H.264/AVC视频编码标准研究及其编码器的优化
摘要
随着21世纪的到来，人类进入了一个全新的多媒体时代。作为多媒体中最重要、最具表现力和最复杂的数字视频处理，也随着时代的发展取得了长足的进步。ITU—T和ISO／IEC制定的H.26x和MPEG系列视频编码标准极大的改变了人们的生活。在新世纪，ITU—T和ISO／IEC又一次联合制定和发布了新一代的视频编码国际标准：H.264／AVC。本文深入研究了H.264／AVC的编码原理，并在此基础上对其参考软件编码器进行了优化。
绪论部分简要介绍了视频压缩编码的基本方法，基于块匹配的混合编码框架的构成以及主要视频编码标准的特点。
第二章介绍了H.264／AVC的编码原理，对其中的主要功能模块：帧内预测、多种块模式的帧间预测、1／4和1／8像素的运动估计、多参考帧、整数变换、CABAC和环路去块效应滤波器及其包含的新技术进行了详细论述。
第三章首先分析了H.264／AVC参考软件编码器JM61e的性能，仿真实验显示由于采用了一系列新技术，使得H.264／AVC的压缩性能明显超过了现有其它标准。在相同的主观视频质量下，码率减少50％左右。然后分析了基于Baseline Profile编码器的计算瓶颈和热点，确定了下一步编码器优化的重点。
最后根据H.264／AVC的特点，采用基于边缘方向信息的帧内预测模式选择快速算法、不对称十字和多六角形网格混合运动搜索快速算法、基于全零块检测的整数变换和运动估计快速算法以及帧间模式选择快速算法对Baseline的编码器进行了优化。有效的提高了编码器的编码效率。
With the coming of the 21st century, man is entering into a brand-new multimedia age. Digital Video Processing, as the most important, expressive and complex one in multimedia, has progressed quite a lot. H.26x and MPEG-series video coding standards made by ITU-T and ISO/IEC have changed the people's lives significantly. In this new age, ITU-T and ISO/IEC join again to establish and release a new generation international video coding standard: H.264/AVC. This dissertation tries to probe the coding principle of H.264/AVC, and optimize the reference codec on its basis.
The Introduction briefly presents the basic methods of video coding, the structure of block-based hybrid coding frame and the chief characteristics of video coding standards.
Chapter II introduces the encoding principle of H.264/AVC and elaborates on its main function modules of H.264/AVC and new technologies being adopted: intra prediction, multi-block inter prediction, 1/4 and 1/8 fractional pixel motion estimation, multiple reference frames, integer transform, CABAC and deblock filter.
Chapter III first analyses the performance of reference software encoder JM61e. Simulation results reveal that the adoption of a series of new technologies makes H.264/AVC achieve much higher coompression efficiency compared to contemporary video coding stanards. Under the same visual quality, bit rate reduces about 50%. Then analyses the bottle neck and hot spot based on Baseline Profile, and determine which emphasis should be placed on next-step optimization of encoder.
Finally, according to the characteristics of H.264/AVC, apply the Baseline encoder to optimization through fast mode decision for intra prediction based on edge direction information, Unsymmetrical-Cross Multi-Hexagon-Grid motion estimation fast algorithm, integer transform and motion estimation fast algorithm based on all zero coefficient detection, inter prediction mode selection fast algorithm, therefore greatly improve the efficiency of enoder.
绪论部分简要介绍了视频压缩编码的基本方法，基于块匹配的混合编码框架的构成以及主要视频编码标准的特点。
第二章介绍了H.264／AVC的编码原理，对其中的主要功能模块：帧内预测、多种块模式的帧间预测、1／4和1／8像素的运动估计、多参考帧、整数变换、CABAC和环路去块效应滤波器及其包含的新技术进行了详细论述。
第三章首先分析了H.264／AVC参考软件编码器JM61e的性能，仿真实验显示由于采用了一系列新技术，使得H.264／AVC的压缩性能明显超过了现有其它标准。在相同的主观视频质量下，码率减少50％左右。然后分析了基于Baseline Profile编码器的计算瓶颈和热点，确定了下一步编码器优化的重点。
最后根据H.264／AVC的特点，采用基于边缘方向信息的帧内预测模式选择快速算法、不对称十字和多六角形网格混合运动搜索快速算法、基于全零块检测的整数变换和运动估计快速算法以及帧间模式选择快速算法对Baseline的编码器进行了优化。有效的提高了编码器的编码效率。
With the coming of the 21st century, man is entering into a brand-new multimedia age. Digital Video Processing, as the most important, expressive and complex one in multimedia, has progressed quite a lot. H.26x and MPEG-series video coding standards made by ITU-T and ISO/IEC have changed the people's lives significantly. In this new age, ITU-T and ISO/IEC join again to establish and release a new generation international video coding standard: H.264/AVC. This dissertation tries to probe the coding principle of H.264/AVC, and optimize the reference codec on its basis.
The Introduction briefly presents the basic methods of video coding, the structure of block-based hybrid coding frame and the chief characteristics of video coding standards.
Chapter II introduces the encoding principle of H.264/AVC and elaborates on its main function modules of H.264/AVC and new technologies being adopted: intra prediction, multi-block inter prediction, 1/4 and 1/8 fractional pixel motion estimation, multiple reference frames, integer transform, CABAC and deblock filter.
Chapter III first analyses the performance of reference software encoder JM61e. Simulation results reveal that the adoption of a series of new technologies makes H.264/AVC achieve much higher coompression efficiency compared to contemporary video coding stanards. Under the same visual quality, bit rate reduces about 50%. Then analyses the bottle neck and hot spot based on Baseline Profile, and determine which emphasis should be placed on next-step optimization of encoder.
Finally, according to the characteristics of H.264/AVC, apply the Baseline encoder to optimization through fast mode decision for intra prediction based on edge direction information, Unsymmetrical-Cross Multi-Hexagon-Grid motion estimation fast algorithm, integer transform and motion estimation fast algorithm based on all zero coefficient detection, inter prediction mode selection fast algorithm, therefore greatly improve the efficiency of enoder.
引文
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[2] K. R. Castleman, "Digital image processing," Englewood Cliffs: Printice Hall,1996.
[3] 沈兰荪，卓力等，“视频编码与低速率传输，”北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[4] R. J. Clark, "Transform Coding of Images, "London: Academic Press, 1985.
[5] 章毓晋，图象工程(上册)——图象处理和分析，北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[6] N. Ahmed, T. Nataraj an and K. R. Rao, "Discrete Cosine Transform", IEEE Trans.Signal Computer, vol. 23, 1974, pp.90-93.
[7] E. Feig,and S.Winograd, "Fast algorithms for the discrete cosine transform," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 40(9), Sept. 1992, pp. 2174-2193.
[8] B. Lee, "A New Algorithm to Compute the Discrete Cosine Transform," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 32(6), Dee. 1984, pp. 1243-1245.
[9] J. W. Woods and S. D. O'Neil, "Subband coding of Images," IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech and Sign., Vol. 34, pp.1278-1288, Oct. 1986
[10] M. Vetterli, "Multidimensional sub-band coding: Some theory and algorithms," Signal Processing, Vol. 6, pp. 97-112, 1984.
[11] P. G. Howard and J. S. Vitter, "Arithmetic coding for datacompression," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 82(6), pp. 857-865, 1994.
[12] I. H. Witten, R. M. Neal, and J. G. Cleary, "Arithmetic coding for datacompression.," Communications of the ACM, Vol 30(6), pp.520-540, June 1987.
[13] J. Jiang, "Novel design of arithmetic coding for data compression, "IEE Proc.Comput. Dig. Tech., Vol 142(6), pp. 419-424, Nov, 1995.
[14] A. Moffat, R. M. Neal and I. H. Witten, "Arithmetic coding revisited," ACM Trans. on Inf. Systems Vol 16(3), pp. 256-294, July 1998.
[15] H. Li, M. Novak, and R. Forchheimer, "Fractal-based image sequence compression scheme," Opt. Eng., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1588-1595, July 1993.
[16] M. S. Lazar and L. T. Breton, "Fractal-based image sequence compression scheme," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., Vol. 4, pp. 297-308, June 1994.
[17] J.D. Gibson, T. Berger, T. Looabaugh and et al., "Digital compression for multimedia principles & standards," Copyright1997 by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
[18] T. S. Huang, S. C. Reddy, and K. Aizawa, "Human facial modeling, analysis, and synthesis for video compression," Proc. SPIE Conf Visual Communications and Image Processing, Vol. 1605, pp. 234-241, Nov. 1991.
[19] D. Pearson, "Developments in model-based video coding," Proc. IEEE, vol. 83,pp. 892-906, June 1995.
[20] Yao Wang, Jorn Ostermann and Ya-Qin Zhang "Video Processing and Communications," Pearson Education: Printice Hall, 2002.
[21] 陈国斌，“视频编码中质量、复杂度和码率控制，”[博士毕业论文]，杭州：浙江大学，2003．
[22] Borko Furht, Joshua Greenberg, Raymond Westwater, "Motion Estimation Algorithms for Video Compression," Copyright 2000, Kluwer Academic.
[23] J.Koga, K. Iiunuma, A. Hirani and et al., "Motion compensated interframe coding for video conferencing," in Porc. National Telecommunications Conference, 1981, pp. G5.3.1-5.3.5
[24] R. Li, B. Zeng and M.L. Liou, "A new three-step search algorithm for block motion estimation," IEEE Trans Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 4(4), Aug. 1994,pp. 438-442
[25] J. Jain and A. Jain, "Displacement Measurement and its Application in interframe Image Coding," IEEE Trans. Communications. vol. 29(12), Dec. 1981, pp.1799-1808
[26] R. Srinivasan, K. Rao, "Predictive Coding Based on Efficient Motion Estimation," IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 33(8), Aug 1985, pp. 888-896
[27] B. Furth, J. Greeberg, R. Westwater, "Motion estimation algorithms for video compression," Copyright 1997 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
[28] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, N3324, "Optimization Model: Version 1.0,"Noordwijkerout, 2000.
[29] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, N3675, "Optimization Model: Version 2.0," La Baule, Oct 2000.
[30] A.M. Tourapis and M.L. Liou, "New Results on Zonal Based Motion Estimation Algorithms-Advanced Predictive Diamond Zonal Search," IEEE Int. Symp. Circuit Syst. (ISCAS 2001), vol. 5, 2001, pp.183-186.
[31] ITU-T Recommendation H.261, "Video codec for audiovisual services at p×64 kbit/s," in Proc. COM15R 16-E, March, 1993
[32] ISO/IEC CD 11172, "Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to 1.5Mbits/sec-Part 2: Coding of moving pictures information," Dec. 1991
[33] ISO/IEC 13818-2, "Information technology-Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio Part 2: Video," 1995
[34] ITU-T Recommendation H.263, "Video coding for low bitrate communication," May, 1996
[35] B. Girod, U.Horn and b. Belzer, "Scalable video with multiscale motion compensation and unequal error protection," Multimedia Communications and Video Coding. New York: Plenum Press, 1996
[36] ITU-T Recommendation H.263 Version 2, "Video coding for low bitrate communication," Jan. 1998.
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