高油玉米种质创新
摘要
高油玉米是籽粒含油率达到6％以上的高附加值的新型玉米。由于没有天然的高油玉米种质，人工创造高油玉米种质显得非常重要。本研究利用现有的高油玉米单交种(含油率8％左右)进行自交或复交，并在分离世代连续自交，用核磁共振仪(mq-20)单粒测定其自交或杂交果穗所有籽粒的含油率。通过分析资料，得到以下结论：
1、经过4—6代的连续自交与选择，可以获得含油率达到14—16％、农艺性状表现较好的高油玉米种质。
2、对于所研究的实验材料，用高油玉米单交种自交(或复交)，产生的S1(或MS1)籽粒含油率的平均值一般在8％左右，正交和反交所得S1的籽粒含油率基本没有差别，说明细胞质没有与含油率有关的基因，同一杂交组合的不同果穗的含油率平均值差异在1％—1.4％左右，说明环境对油分的影响在1％—1.4％左右。
3、在MS1或S1籽粒群体中，所有果穗籽粒的含油率分布的偏度、峰度接近零，在以后(S2、S3、S4、S5、S6等)的自交分离果穗中，几乎所有的果穗的偏度都接近零，但是每代都有部分果穗的峰度远大于零，因而提出了一个新的命题：如果该果穗的标准差大，偏度、峰度接近零，则该果穗植株含油率的基因型纯合度较低；如果该果穗的标准差小、峰度大，偏度接近零，则该果穗植株含油率的基因型纯合度较高。
4、随着自交世代的增加，果穗籽粒含油率分布的峰度增加；籽粒的含油率与该籽粒作为种子产生的新植株的果穗籽粒含油率的平均值的相
广西大学硕士学位论文
关系数也增大，自交4一5代后，该相关系数达到极显著水平;峰度较大
时，该相关系数比峰度较小时的相关系数大。
5、籽粒含油率与百粒重、穗长、穗粗、粒数、株高呈负相关关系
但都不显著;与穗行数、穗位高呈不显著正相关关系。
High-oil corn is a new type corn with high added value and its oil ratio is over 8%. There is no high oil corn germ plasm in the world. It s very important to develop high-oil corn germ plasms. The high-oil corn single cross hybrid was selfing or two way cross. The mq-20 is used to test the kernel oil ratio of the seeds of selfing and hybrid. The results show those conclusions as follow:
1 , High-oil corn germ plasms with 14%-16% oil ratio and better agronomic characters can be acquired through the continuous selfing and selection of 4-6 generations.
2, The S1 is selfed by high-oil single cross hybrid, the MS1 is defined as the hybrid seed between two interlinear hybrids. The average oil content of S1 and MS1 is normally about 8%. There is no difference in the S1 kernels of cross and reciprocal cross, which indicates that there is no connection in gene and cytoplasm. The difference of the average oil ratio from 1% to 4% in the same hybrid compositions from different ears indicate that the environment influenced oil content with the value of 1% to 1.4%.
3 , In the seed populations of MS 1 and S1, the kurtosis and skewness of the seed oil ratio is approximate zero. In the following selfing segregations, the skewness of almost ears is near to zero, but some ears are further above zero. So the new question is bring up: if the kurtosis and skewness are approximate zero with high value of standard deviation of seed oil content of one ear, the pure degree of genotype of oil content in the era plant is lower; yet if the skewness is almost zero with high value of standard deviation and kurtosis of the ear, the higher it is.
4, With the selfmg generation increasing, the kurtosis of the seed oil content and the related coefficient of average value of the oil content between the seed and its late generation population enlarge. After 4-5 selfmg generations, the related coefficient becomes very significant. With bigger kurtosis, the related coefficient is larger.
5 , The negative coefficient is significant between seed oil ratio and weight of 100 seeds, ear length, ear diameter, grains per. ear, plant height. Yet the positive correction is not significant between seed oil ratio and rows per. ear, ear height.
1、经过4—6代的连续自交与选择，可以获得含油率达到14—16％、农艺性状表现较好的高油玉米种质。
2、对于所研究的实验材料，用高油玉米单交种自交(或复交)，产生的S1(或MS1)籽粒含油率的平均值一般在8％左右，正交和反交所得S1的籽粒含油率基本没有差别，说明细胞质没有与含油率有关的基因，同一杂交组合的不同果穗的含油率平均值差异在1％—1.4％左右，说明环境对油分的影响在1％—1.4％左右。
3、在MS1或S1籽粒群体中，所有果穗籽粒的含油率分布的偏度、峰度接近零，在以后(S2、S3、S4、S5、S6等)的自交分离果穗中，几乎所有的果穗的偏度都接近零，但是每代都有部分果穗的峰度远大于零，因而提出了一个新的命题：如果该果穗的标准差大，偏度、峰度接近零，则该果穗植株含油率的基因型纯合度较低；如果该果穗的标准差小、峰度大，偏度接近零，则该果穗植株含油率的基因型纯合度较高。
4、随着自交世代的增加，果穗籽粒含油率分布的峰度增加；籽粒的含油率与该籽粒作为种子产生的新植株的果穗籽粒含油率的平均值的相
广西大学硕士学位论文
关系数也增大，自交4一5代后，该相关系数达到极显著水平;峰度较大
时，该相关系数比峰度较小时的相关系数大。
5、籽粒含油率与百粒重、穗长、穗粗、粒数、株高呈负相关关系
但都不显著;与穗行数、穗位高呈不显著正相关关系。
High-oil corn is a new type corn with high added value and its oil ratio is over 8%. There is no high oil corn germ plasm in the world. It s very important to develop high-oil corn germ plasms. The high-oil corn single cross hybrid was selfing or two way cross. The mq-20 is used to test the kernel oil ratio of the seeds of selfing and hybrid. The results show those conclusions as follow:
1 , High-oil corn germ plasms with 14%-16% oil ratio and better agronomic characters can be acquired through the continuous selfing and selection of 4-6 generations.
2, The S1 is selfed by high-oil single cross hybrid, the MS1 is defined as the hybrid seed between two interlinear hybrids. The average oil content of S1 and MS1 is normally about 8%. There is no difference in the S1 kernels of cross and reciprocal cross, which indicates that there is no connection in gene and cytoplasm. The difference of the average oil ratio from 1% to 4% in the same hybrid compositions from different ears indicate that the environment influenced oil content with the value of 1% to 1.4%.
3 , In the seed populations of MS 1 and S1, the kurtosis and skewness of the seed oil ratio is approximate zero. In the following selfing segregations, the skewness of almost ears is near to zero, but some ears are further above zero. So the new question is bring up: if the kurtosis and skewness are approximate zero with high value of standard deviation of seed oil content of one ear, the pure degree of genotype of oil content in the era plant is lower; yet if the skewness is almost zero with high value of standard deviation and kurtosis of the ear, the higher it is.
4, With the selfmg generation increasing, the kurtosis of the seed oil content and the related coefficient of average value of the oil content between the seed and its late generation population enlarge. After 4-5 selfmg generations, the related coefficient becomes very significant. With bigger kurtosis, the related coefficient is larger.
5 , The negative coefficient is significant between seed oil ratio and weight of 100 seeds, ear length, ear diameter, grains per. ear, plant height. Yet the positive correction is not significant between seed oil ratio and rows per. ear, ear height.
引文
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[4] Dudley, J.W., and Lambert,R.J. Ninety generations of selection for oil and protein in Maize. Madica. 1992,37:81-87
[5] Jump, L.K, Experience in breeding high-oil corn at Funk Bros.Seed Co., proceedings of a symposium on High oil. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, 1961
[6] Alexander, D.E. Breeding special nutritional and industrial types. In G.F. Sprague and J.W. Dudley(ed) Corn and Corn Improvement(3rd editon).Crop Sci Soc. Of Am.Madision, Wis. 1988,869-880
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[2] 吴沛良．开发高油玉米实现稳粮增油增效益[J]．农业科技通讯，1995，(2)：8-9
[3] Hopkins,C.G.Improvement in the chemical composition of the coin kernel. In J.W.Dudley(ed) seventy Generations of selection for oil and protein in Maize. Crop Sci: of Am., madision, Wis.1974,1-32
[4] Dudley, J.W., and Lambert,R.J. Ninety generations of selection for oil and protein in Maize. Madica. 1992,37:81-87
[5] Jump, L.K, Experience in breeding high-oil corn at Funk Bros.Seed Co., proceedings of a symposium on High oil. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, 1961
[6] Alexander, D.E. Breeding special nutritional and industrial types. In G.F. Sprague and J.W. Dudley(ed) Corn and Corn Improvement(3rd editon).Crop Sci Soc. Of Am.Madision, Wis. 1988,869-880
[7] 宋同明．高油油玉米基础群体的创造与改进。北京农业大学出版社[J]。1992，33-35
[8] Misevic,D.,Alexander, D.E.Dumanovi and Ratkovi,S.Recurrent selection for percent oil in corn. Genetic.1985,17(2):97-106S
[9] Woodworth,C.M. and Jugenheimer,R.W. 1949.Breeding and genetics of high protein corn, in Proceedings of the Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference,Val.3 .Washington,D.C.
[10] 宋同明，苏胜宝，陈绍金等．高油玉米前途光明．玉米科学．1997，5(3)：73～77
[11] 刘仁东，杨秀海，徐家舜。我国高油玉米的发展前景展望[J] 作物杂志，1995，(3)：1～5
[12] 陈绍江．高油玉米发展回顾与展望[J]．玉米科学，2001，4：80～83
[13] Silveta.S.L., 1965.Improvement in recurrent selection methods for oil in maize through nuclear magnetic,resonance analysis.M.S.thesis.Univesity of Illinois,Urbana-Champain.
[14] 宋同明．高油玉米自交系的培育与改良．[J]．作物杂志，1991，(3)：12～14
[15] 庄铁成．大力发展“三高”玉米形成玉米带的经济优势．玉米科学．1992创刊号：12～13
[16] Jugenheimer,R.W. ,Breeding for oil and protein in maize,Euphytica, 1961,10:152
[17] 宋同明．脉冲核磁共振仪(NMR)对作物种子含油量的快速测定[J]．作物学报，1989，15(2)：160～166
[18] Watson,S.A.and Freeman,J.E.,1975.Breeding corn for increased oil content,ing Procceding of the Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Conference,Washington,D.C.
[19] 宋同明，苏胜宝，陈绍江 等．高油玉米前途光明[J]．玉米科学，1997，5(3)：73～77
[20] 宋同明．高油玉米[C]．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1992
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