1期。
杨自给，1994，翻译新论，[M]，武汉：湖北教育出版社，110，481-510
于晖，2001，语篇体裁结构潜势及其应用，[J]，《解放军外国语学院学报》第1期
郑贵友，2002，汉语语篇语言学，[M]，北京：外文出版社
朱永生等，2001，《英汉语篇衔接手段对研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社
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