国际商事合同中的损害赔偿制度比较研究
摘要
随着世界各国商业交往的日益频繁，由此而产生的关于商事违约的法律纠纷也越来越多。在各种商事违约救济方式中，损害赔偿作为一种最有效的补救措施，因其能以最快速度填补受损害方的利益，且无需违约方配合，便于法院执行，因此已被合同双方当事人所广泛的接受，但是，尽管各国法律对此制度都有规定，鉴于各国历史渊源、文化背景的不同，关于损害赔偿相关法律制度的规定也都不尽相同。
旨在统一国际贸易法律的《公约》和《通则》综合了英美法系国家和大陆法系国家对损害赔偿的不同法律规定，同时又兼顾了大多数发展中国家的利益，成为了在处理国际商事违约损害赔偿争议中最重要的实体法律。
在我国，1999年颁布的《合同法》借鉴了《公约》以及部分国家立法的先进性和合理性，对于损害赔偿制度也作了详细的规定，因此，对于《合同法》损害赔偿制度的内容、原则、构成的全面研究也就显得十分必要。这不仅可以促进《合同法》与国际条约国际惯例接轨，以便顺利的开展国际贸易活动，而且对于维护市场秩序，保护当事人在国际商事活动中的合法权益也起着至关重要的作用。
本文以我国《合同法》为主线，通过对两大法系关于损害赔偿相关法律问题的比较分析，加之以《公约》和《通则》的相关规定的论述，从损害赔偿的含义和特点入手，通过对损害赔偿的构成要件和损害赔偿原则的分析，以及对实践中损害赔偿计算的论述，从理论方面阐释了损害赔偿制度的法律规定，并例举了相关有代表性的案例加以论证，力争形成一个完整的体系反映损害赔偿制度的全貌。最后，根据本文的论证提出司法建议，即建议立法机关将损害赔偿作为违约救济的首选方式这一观点，以期进一步完善我国合同法的违约责任制度。
随着市场经济的逐步发育成熟，违约责任制度也必将更加完善。《合同法》对违约责任制度的规定虽有不尽完善之处，但在与国际法规和国际惯例接轨方面大大前进了一步，并且保留了自己的特色，其内容也更加全面、合理、科学。
With the commercial contact of every country in the world is frequent day by day, Legals dispute of breach of contract about commercial affairs are more and more too. In various kinds of contract remedies for commercial affairs, damages is as a kind of most effective remedy ,
Because it can fill in the injured party quickly, and does not need delinquent party to cooperate, It is convenient for court to carry out, so already extensive to acceptance for both parties of contract, However, though the laws of various countries stipulate this system, seeing that historical origins of various countries, difference of the culture background, Regulations about the damages are not all the same.
CISG and UNIDROIT Principles aim at unify international trade law and synthesize different legal provisionses of common law and civil law of damages, Gave consideration to the interests of most developing countries , became the most important entity law in dealing with international commercial affairs for damages dispute in breach.
In our country," contract law" issued in 1999 has drawn lessons from CISG and advance and rationality that some countries legislated, Having done the detailed regulation to the damages system too, So, the studying of the content, principle of the damages system of contract law" seems very essential too. This can not merely promote" contract law"s legislating to intergrate with the international treaty and international practice , but also smooth development activity of international trade, It also play an essential role for safeguarding the market order and protecting party's lawful rights and interests in international commercial affairs activities.
This text regard our country's" contract law" as thread, pass with common law and civil law about damages relevant legal comparative analysis of issue, In addition
is correlated with the CISG and UNIDROIT Principles, proceed with meaning and characteristic of damages , Through the analysis of the principle of damages and the composition of damages, And through the calculation for damages in practice, have explained the legal provisions of damages system from the theory respect, It also give some relevant representative cases to prove and form a piece of intact systems and reflect the overall pictures of damages system. At last, it proposes judicial suggestions according to the demonstrations of this text that damages should be a first-selected way, In the hope of perfecting the system of liability for breach of contract of the contract law of our country further.
With reaching maturity gradually of market economy, the system of liability for breach of contract will be more perfect too. Although the regulation to the system of liability for breach of contract of contract law" has places not perfect, But has advanced a step greatly in integrating with the international regulation and international practice, And has kept its own characteristic, its content is more mature, rational.
旨在统一国际贸易法律的《公约》和《通则》综合了英美法系国家和大陆法系国家对损害赔偿的不同法律规定，同时又兼顾了大多数发展中国家的利益，成为了在处理国际商事违约损害赔偿争议中最重要的实体法律。
在我国，1999年颁布的《合同法》借鉴了《公约》以及部分国家立法的先进性和合理性，对于损害赔偿制度也作了详细的规定，因此，对于《合同法》损害赔偿制度的内容、原则、构成的全面研究也就显得十分必要。这不仅可以促进《合同法》与国际条约国际惯例接轨，以便顺利的开展国际贸易活动，而且对于维护市场秩序，保护当事人在国际商事活动中的合法权益也起着至关重要的作用。
本文以我国《合同法》为主线，通过对两大法系关于损害赔偿相关法律问题的比较分析，加之以《公约》和《通则》的相关规定的论述，从损害赔偿的含义和特点入手，通过对损害赔偿的构成要件和损害赔偿原则的分析，以及对实践中损害赔偿计算的论述，从理论方面阐释了损害赔偿制度的法律规定，并例举了相关有代表性的案例加以论证，力争形成一个完整的体系反映损害赔偿制度的全貌。最后，根据本文的论证提出司法建议，即建议立法机关将损害赔偿作为违约救济的首选方式这一观点，以期进一步完善我国合同法的违约责任制度。
随着市场经济的逐步发育成熟，违约责任制度也必将更加完善。《合同法》对违约责任制度的规定虽有不尽完善之处，但在与国际法规和国际惯例接轨方面大大前进了一步，并且保留了自己的特色，其内容也更加全面、合理、科学。
With the commercial contact of every country in the world is frequent day by day, Legals dispute of breach of contract about commercial affairs are more and more too. In various kinds of contract remedies for commercial affairs, damages is as a kind of most effective remedy ,
Because it can fill in the injured party quickly, and does not need delinquent party to cooperate, It is convenient for court to carry out, so already extensive to acceptance for both parties of contract, However, though the laws of various countries stipulate this system, seeing that historical origins of various countries, difference of the culture background, Regulations about the damages are not all the same.
CISG and UNIDROIT Principles aim at unify international trade law and synthesize different legal provisionses of common law and civil law of damages, Gave consideration to the interests of most developing countries , became the most important entity law in dealing with international commercial affairs for damages dispute in breach.
In our country," contract law" issued in 1999 has drawn lessons from CISG and advance and rationality that some countries legislated, Having done the detailed regulation to the damages system too, So, the studying of the content, principle of the damages system of contract law" seems very essential too. This can not merely promote" contract law"s legislating to intergrate with the international treaty and international practice , but also smooth development activity of international trade, It also play an essential role for safeguarding the market order and protecting party's lawful rights and interests in international commercial affairs activities.
This text regard our country's" contract law" as thread, pass with common law and civil law about damages relevant legal comparative analysis of issue, In addition
is correlated with the CISG and UNIDROIT Principles, proceed with meaning and characteristic of damages , Through the analysis of the principle of damages and the composition of damages, And through the calculation for damages in practice, have explained the legal provisions of damages system from the theory respect, It also give some relevant representative cases to prove and form a piece of intact systems and reflect the overall pictures of damages system. At last, it proposes judicial suggestions according to the demonstrations of this text that damages should be a first-selected way, In the hope of perfecting the system of liability for breach of contract of the contract law of our country further.
With reaching maturity gradually of market economy, the system of liability for breach of contract will be more perfect too. Although the regulation to the system of liability for breach of contract of contract law" has places not perfect, But has advanced a step greatly in integrating with the international regulation and international practice, And has kept its own characteristic, its content is more mature, rational.
引文
1，王利明著：《违约责任论》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版
2，杨桢著：《英美契约法论》，北京大学出版社1997年版
3，王军著：《美国合同法判例选评》，中国政法大学出版社1995年版
4，房绍坤著：《违约损害赔偿》，人民法院出版社2000年版
5，王军著：《美国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版
6，波斯纳：《法律之经济分析》，台湾商务印书馆1987年版
7，吴兴光著：《美国统一商法典介评》，东北财经大学出版社1991年版
8，赵威著：《国际商事合同法理论与实务》，中国政法大学出版社1995年版
9，约翰M·斯道克顿著：《货物买卖合同》，山西经济出版社1992年版
10，杨立新著：《合同法总则》，法律出版社1999年版
11，董炳和著：《国际商务法律与惯例》，山东人民出版社1996年版
12，崔建远著：《合同法》，法律出版社 2000年版
13，曾世雄著：《损害赔偿法原理》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版
14，韩世远著：《违约损害赔偿研究》，法律出版社1999年版
15，钟建华著：《国际货物买卖中的法律问题》，人民法院出版社1995年版
16，杨琼珍著：《论<联合国国际货物销售合同公约>中的损害赔偿制度》，《法学研究》1994年第3期
17, Fuller & Eisenberg: 《Basic Contract Law》,5th, 1990
18, Arthur Yon Mehren: 《International Encyclopedia of comparative law. contracts in General A General View of contract》, 1982年版
19, Knapp. Crystal: 《Problem in Contract Law》, 1987年版
2，杨桢著：《英美契约法论》，北京大学出版社1997年版
3，王军著：《美国合同法判例选评》，中国政法大学出版社1995年版
4，房绍坤著：《违约损害赔偿》，人民法院出版社2000年版
5，王军著：《美国合同法》，中国政法大学出版社1996年版
6，波斯纳：《法律之经济分析》，台湾商务印书馆1987年版
7，吴兴光著：《美国统一商法典介评》，东北财经大学出版社1991年版
8，赵威著：《国际商事合同法理论与实务》，中国政法大学出版社1995年版
9，约翰M·斯道克顿著：《货物买卖合同》，山西经济出版社1992年版
10，杨立新著：《合同法总则》，法律出版社1999年版
11，董炳和著：《国际商务法律与惯例》，山东人民出版社1996年版
12，崔建远著：《合同法》，法律出版社 2000年版
13，曾世雄著：《损害赔偿法原理》，中国政法大学出版社2001年版
14，韩世远著：《违约损害赔偿研究》，法律出版社1999年版
15，钟建华著：《国际货物买卖中的法律问题》，人民法院出版社1995年版
16，杨琼珍著：《论<联合国国际货物销售合同公约>中的损害赔偿制度》，《法学研究》1994年第3期
17, Fuller & Eisenberg: 《Basic Contract Law》,5th, 1990
18, Arthur Yon Mehren: 《International Encyclopedia of comparative law. contracts in General A General View of contract》, 1982年版
19, Knapp. Crystal: 《Problem in Contract Law》, 1987年版
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