美国后现代主义小说体裁发展研究
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摘要
美国小说走进后现代，得到了明显的发展：文学艺术的边界模糊了、衍化了。后现代主义小说超越了虚构与现实的界限，超越了文学体裁之间的传统界限，也超越了各类艺术的传统界限。美国后现代主义小说突破了传统小说的美学标准，并且适应传媒时代的需要，从大众文化吸取了有益的艺术手法，形成了自己的写作模式和叙事话语。本文总结与探讨了美国后现代主义小说中新出现的写作模式，写作技巧和叙事话语，并具体分析了美国后现代主义小说家罗伯特库弗和唐纳德巴尔塞姆的代表作《保姆》和《白雪公主》作为后现代主义小说的特点。通过这些总结、探讨和具体分析本文揭示了美国后现代主义小说不仅颠覆了传统小说的内部形态和结构，而且反思和发展了小说这一体裁和其叙述本身。后现代主义小说在颠覆传统的艺术形式时形成了自己的艺术特征：在写作模式和叙述技巧上以其跨体裁的艺术创作，非线形的叙述，嬉戏的形式，碎片的效果，高科技在小说中的运用，虚构和现实相结合的手段等，鲜明地表现了不同于传统小说体裁的特征。作者通过对美国后现代主义小说体裁发展的研究，将后现代主义小说的有关理论运用于文本分析，丰富了读者对美国后现代主义小说乃至整个后现代美国社会的认识。
There are a lot of features in American postmodernist novels which are different from the traditional ones. The thesis systematizes and discusses the new narrative modes and new types of narrative discourse in American postmodernist novels. In narrative modes American postmodernist novels combine non-novel and novel, reality and fiction, science fiction and fiction, serious novel and popular novel, fairy tale and fiction, novel and other art forms. In narrative discourse, American postmodernist novels employ cross-genre irony, direct speech of characters, advertising discourse, author's voice-over, and hypertextual discourse as narrative discourse. Besides, in American postmodernist novels, non-linear narration, intertextuality, parody, fragmentaiion and hypertextuality are the essential methods to employ. The thesis attempts to analyze the postmodernist novels' features of two representative American postmodernist novels- Robert Coover's The Babysitter and Donald Barthelme's Snow While in details. Through these discussions and analyses, the thesis intends to disclose that American postmodernist novels deny traditional novels' internal narrative structure and aesthetic criteria and thus evolve the genre of novel. In addition, the author intends to use the theories of postmodernist novels in the analysis of certain works. The purpose of the thesis is to enrich readers' knowledge about American postmodernist novels and postmodern American society.
There are a lot of features in American postmodernist novels which are different from the traditional ones. The thesis systematizes and discusses the new narrative modes and new types of narrative discourse in American postmodernist novels. In narrative modes American postmodernist novels combine non-novel and novel, reality and fiction, science fiction and fiction, serious novel and popular novel, fairy tale and fiction, novel and other art forms. In narrative discourse, American postmodernist novels employ cross-genre irony, direct speech of characters, advertising discourse, author's voice-over, and hypertextual discourse as narrative discourse. Besides, in American postmodernist novels, non-linear narration, intertextuality, parody, fragmentaiion and hypertextuality are the essential methods to employ. The thesis attempts to analyze the postmodernist novels' features of two representative American postmodernist novels- Robert Coover's The Babysitter and Donald Barthelme's Snow While in details. Through these discussions and analyses, the thesis intends to disclose that American postmodernist novels deny traditional novels' internal narrative structure and aesthetic criteria and thus evolve the genre of novel. In addition, the author intends to use the theories of postmodernist novels in the analysis of certain works. The purpose of the thesis is to enrich readers' knowledge about American postmodernist novels and postmodern American society.
引文
Bal, Mieke. Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative. (trans. Christine van Boheemen) Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1985
Barth John. "The Literature of Exhaustion". In The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction. (ed. Malcolm Bradbury) Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1977
Barthelme. Donald. Snow White. New York: Athenum.1980
Barthes, Roland. S/Z New York: Hill&Wang. 1974
——, "The Death of the Author". In Modern Criticism and Theory. (ed. David Londge) London and New York: Longman. 1988
——, "The Sequence of Actions". In The Semiotic Challenge. (trans. Farrar, Straus & Giroux). Collions Publishers. 1988
Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Second Edition. Penguin Books. 1987
Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 1984
Butler, Christopher. After the Wake: An Essay on the Contemporary Avant-guard. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1980
Carolyn Riley. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1975.
Coe, Richard M. Form and Substance: An Advanced Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. 1981
Cohan, Steven, &Linda M. Shires. Telling Stories: A Theoretical Analysis of Narrative Fiction. New York and London: Routledge. 1988
Culler, Jonathan. Structurist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London and Henley: Routledge and Kehan Paul. 1975
——, On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism. Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press. 3rd Print. 1984
Coover, Robert, Prichsongs and Descants. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1969
Dochetry, Thomas. Reading(Absent) Character: Towards a Theory of Characterization in Fiction. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1983
——, "Postmodern Characterization: The Ethics of Alterity". In Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. (ed. Edmund J. Smith) London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 1991
Downing, David B. &Susan Bazargan, ed. Image and Ideology in Modern/Postmodern Discourse. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1991
Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds. Sequel to History: Postmodernism and the Crisis of Representational Time. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1992
F. K Stanzel. Narrative Situations in the Novel. Bloomington: J.Pausack, 1971
Fleischman, Suzanne. Tense and Narrativity. From Medieval Performance to Modern Fiction. London: Routledge. 1990
Fokkema, Aleid. Postmodern Characters: A Study of characterization in British and American Postmodern Fiction. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 1991
Harmon, William and C. Huge Holman. A Handbook to Literature, 7th. ed Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. 1996
Hans H. Skei. William Faulkner: The Novelist as Short Story Writer Univeysitetsforlaget: Publications of the American Institute University of OSLO, 1985.
Hutcheon Linda. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Methuen. 1985
Hutcheon Linda. The Politics Of Postmodernism. London: Methuen. 1989
Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Socially Symbolic Act. London: Methuen, 1981.
Kroker, Arthur & David Cook. The postmodern Scene. Experimental Culture and Hyper-Aesthetics. London: Macmillan Education Ltd. Second Printing, 1991
Krog, Jacob. Language in Modern Literature. Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited. 1979
Madsen, Deborah L. Rereading Allegory: A Narrative Approach to Genre. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. New York and London: Methuen. 1987
——, Constructing Postmodernism. London: Routledge. 1992.
Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. London and New York: Methuen. 1982
Rose, Margaret A. Parody: Ancient, Modern, and Postmodern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993
Ruthrof, Horset. The Reader's Construction of Narrative. London: Routledge& Regan Paul. 1981
Smyth, Edmund J. ed. Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. London B. T. Batsford Ltd. 1991
Snyder, John. Prospects of Power: Tragedy, Satire, the Essay, and the Theory of Genre. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.
Tanner, Tony. City of Words: American Fiction 1950-1970. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. 1971
Ted Nelson. Literary Machines Sausalito, California: Mindful Press. 1982
Thiher, Allen. Words in Reflection: Modern Language Theory and Postmodern fiction. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 1984
Trachtenberg, Stanley. Understanding Donald Barthelme. South Carolina University Press.1990
Wayne C. Booth. The Rhetoric of Fiction Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1961
Wendell V. Harris. Literary Meaning. Reclaiming the Study of Literature London: Macmillan. 1996
柏格森：《时间与自由意志》，商务印书馆，1989。
曹文轩：《小说门》，作家出版社，2002。
陈焘宇、何永康：《外国现代派小说概观》，江苏人民出版社，1985。
方成：博士论文《霍桑“新英格兰三部曲”体裁研究》
佛马克、伯顿编：《走向后现代主义》，王宁等译，北京大学出版社，1991。
甘文平：《文本 图片 炸弹——评劳瑞安德森的两个短篇小说的互文性》，载《外国文学》2002年第3期
海德格尔：《存在与时间》，三联书店，1987。
胡全生：《英美后现代主义小说叙述结构研究》，复旦大学出版社，2002。
卡尔波普尔：《猜想与反驳》，上海译文出版社，1987。
瑙曼等：《作品、文学史与读者》，文化艺术出版社，1997。
李凤亮：《复调：音乐术语与小说观念——从巴赫金到热奈特再到昆德拉》，载《外国文学研究》2003年第1期
罗钢：《叙事学导论》，昆明：云南人民出版社，1999。
热拉尔热奈特：《叙事话语 新叙事话语》，中国社会科学出版社，1990。
申丹：《叙述学与小说文体学研究》，北京大学出版社，1998。
申丹：《经典叙事学究竟是否已经过时?》，载《外国文学评论》2003年第2期
童庆炳主编：《文学理论教程》(修订版)，高等教育出版社，1998。
王敏琴：《<献给艾米丽的玫瑰>的叙事特征》，载《外国语》2002年第2期
魏燕：《叙事文学创作主体的重新认识》载《外国语》2002年第4期
杨仁敬：《关注历史和政治的美国后现代派作家E．L．多克托罗》，载《外国文学》2001年第5期
杨仁敬：《论美国后现代小说的嬗变》载《山东外语教学》2001年第2期
伊瑟尔：《作为现实主义小说结构成分之一的读者》，章国锋译，载《最新西方文论选》(王逢振、盛宁等编)，漓江出版社，1991。
尤鲍列夫：《论二十世纪艺术创作的特征》，周启超译，载《外国文学》2003年第3期
约瑟夫弗兰克：《现代小说中的空间形式》，北京大学出版社，1991。
詹姆逊：《后现代主义与文化理论》，北京大学出版社，1997。
章国锋：《从“现代”到“后现代”——小说观念的变化》，载《从现代主义到后现代主义》(柳鸣九主编)，中国社会科学出版社，1994。
Barth John. "The Literature of Exhaustion". In The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction. (ed. Malcolm Bradbury) Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1977
Barthelme. Donald. Snow White. New York: Athenum.1980
Barthes, Roland. S/Z New York: Hill&Wang. 1974
——, "The Death of the Author". In Modern Criticism and Theory. (ed. David Londge) London and New York: Longman. 1988
——, "The Sequence of Actions". In The Semiotic Challenge. (trans. Farrar, Straus & Giroux). Collions Publishers. 1988
Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Second Edition. Penguin Books. 1987
Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 1984
Butler, Christopher. After the Wake: An Essay on the Contemporary Avant-guard. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1980
Carolyn Riley. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1975.
Coe, Richard M. Form and Substance: An Advanced Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. 1981
Cohan, Steven, &Linda M. Shires. Telling Stories: A Theoretical Analysis of Narrative Fiction. New York and London: Routledge. 1988
Culler, Jonathan. Structurist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London and Henley: Routledge and Kehan Paul. 1975
——, On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism. Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press. 3rd Print. 1984
Coover, Robert, Prichsongs and Descants. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1969
Dochetry, Thomas. Reading(Absent) Character: Towards a Theory of Characterization in Fiction. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1983
——, "Postmodern Characterization: The Ethics of Alterity". In Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. (ed. Edmund J. Smith) London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 1991
Downing, David B. &Susan Bazargan, ed. Image and Ideology in Modern/Postmodern Discourse. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1991
Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds. Sequel to History: Postmodernism and the Crisis of Representational Time. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1992
F. K Stanzel. Narrative Situations in the Novel. Bloomington: J.Pausack, 1971
Fleischman, Suzanne. Tense and Narrativity. From Medieval Performance to Modern Fiction. London: Routledge. 1990
Fokkema, Aleid. Postmodern Characters: A Study of characterization in British and American Postmodern Fiction. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 1991
Harmon, William and C. Huge Holman. A Handbook to Literature, 7th. ed Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. 1996
Hans H. Skei. William Faulkner: The Novelist as Short Story Writer Univeysitetsforlaget: Publications of the American Institute University of OSLO, 1985.
Hutcheon Linda. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Methuen. 1985
Hutcheon Linda. The Politics Of Postmodernism. London: Methuen. 1989
Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Socially Symbolic Act. London: Methuen, 1981.
Kroker, Arthur & David Cook. The postmodern Scene. Experimental Culture and Hyper-Aesthetics. London: Macmillan Education Ltd. Second Printing, 1991
Krog, Jacob. Language in Modern Literature. Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited. 1979
Madsen, Deborah L. Rereading Allegory: A Narrative Approach to Genre. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. New York and London: Methuen. 1987
——, Constructing Postmodernism. London: Routledge. 1992.
Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. London and New York: Methuen. 1982
Rose, Margaret A. Parody: Ancient, Modern, and Postmodern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993
Ruthrof, Horset. The Reader's Construction of Narrative. London: Routledge& Regan Paul. 1981
Smyth, Edmund J. ed. Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction. London B. T. Batsford Ltd. 1991
Snyder, John. Prospects of Power: Tragedy, Satire, the Essay, and the Theory of Genre. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.
Tanner, Tony. City of Words: American Fiction 1950-1970. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. 1971
Ted Nelson. Literary Machines Sausalito, California: Mindful Press. 1982
Thiher, Allen. Words in Reflection: Modern Language Theory and Postmodern fiction. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 1984
Trachtenberg, Stanley. Understanding Donald Barthelme. South Carolina University Press.1990
Wayne C. Booth. The Rhetoric of Fiction Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1961
Wendell V. Harris. Literary Meaning. Reclaiming the Study of Literature London: Macmillan. 1996
柏格森：《时间与自由意志》，商务印书馆，1989。
曹文轩：《小说门》，作家出版社，2002。
陈焘宇、何永康：《外国现代派小说概观》，江苏人民出版社，1985。
方成：博士论文《霍桑“新英格兰三部曲”体裁研究》
佛马克、伯顿编：《走向后现代主义》，王宁等译，北京大学出版社，1991。
甘文平：《文本 图片 炸弹——评劳瑞安德森的两个短篇小说的互文性》，载《外国文学》2002年第3期
海德格尔：《存在与时间》，三联书店，1987。
胡全生：《英美后现代主义小说叙述结构研究》，复旦大学出版社，2002。
卡尔波普尔：《猜想与反驳》，上海译文出版社，1987。
瑙曼等：《作品、文学史与读者》，文化艺术出版社，1997。
李凤亮：《复调：音乐术语与小说观念——从巴赫金到热奈特再到昆德拉》，载《外国文学研究》2003年第1期
罗钢：《叙事学导论》，昆明：云南人民出版社，1999。
热拉尔热奈特：《叙事话语 新叙事话语》，中国社会科学出版社，1990。
申丹：《叙述学与小说文体学研究》，北京大学出版社，1998。
申丹：《经典叙事学究竟是否已经过时?》，载《外国文学评论》2003年第2期
童庆炳主编：《文学理论教程》(修订版)，高等教育出版社，1998。
王敏琴：《<献给艾米丽的玫瑰>的叙事特征》，载《外国语》2002年第2期
魏燕：《叙事文学创作主体的重新认识》载《外国语》2002年第4期
杨仁敬：《关注历史和政治的美国后现代派作家E．L．多克托罗》，载《外国文学》2001年第5期
杨仁敬：《论美国后现代小说的嬗变》载《山东外语教学》2001年第2期
伊瑟尔：《作为现实主义小说结构成分之一的读者》，章国锋译，载《最新西方文论选》(王逢振、盛宁等编)，漓江出版社，1991。
尤鲍列夫：《论二十世纪艺术创作的特征》，周启超译，载《外国文学》2003年第3期
约瑟夫弗兰克：《现代小说中的空间形式》，北京大学出版社，1991。
詹姆逊：《后现代主义与文化理论》，北京大学出版社，1997。
章国锋：《从“现代”到“后现代”——小说观念的变化》，载《从现代主义到后现代主义》(柳鸣九主编)，中国社会科学出版社，1994。
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