南京港近三年进境船舶携带动植物疫病的调查分析及处理
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摘要
为防止动植物病虫害通过国际航行船舶传入，保护我国农牧生产安全和人们身体健康，对南京港近年来进境船舶进行了调查分析，南京港出入境船舶逐年增长，2000年1月至2003年6月入港的国际航行船舶共3908艘，其中集装箱班轮716艘，占18.45％，其它船舶3182艘，占81.55％。
2001年1月至2003年6月到达南京港的国际航行船舶直接来自40个国家/地区，频率较高的是韩国(29.32％)、中国长江的下游港口(24.49％)、日本(24.05％)、香港(4.86％)、澳大利亚(2.05％)、俄罗斯(1.87％)、印度(1.5％)、新加坡(1.5％)、泰国(1.39％)、美国(1.46％)、印尼(1.26％)等。
建立疫情数据库，分析往来国家/地区五年来动物疫病发生情况表明，世界疫情复杂，如口蹄疫在54个国家/地区发生，包括与南京港有频繁船舶来往的日本、韩国、俄罗斯、马来西亚、印度、菲律宾、台湾、香港、土耳其、巴西、荷兰、英国、法国、南非及蒙古等周边地区，危险性的有害生物随时可通过国际航行船舶传入南京。
对2003年1-6月进入南京港的船舶(共676艘)船用物品调查表明，这些船用食品来自45个国家/地区，共有动植物性食品500812公斤，其中70.6％的肉类、78.3％的禽类、70.2％的鱼类均来自境外动植物疫区。
船用动植物产品来源复杂，在购买国未经严格检疫，也没有产地和注册厂家限制，大多船舶的船用物品是船员自行采购，其质量和疫情没有保证。
在2000年1月—2003年6月到达南京港的3908艘船中，截获动植物疫情940批，疫情截获率为24.1％，截获疫情种类为118种，许多是我国没有分布或有较大危害性的，其中国家规定禁止入境的一类危险性有害生物20批、二类危险性有害生物115批。在进境船舶中截获病媒生物627批，占入境船舶总数的16％。调查还显示，不同类型、不同国家、不同来源的船舶传入疫情的风险存在差异。
对进境船舶进行了细菌学抽样调查，船上鱼、牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉等动物产品细菌种类和含量较多，生活垃圾、泔水等动植物废弃及其容器、存放地及生活仓甲板等细菌污染严重，条件致病菌较多。
调查发现，南京港对进境船舶检疫的设施、模式、方法须进一步改进。
国际航行船舶动植物疫情复杂，传播动植物疫情的风险较高，有可能通过南京港传入我国，南京港须进一步加强防范和采取降低风险的措施，建议采取的对策为：“制定应急预案、开展风险评估、完善港口检疫设施、加强进境船舶检疫管理”等四个方面。
To prevent the transmission of animal and plant diseases into our country and pretect the animal husbandry and human health, the datum analysis on diseases carried by ships entering to Nanjing Port from abroad has been made.
3908 ships, including 716 container-ships from more than 40 contries or areas arrived at Nanjing Port from Jan. 2000 to Jun.2003. Most" of them were directly from other Chinese ports,Korea,Japan,HongKong,Australia,Russia,India,Singapore, Thailand,United states and Indonesia.
The datum analysis on animal diseases in the last five years revealed that the diseases existed in many countries and It was possible that dangerous pathogens were imported to Nanjing by ships at any time .
The investigation on the animal and plant products carried by the ships(676) entering to Nanjing Port during first six months of 2003 showed that 500812 kilograms of animal and plant products,including 70.6 percent of meat,78.3 percent of poultry and 70.2 percent of fish from more than 45 countries/areas arrived in Nanjing from the lands where animal or plant diseases were epidemic.
The background of the products without strict inspection or control measure when they were bought by the ship staff were complicated.
118 different diseases had been found in 940 of 3908 ships .The detectable rate reached 24.1%. 20 of them were listed in the dangerous pathogens A and 115 in B . Rodents or insect vectors had been found in 627 of 3908 ships and the detectable rate was 16%. The risks from different countries and origins of ships exhibited diversities.
The bacteriological examinations demonstrated that bacterial contamination was serious in several animal products carried by ships.
It suggested that the facility for preventing diseases and the inspection ways for ships should be improved in Nanjing Port.
The background of animal and plant diseases carried by ships were complicated and the risks being transmitted to China from the port by ships were high.The more strict control measures must be given at four topics.
2001年1月至2003年6月到达南京港的国际航行船舶直接来自40个国家/地区，频率较高的是韩国(29.32％)、中国长江的下游港口(24.49％)、日本(24.05％)、香港(4.86％)、澳大利亚(2.05％)、俄罗斯(1.87％)、印度(1.5％)、新加坡(1.5％)、泰国(1.39％)、美国(1.46％)、印尼(1.26％)等。
建立疫情数据库，分析往来国家/地区五年来动物疫病发生情况表明，世界疫情复杂，如口蹄疫在54个国家/地区发生，包括与南京港有频繁船舶来往的日本、韩国、俄罗斯、马来西亚、印度、菲律宾、台湾、香港、土耳其、巴西、荷兰、英国、法国、南非及蒙古等周边地区，危险性的有害生物随时可通过国际航行船舶传入南京。
对2003年1-6月进入南京港的船舶(共676艘)船用物品调查表明，这些船用食品来自45个国家/地区，共有动植物性食品500812公斤，其中70.6％的肉类、78.3％的禽类、70.2％的鱼类均来自境外动植物疫区。
船用动植物产品来源复杂，在购买国未经严格检疫，也没有产地和注册厂家限制，大多船舶的船用物品是船员自行采购，其质量和疫情没有保证。
在2000年1月—2003年6月到达南京港的3908艘船中，截获动植物疫情940批，疫情截获率为24.1％，截获疫情种类为118种，许多是我国没有分布或有较大危害性的，其中国家规定禁止入境的一类危险性有害生物20批、二类危险性有害生物115批。在进境船舶中截获病媒生物627批，占入境船舶总数的16％。调查还显示，不同类型、不同国家、不同来源的船舶传入疫情的风险存在差异。
对进境船舶进行了细菌学抽样调查，船上鱼、牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉等动物产品细菌种类和含量较多，生活垃圾、泔水等动植物废弃及其容器、存放地及生活仓甲板等细菌污染严重，条件致病菌较多。
调查发现，南京港对进境船舶检疫的设施、模式、方法须进一步改进。
国际航行船舶动植物疫情复杂，传播动植物疫情的风险较高，有可能通过南京港传入我国，南京港须进一步加强防范和采取降低风险的措施，建议采取的对策为：“制定应急预案、开展风险评估、完善港口检疫设施、加强进境船舶检疫管理”等四个方面。
To prevent the transmission of animal and plant diseases into our country and pretect the animal husbandry and human health, the datum analysis on diseases carried by ships entering to Nanjing Port from abroad has been made.
3908 ships, including 716 container-ships from more than 40 contries or areas arrived at Nanjing Port from Jan. 2000 to Jun.2003. Most" of them were directly from other Chinese ports,Korea,Japan,HongKong,Australia,Russia,India,Singapore, Thailand,United states and Indonesia.
The datum analysis on animal diseases in the last five years revealed that the diseases existed in many countries and It was possible that dangerous pathogens were imported to Nanjing by ships at any time .
The investigation on the animal and plant products carried by the ships(676) entering to Nanjing Port during first six months of 2003 showed that 500812 kilograms of animal and plant products,including 70.6 percent of meat,78.3 percent of poultry and 70.2 percent of fish from more than 45 countries/areas arrived in Nanjing from the lands where animal or plant diseases were epidemic.
The background of the products without strict inspection or control measure when they were bought by the ship staff were complicated.
118 different diseases had been found in 940 of 3908 ships .The detectable rate reached 24.1%. 20 of them were listed in the dangerous pathogens A and 115 in B . Rodents or insect vectors had been found in 627 of 3908 ships and the detectable rate was 16%. The risks from different countries and origins of ships exhibited diversities.
The bacteriological examinations demonstrated that bacterial contamination was serious in several animal products carried by ships.
It suggested that the facility for preventing diseases and the inspection ways for ships should be improved in Nanjing Port.
The background of animal and plant diseases carried by ships were complicated and the risks being transmitted to China from the port by ships were high.The more strict control measures must be given at four topics.
引文
1．房维廉，《进出境动植物检疫法》的理论和务实，中国农业出版社，1995，3
2．洪虎，中国口岸机构法律法规汇编，改革出版社，1996，7．
3．杨树源，许文达，汕头口岸入境国际航行船舶船用食品情况调查 中国国境卫生检疫杂志2001，VOL24，NO5 278-291
4．吕祥宝等 检验检疫新体制下入境船舶检疫方式探讨，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO5305-306
5．林榆，黄伟，出入境船舶计算机管理系统的设计，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO5312-313
6．杨清双，杨颍，船舶压仓水管理方案，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2002，VOL25，NO6 371-375
7．张培男，郭喜良，王胜富等，国际航行船舶食品供用卫生监管模式的研究，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO4 200-202
8．陶国宏，九洲口岸入境维修船舶卫生监督情况的报告中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO5301-302
9．国际动物卫生组织，《国际动物卫生法典》(2002)
10．于大海等，《中国进出境动物检疫规范》，中国农业出版社，1997．
11．国际兽疫局，OIE公报，1999-2003．
12．丁美兰，赵忠懿，阻止有害生物传入保护我国生物安全，中国检验检疫，2003，NO12，15-16
13．周洪斌，柳嘉虹，澳大利亚对进境动物及其产品的风险分析，中国检验检疫，2003，NO10
14．杨永茂，李付业，提高船舶有害生物检出率的几点体会，中国检验检疫，2003，NO12，40-41
15．彭志生，陈茹，美国进出境动物检疫管理体系和法律法规体系简介，中国检验检疫，2003，NO2
16. Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association, FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE, Revised 1998, the United States Animal Health Association.
17. Alwynelle S. hl. Formal Quarntitative Risk Assessment, Resource Information Guide, 1993,62-66.
18. L. Miller et. al. Developing a Quarantitative Risk Assessment Process. OIE Revue. 1993,12-4,1153
19. www. oie. int
20. Peter Wright, En-Min Zhou, Developments in international standardization, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 72(1999)243-248
21. Lopez Sabater E I, Health hazards related to occurrence of parasites of the genera
Anisakis and Pseudoterranova in fish, Food Science and Technology International, 6(3),2000,183-195
2．洪虎，中国口岸机构法律法规汇编，改革出版社，1996，7．
3．杨树源，许文达，汕头口岸入境国际航行船舶船用食品情况调查 中国国境卫生检疫杂志2001，VOL24，NO5 278-291
4．吕祥宝等 检验检疫新体制下入境船舶检疫方式探讨，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO5305-306
5．林榆，黄伟，出入境船舶计算机管理系统的设计，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO5312-313
6．杨清双，杨颍，船舶压仓水管理方案，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2002，VOL25，NO6 371-375
7．张培男，郭喜良，王胜富等，国际航行船舶食品供用卫生监管模式的研究，中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO4 200-202
8．陶国宏，九洲口岸入境维修船舶卫生监督情况的报告中国国境卫生检疫杂志 2001，VOL24，NO5301-302
9．国际动物卫生组织，《国际动物卫生法典》(2002)
10．于大海等，《中国进出境动物检疫规范》，中国农业出版社，1997．
11．国际兽疫局，OIE公报，1999-2003．
12．丁美兰，赵忠懿，阻止有害生物传入保护我国生物安全，中国检验检疫，2003，NO12，15-16
13．周洪斌，柳嘉虹，澳大利亚对进境动物及其产品的风险分析，中国检验检疫，2003，NO10
14．杨永茂，李付业，提高船舶有害生物检出率的几点体会，中国检验检疫，2003，NO12，40-41
15．彭志生，陈茹，美国进出境动物检疫管理体系和法律法规体系简介，中国检验检疫，2003，NO2
16. Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association, FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE, Revised 1998, the United States Animal Health Association.
17. Alwynelle S. hl. Formal Quarntitative Risk Assessment, Resource Information Guide, 1993,62-66.
18. L. Miller et. al. Developing a Quarantitative Risk Assessment Process. OIE Revue. 1993,12-4,1153
19. www. oie. int
20. Peter Wright, En-Min Zhou, Developments in international standardization, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 72(1999)243-248
21. Lopez Sabater E I, Health hazards related to occurrence of parasites of the genera
Anisakis and Pseudoterranova in fish, Food Science and Technology International, 6(3),2000,183-195
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