多年冻土地区钻孔灌注桩的有限元分析
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摘要
本文首先介绍了国内外对于多年冻土、桩土相互作用的研究现状和发展趋势，明确了本文的研究内容和方法。借鉴当前桩-土相互作用问题的研究方法和成果，结合冻土自身的特殊性质，重点解决桩周围冻土的温度场变化和单桩与多年冻土的相互作用问题。由于多年冻土自身的特殊性，多年冻土-钻孔灌注桩相互作用问题更加复杂，本文运用ANSYS的热分析和非线性力学分析模块功能，建立单桩-多年冻土相互作用的热学和力学模型，求得在考虑时间因素的情况下(瞬态热分析)多年冻土温度场的分布情况。同时，确定多年冻土中的桩基础在竖向外荷载的作用下，桩基础的应力状态和位移分布情况，并与现有试验资料相比较，验证有限元模型和相关系数的正确性。
第一部分重点介绍了冻土类型划分、工程特性、应力松弛和蠕变现象、多年冻土的温度场分布、多年冻土对桩基础的冻胀力、桩基础埋置的设计深度和传热学方面的相关理论。
第二部分论述了桩-土体系中桩体、土体和接触面本构行为的数值模拟方法；利用ANSYS进行分析的过程和方法；并建立了钻孔灌注桩与冻土相互作用的热学和力学模型。在数值模拟结果后处理部分，利用温度场的彩色云图、热流量图、热流梯度向量图和回冻曲线，有效地分析了桩-土体系的回冻过程；利用等值线、矢量分析、选定节点分析、应力与应变路径分析、时间历程后处理，比较全面地分析了桩-土体系的应力和应变状态。
This thesis presents the research status in quo and development direction of the interaction of pile foundation in permafrost in China and abroad, and establishes the research content and method. On the basis of the research method and results of the interaction of pile and soil currently, combined with the special characteristics of permafrost, the temperature change of permafrost around the pile and the interaction of single pile and permafrost are emphasized. Because of the special characteristics of permafrost, the analysis of the interaction of the bored pile foundation and the permafrost is more complicated than the usual. Utilizing the function of the thermal analysis and nonlinear mechanical analysis, the thermal and mechanical finite element models of the interaction of single bored pile foundation and permafrost are established through which the distribution of temperature in permafrost can be obtained under the consideration of the factor of time (transient thermal analysis). Meanwhile, the stress
and displacement of the pile foundation in permafrost are gotten under the action of outer vertical force. All the data will be compared with the experimental data and the result of the comparison will be used to prove the validity of the finite element model and the related coefficients.
The first part of the thesis mainly presents the division, practical characteristics, stress relaxation and creep of frozen soil, the temperature distribution of permafrost, and the frost-heaving force to pile foundation, the designed depth of pile foundation and the related principle of thermal transfer.
The second part of the thesis is devoted to simulation method of pile body, soil and interface of the system of pile and frozen soil, and the analysis process and method of Finite Element Program ANSYS, and the thermal and mechanical models of the interaction of pile and frozen soil. In the post-processing of the simulation result, colorful figure, thermal flux figure, thermal flux gradient vector figure and cure of freezeback are utilized, which effectively analyze the freezeback process of pile and soil system; isoline, vector analysis, node analysis, path analysis of stress and strain and post-process of time-history roundly analyze the stress and strain status of pile and soil system.
第一部分重点介绍了冻土类型划分、工程特性、应力松弛和蠕变现象、多年冻土的温度场分布、多年冻土对桩基础的冻胀力、桩基础埋置的设计深度和传热学方面的相关理论。
第二部分论述了桩-土体系中桩体、土体和接触面本构行为的数值模拟方法；利用ANSYS进行分析的过程和方法；并建立了钻孔灌注桩与冻土相互作用的热学和力学模型。在数值模拟结果后处理部分，利用温度场的彩色云图、热流量图、热流梯度向量图和回冻曲线，有效地分析了桩-土体系的回冻过程；利用等值线、矢量分析、选定节点分析、应力与应变路径分析、时间历程后处理，比较全面地分析了桩-土体系的应力和应变状态。
This thesis presents the research status in quo and development direction of the interaction of pile foundation in permafrost in China and abroad, and establishes the research content and method. On the basis of the research method and results of the interaction of pile and soil currently, combined with the special characteristics of permafrost, the temperature change of permafrost around the pile and the interaction of single pile and permafrost are emphasized. Because of the special characteristics of permafrost, the analysis of the interaction of the bored pile foundation and the permafrost is more complicated than the usual. Utilizing the function of the thermal analysis and nonlinear mechanical analysis, the thermal and mechanical finite element models of the interaction of single bored pile foundation and permafrost are established through which the distribution of temperature in permafrost can be obtained under the consideration of the factor of time (transient thermal analysis). Meanwhile, the stress
and displacement of the pile foundation in permafrost are gotten under the action of outer vertical force. All the data will be compared with the experimental data and the result of the comparison will be used to prove the validity of the finite element model and the related coefficients.
The first part of the thesis mainly presents the division, practical characteristics, stress relaxation and creep of frozen soil, the temperature distribution of permafrost, and the frost-heaving force to pile foundation, the designed depth of pile foundation and the related principle of thermal transfer.
The second part of the thesis is devoted to simulation method of pile body, soil and interface of the system of pile and frozen soil, and the analysis process and method of Finite Element Program ANSYS, and the thermal and mechanical models of the interaction of pile and frozen soil. In the post-processing of the simulation result, colorful figure, thermal flux figure, thermal flux gradient vector figure and cure of freezeback are utilized, which effectively analyze the freezeback process of pile and soil system; isoline, vector analysis, node analysis, path analysis of stress and strain and post-process of time-history roundly analyze the stress and strain status of pile and soil system.
引文
[1] 陈国栋，周幼吾．中国冻土学的现状和展望．中国科学院兰州冻土研究所．
[2] 励国良，赵西生，王化卿等．多年冻土地区桩基试验研究．铁道学报，1980；2(1)．
[3] 青藏公路科研组．昆仑山桩基静荷载试验研究报告之四——水平荷载试验．西安公路学院学报(高原多年冻土道路工程研究报告集)，1986，218-248．
[4] PUSWEWALA, etal. Computational Modeling of Structure-Frozen Soil/Ice Interaction (Soil/Ice Interface, Creep). PhD Thesis, The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1991.
[5] Foriero, Adolfo. Conception De Pieux Etablis Dans Le Pergelisol Charges Lateralement (French Text). PhD Thesis, Polytechnique College of Montreal (Canada), 1991.
[6] 吴世明，等编著．岩土工程新技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：366-406．
[7] 赵维炳，施健勇．桩土相互作用的有限元分析．第七届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文集，1994．
[8] 徐明定，徐锐．层状土中轴向受荷桩-土相互作用分析．岩土力学数值分析与解析，1996；12(2)．
[9] 田海，黄文峰．复合地基中的桩土相互作用初探．中国土木工程学会第五届地基处理学术讨论会，1997：732-735．
[10] 暴雨，顾晓鲁．桩土相互作用的空间耦合数值模型．土木工程学会土力学及基础工程学会桩基础学术委员会第五届联合年会，2001：114-120．
[11] 赵法锁，俞剑勇．灌注桩桩土相互作用试验及有限元模拟研究．工程地质学报，2001；9(1)．
[12] Qin Q H, He X Q. Variational Principals, FE and MPT for Analysis of Non-linear Impact-contact Problems[J] . Computation Methods Application Mechanical Engeering. 1995, 122(2): 205-222.
[13] Oden J T. Exterior Penalty Methods for Contact Problems in Elasticity[A] . Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis in Structural Mechanics[C] . Europe-USWorkshop, Springer, Berlin, 1980.
[14] Conry T F, Seirg. A Mathematical Programming Method for Design Elastic Bodies in Contact[J] . J. Appl. Mech., 1971; 38(3).
[15] Zhong W X, SunSM. A Finite Method for Elastic-Plastic Structure and Contact Problem by Parametric Quadratic Programming[J] . Int. J. Numerical Methods Engineering. 1988; 26(7).
[16] Nataraja M. Finite Element Solution of Stresses and Displacements in Soil-culvert System[D] . CivilEngineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1986.
[17] Goodman R E, Taylor R L and Berkke T L. A Model for The Mechanics of Jointed Rock[J] . ASCE, 1968;94(SM3).
[18] Peterson H. Application of The Finite Element Method in The Analysis of Contact Problems[A] . Proc. Int. Conf. On Finite Elements and Mechanics[C] , Geilo, Norway, 1977, 2.
[19] Zienkiewicz, etal. Analysis of Nonlinear Problems with Particular Reference to Jointed Rock Systems[A] . Proc. 2nd, Int. Conf. Soc. Of Rock Mech.[C] . Belgrad, 1970, 3.
[20] Ghaboussi J, Wilson E Land Isenberg J. Finite Element for Rock Joints and Interfaces[J] . ASCE, 1973; 99(10).
[21] Katona M G. A Simple Contact-Friction Interface Element with Applications to Buried Culverts[J] . Int. J. Numer. &Anal. Meth. Engrg., 1988; 7(9).
[22] Herrmann L R. Finite Element Analysis of Contact Problems[J] . ASCE, 1978; 104(5).
[23] Desai C S, etal. Thin-Layer Element for Interfaces and Joints[J] . Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Engineering., 1984; 8(1).
[24] Desai C S, etal. Modeling for Cyclic Normal and Shear Behavior of Interfaces[J] . ASCE, 1988;114(7).
[25] Desai C S, etal. Cyclic Testing and Modeling of Interfaces. ASCE, 1985; 111(6).
[26] 殷宗泽，等．土与结构材料接触面的变形及其数学模拟[J]．岩土工程学报，1994；16(3)．
[27] 雷晓燕，G．Swoboda，杜庆华．接触摩擦单元理论及其应用[J]．岩土工程学报，1994；16(3)．
[28] [苏] H．A．崔托维奇 著．冻土力学．北京：科学出版社，1985：50-150．
[29] 张建明，等．公路工程冻土类型划分研究．西安公路交通大学学报，2001；21(4)．
[30] J. P. Gosink, T. E. Ostekamp, K. Kawasaki. A Comparison of Two Finite Element Models for The Prediction of Permafrost Temperatures. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska at Fairbanks. Research Report, 1986.
[31] 高大钊 主编．岩土工程的回顾与前瞻．北京：人民交通出版社，2001：320-326．
[32] 美国陆军部冷区研究与工程实验室．深季节冻土地区和多年冻土地区基础设计与施工．中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所译，1978：20-60．
[33] [美] W．M．罗森诺 等主编．齐欣 译．传热学基础手册．北京：科学出版社，1985：65-100．
[34] [美] B．V．卡里卡 等著，刘吉 等译．工程传热学．北京：人民教育出版社，1981：20-60．
[35] [美] 陈惠发 著．余天庆等译．土木工程材料的本构方程．华中科技大学出版社，2001：150-200．
[36] 朱伯龙 董振祥 著．钢筋混凝土非线性分析．同济大学出版社．1985：110-120．
[37] 吕西林 等编著．钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元理论与应用．同济大学出版社．1997：80-115．
[38] ANSYS Contact Analysis Guide, Release 5. 7, Second Edition. SAS IP, 1997: 12-35.
[39] ANSYS Thermal Analysis Guide, Release 5. 7, Second Edition. SAS IP, 1997: 15-45.
[40] 刘劲松等．混凝土水化热对人工冻土墙温度场分布的影响．煤炭学报，2002；27(5)．
[41] 冻土地区建筑地基基础设计规范(JGJ118-98)．中华人民共和国行业标准．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998：84-91．
[42] 龚洛书 主编．混凝土实用手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995：280-320．
[2] 励国良，赵西生，王化卿等．多年冻土地区桩基试验研究．铁道学报，1980；2(1)．
[3] 青藏公路科研组．昆仑山桩基静荷载试验研究报告之四——水平荷载试验．西安公路学院学报(高原多年冻土道路工程研究报告集)，1986，218-248．
[4] PUSWEWALA, etal. Computational Modeling of Structure-Frozen Soil/Ice Interaction (Soil/Ice Interface, Creep). PhD Thesis, The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1991.
[5] Foriero, Adolfo. Conception De Pieux Etablis Dans Le Pergelisol Charges Lateralement (French Text). PhD Thesis, Polytechnique College of Montreal (Canada), 1991.
[6] 吴世明，等编著．岩土工程新技术．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：366-406．
[7] 赵维炳，施健勇．桩土相互作用的有限元分析．第七届土力学及基础工程学术会议论文集，1994．
[8] 徐明定，徐锐．层状土中轴向受荷桩-土相互作用分析．岩土力学数值分析与解析，1996；12(2)．
[9] 田海，黄文峰．复合地基中的桩土相互作用初探．中国土木工程学会第五届地基处理学术讨论会，1997：732-735．
[10] 暴雨，顾晓鲁．桩土相互作用的空间耦合数值模型．土木工程学会土力学及基础工程学会桩基础学术委员会第五届联合年会，2001：114-120．
[11] 赵法锁，俞剑勇．灌注桩桩土相互作用试验及有限元模拟研究．工程地质学报，2001；9(1)．
[12] Qin Q H, He X Q. Variational Principals, FE and MPT for Analysis of Non-linear Impact-contact Problems[J] . Computation Methods Application Mechanical Engeering. 1995, 122(2): 205-222.
[13] Oden J T. Exterior Penalty Methods for Contact Problems in Elasticity[A] . Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis in Structural Mechanics[C] . Europe-USWorkshop, Springer, Berlin, 1980.
[14] Conry T F, Seirg. A Mathematical Programming Method for Design Elastic Bodies in Contact[J] . J. Appl. Mech., 1971; 38(3).
[15] Zhong W X, SunSM. A Finite Method for Elastic-Plastic Structure and Contact Problem by Parametric Quadratic Programming[J] . Int. J. Numerical Methods Engineering. 1988; 26(7).
[16] Nataraja M. Finite Element Solution of Stresses and Displacements in Soil-culvert System[D] . CivilEngineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1986.
[17] Goodman R E, Taylor R L and Berkke T L. A Model for The Mechanics of Jointed Rock[J] . ASCE, 1968;94(SM3).
[18] Peterson H. Application of The Finite Element Method in The Analysis of Contact Problems[A] . Proc. Int. Conf. On Finite Elements and Mechanics[C] , Geilo, Norway, 1977, 2.
[19] Zienkiewicz, etal. Analysis of Nonlinear Problems with Particular Reference to Jointed Rock Systems[A] . Proc. 2nd, Int. Conf. Soc. Of Rock Mech.[C] . Belgrad, 1970, 3.
[20] Ghaboussi J, Wilson E Land Isenberg J. Finite Element for Rock Joints and Interfaces[J] . ASCE, 1973; 99(10).
[21] Katona M G. A Simple Contact-Friction Interface Element with Applications to Buried Culverts[J] . Int. J. Numer. &Anal. Meth. Engrg., 1988; 7(9).
[22] Herrmann L R. Finite Element Analysis of Contact Problems[J] . ASCE, 1978; 104(5).
[23] Desai C S, etal. Thin-Layer Element for Interfaces and Joints[J] . Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Engineering., 1984; 8(1).
[24] Desai C S, etal. Modeling for Cyclic Normal and Shear Behavior of Interfaces[J] . ASCE, 1988;114(7).
[25] Desai C S, etal. Cyclic Testing and Modeling of Interfaces. ASCE, 1985; 111(6).
[26] 殷宗泽，等．土与结构材料接触面的变形及其数学模拟[J]．岩土工程学报，1994；16(3)．
[27] 雷晓燕，G．Swoboda，杜庆华．接触摩擦单元理论及其应用[J]．岩土工程学报，1994；16(3)．
[28] [苏] H．A．崔托维奇 著．冻土力学．北京：科学出版社，1985：50-150．
[29] 张建明，等．公路工程冻土类型划分研究．西安公路交通大学学报，2001；21(4)．
[30] J. P. Gosink, T. E. Ostekamp, K. Kawasaki. A Comparison of Two Finite Element Models for The Prediction of Permafrost Temperatures. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska at Fairbanks. Research Report, 1986.
[31] 高大钊 主编．岩土工程的回顾与前瞻．北京：人民交通出版社，2001：320-326．
[32] 美国陆军部冷区研究与工程实验室．深季节冻土地区和多年冻土地区基础设计与施工．中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所译，1978：20-60．
[33] [美] W．M．罗森诺 等主编．齐欣 译．传热学基础手册．北京：科学出版社，1985：65-100．
[34] [美] B．V．卡里卡 等著，刘吉 等译．工程传热学．北京：人民教育出版社，1981：20-60．
[35] [美] 陈惠发 著．余天庆等译．土木工程材料的本构方程．华中科技大学出版社，2001：150-200．
[36] 朱伯龙 董振祥 著．钢筋混凝土非线性分析．同济大学出版社．1985：110-120．
[37] 吕西林 等编著．钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元理论与应用．同济大学出版社．1997：80-115．
[38] ANSYS Contact Analysis Guide, Release 5. 7, Second Edition. SAS IP, 1997: 12-35.
[39] ANSYS Thermal Analysis Guide, Release 5. 7, Second Edition. SAS IP, 1997: 15-45.
[40] 刘劲松等．混凝土水化热对人工冻土墙温度场分布的影响．煤炭学报，2002；27(5)．
[41] 冻土地区建筑地基基础设计规范(JGJ118-98)．中华人民共和国行业标准．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998：84-91．
[42] 龚洛书 主编．混凝土实用手册．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995：280-320．
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