多层大跨超长混合建筑结构设计与理论研究
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摘要
随着我国经济实力的不断提升，建筑市场也得到不断发展，建筑设计百花齐放，平面布局、空间、造型、体型不拘一格，型式多样，极大丰富了设计内容，使结构设计更加复杂，需要研究和解决的问题更多。
本文通过西安咸阳国际机场新航站楼工程设计的具体实例，分析、论述了建筑结构在设计中遇到并解决的几个主要问题：如自重湿陷性黄土场地桩基负摩阻力问题；浅层土虽经强夯但下层土仍有可能产生负摩阻力时桩的承载力计算方法；对钢筋混凝土结构的裂缝控制实现超长设计的分析和设计对策，经过工程验证，达到了预期的效果。本工程虽为低矮大空间结构，但其所遇问题在高层建筑中也经常涉及。因此，具有一定的普遍性和实用性。
首先，本文论述了地基处理的原则及地基处理方案的选取，特别是在采用浅层强夯未能完全消除土层自重湿陷性的情况下，桩基存在不可忽略的负摩阻力，那么，计算桩基负摩阻力时，不仅应计入湿陷性土层所产生的负摩阻力值，也应计入其上的非湿陷性土层因失去支托而产生的负摩阻力值。其次，分析并论述了钢筋混凝土结构裂缝产生的机理和影响因素，着重阐述了“利用先放后抗，抗放结合，综合控制”的方法：即首先利用后浇带，使混凝土结构分段变形，减小超长变形的影响；并采用微膨胀混凝土技术及无粘结预应力混凝土技术，分阶段对混凝土结构施加一定的预压应力，从而减小或完全抵消混凝土结构因混凝土硬化收缩引起的拉应力；再结合一些其他措施，成功实现钢筋混凝土结构的超长无缝设计与施工。从而不仅满足了钢筋混结构设计规范：“如有充分依据和可靠措施，伸缩
西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文
缝最大间距可适当增大”的要求。而且远远超出了该条款“适当”的规定。此外，本文还
介绍了空旷顶层的抗震设计:钢结构屋盖的结构设计;介绍了桩基静载试验和风洞试验的
概况及其试验成果。
本文特点是利用工程实例，在理论分析、试验研究的基础上，提出解决所遇问题的思
路和方法，使理论分析、试验研究与工程实践紧密结合起来，为以后类似工程设计及工程
中的相关问题提供了有一定参考价值的资料。
With the development of the economy of our country, the construction market is growing quickly. And architecture designs differ much from each other in the layout of plane and space, sculpt and form. In the result, the structural designs become more and more complex, which bring on many questions that are needed to study and settle.
In the paper, through the example of the waiting hall of XT an International Airport, several main questions meet in the design have been discussed, analyzed and solved, which include in negative friction force around pile in collapsible loess, the calculating method of bearing capacity of pile. The crack control methods of analysis and design in the super-length reinforced structure have been tested in the project, and reached the effect to be hoped. The questions meet in the project which is low and large-spaced structure are universal, and the methods are practical in the high-rise.
in the paper, the principle and the schemes to be selected of ground treatment have been discussed firstly. Especially when the self-settlement of soil layer has not been eliminated entirely through dynamic compaction in shallow soil layer, the friction force will appear around piles. The calculating method of negative force has been discussed, too. Secondly,the producing mechanism of crack in reinforced structure and factors which affect crack have been discussed, In the emphasis, the method is expounded, which applies first releasing then resisting, combination of releasing and resisting. In the method, flexible slit is applied firstly, which can make deformation of structure distributed, and decrease deformation energy, then
the tiny expansion concrete and prestressed concrete with unbonded tendons are applied. And in the different phase, the compressive prestress is put on the concrete structure. In the result, the tensile stress which is produced because of temperature gap has been decreased or eliminated entirely. Combined with some other measures, the construction and design for non-expansion joint of super-length structure has been carried out successfully.
In addition, the paper introduces the seismic design of open top floor, the design of steel cover, the test of static bearing capacity of pile and the test of wind tunnel experiment.
Based on the engineering experiment, and theoretical analysis and test research, the paper brings forward methods to solve the questions meet in the engineering, and make theoretical analysis, test research and engineering practice integrate closely, which offers some reference for similar project design in the future.
本文通过西安咸阳国际机场新航站楼工程设计的具体实例，分析、论述了建筑结构在设计中遇到并解决的几个主要问题：如自重湿陷性黄土场地桩基负摩阻力问题；浅层土虽经强夯但下层土仍有可能产生负摩阻力时桩的承载力计算方法；对钢筋混凝土结构的裂缝控制实现超长设计的分析和设计对策，经过工程验证，达到了预期的效果。本工程虽为低矮大空间结构，但其所遇问题在高层建筑中也经常涉及。因此，具有一定的普遍性和实用性。
首先，本文论述了地基处理的原则及地基处理方案的选取，特别是在采用浅层强夯未能完全消除土层自重湿陷性的情况下，桩基存在不可忽略的负摩阻力，那么，计算桩基负摩阻力时，不仅应计入湿陷性土层所产生的负摩阻力值，也应计入其上的非湿陷性土层因失去支托而产生的负摩阻力值。其次，分析并论述了钢筋混凝土结构裂缝产生的机理和影响因素，着重阐述了“利用先放后抗，抗放结合，综合控制”的方法：即首先利用后浇带，使混凝土结构分段变形，减小超长变形的影响；并采用微膨胀混凝土技术及无粘结预应力混凝土技术，分阶段对混凝土结构施加一定的预压应力，从而减小或完全抵消混凝土结构因混凝土硬化收缩引起的拉应力；再结合一些其他措施，成功实现钢筋混凝土结构的超长无缝设计与施工。从而不仅满足了钢筋混结构设计规范：“如有充分依据和可靠措施，伸缩
西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文
缝最大间距可适当增大”的要求。而且远远超出了该条款“适当”的规定。此外，本文还
介绍了空旷顶层的抗震设计:钢结构屋盖的结构设计;介绍了桩基静载试验和风洞试验的
概况及其试验成果。
本文特点是利用工程实例，在理论分析、试验研究的基础上，提出解决所遇问题的思
路和方法，使理论分析、试验研究与工程实践紧密结合起来，为以后类似工程设计及工程
中的相关问题提供了有一定参考价值的资料。
With the development of the economy of our country, the construction market is growing quickly. And architecture designs differ much from each other in the layout of plane and space, sculpt and form. In the result, the structural designs become more and more complex, which bring on many questions that are needed to study and settle.
In the paper, through the example of the waiting hall of XT an International Airport, several main questions meet in the design have been discussed, analyzed and solved, which include in negative friction force around pile in collapsible loess, the calculating method of bearing capacity of pile. The crack control methods of analysis and design in the super-length reinforced structure have been tested in the project, and reached the effect to be hoped. The questions meet in the project which is low and large-spaced structure are universal, and the methods are practical in the high-rise.
in the paper, the principle and the schemes to be selected of ground treatment have been discussed firstly. Especially when the self-settlement of soil layer has not been eliminated entirely through dynamic compaction in shallow soil layer, the friction force will appear around piles. The calculating method of negative force has been discussed, too. Secondly,the producing mechanism of crack in reinforced structure and factors which affect crack have been discussed, In the emphasis, the method is expounded, which applies first releasing then resisting, combination of releasing and resisting. In the method, flexible slit is applied firstly, which can make deformation of structure distributed, and decrease deformation energy, then
the tiny expansion concrete and prestressed concrete with unbonded tendons are applied. And in the different phase, the compressive prestress is put on the concrete structure. In the result, the tensile stress which is produced because of temperature gap has been decreased or eliminated entirely. Combined with some other measures, the construction and design for non-expansion joint of super-length structure has been carried out successfully.
In addition, the paper introduces the seismic design of open top floor, the design of steel cover, the test of static bearing capacity of pile and the test of wind tunnel experiment.
Based on the engineering experiment, and theoretical analysis and test research, the paper brings forward methods to solve the questions meet in the engineering, and make theoretical analysis, test research and engineering practice integrate closely, which offers some reference for similar project design in the future.
引文
[1] 《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》 (GBJ25-90)
[2] 《建筑抗震设计规范》 (GBJ11-89)
[3] 《钢结构设计规范》 (GBJ17-88)
[4] 《建筑结构荷载规范》 (GBJ9-87)、(GB 50009-2001)
[5] 《混凝土结构设计规范》 (GBJ10-89)
[6] 龚思礼等：《建筑物抗震设计手册》中国建筑工业出版社 1994．07
[7] 谢定义：试论我国黄土力学研究中的若干新趋势[J]岩土工程学报 2001．23(1)
[8] 张苏民：湿陷性黄土的术语和基本概念[J]岩土工程技术 2000(1)
[9] 陈正汉，周海清：非饱和压实黄土的本构关系研究[J]西部探矿工程(岩土挖掘矿业工程)1996．8(增刊)
[10] 陈正汉：重塑非饱和黄土的变形、强度、屈服和水量变化特性[J]岩土工程学报 1999．21(1)
[11] 徐淼，刘奉银，谢定义：应力条件的变化对非饱和黄土吸力状态特性的影响[J]陕西水力发电 1996．12(3)
[12] 谢瑞林，官国琳，李向全等：黄土湿陷性的微结构效应[J]工程地质学报 1997．7(2)
[13] 张苏民，郑建国：湿陷性黄土(Q_3)的增湿变形特性[J]岩土工程学报 1990．12(4)
[14] 张苏民，张炜：减湿和增湿时黄土的湿陷性[J]岩土工程学报 1992．14(1)
[15] 钱鸿晋等：湿陷性黄土地基北京中国建筑工业出版社 1985
[16] 邢心魁，张炜，张顺强：桩的荷载传递函数法及其在西安地区旋挖钻孔灌注桩中的应用 岩土工程技术 2001．1
[17] Feda, J. Structural stability of subsident loess soils from Praha-Dejvice [J] Engineering Geology 1966.01
[18] 茹伯勋，张顺强，段海因：黄土场地钻孔灌注桩侧阻力发挥的几个特性 湿陷性黄土研究与工程 中国建筑工业出版社
[19] Methta P K. durability-critical issues for the future Concrete International, 1997
[20] 王铁梦：建筑物的裂缝控制 上海科学技术出版社 1993．09
[21] 解亚军、郭琦：《西安咸阳国际机场航站楼模型NF-3风洞试验报告》
[2] 《建筑抗震设计规范》 (GBJ11-89)
[3] 《钢结构设计规范》 (GBJ17-88)
[4] 《建筑结构荷载规范》 (GBJ9-87)、(GB 50009-2001)
[5] 《混凝土结构设计规范》 (GBJ10-89)
[6] 龚思礼等：《建筑物抗震设计手册》中国建筑工业出版社 1994．07
[7] 谢定义：试论我国黄土力学研究中的若干新趋势[J]岩土工程学报 2001．23(1)
[8] 张苏民：湿陷性黄土的术语和基本概念[J]岩土工程技术 2000(1)
[9] 陈正汉，周海清：非饱和压实黄土的本构关系研究[J]西部探矿工程(岩土挖掘矿业工程)1996．8(增刊)
[10] 陈正汉：重塑非饱和黄土的变形、强度、屈服和水量变化特性[J]岩土工程学报 1999．21(1)
[11] 徐淼，刘奉银，谢定义：应力条件的变化对非饱和黄土吸力状态特性的影响[J]陕西水力发电 1996．12(3)
[12] 谢瑞林，官国琳，李向全等：黄土湿陷性的微结构效应[J]工程地质学报 1997．7(2)
[13] 张苏民，郑建国：湿陷性黄土(Q_3)的增湿变形特性[J]岩土工程学报 1990．12(4)
[14] 张苏民，张炜：减湿和增湿时黄土的湿陷性[J]岩土工程学报 1992．14(1)
[15] 钱鸿晋等：湿陷性黄土地基北京中国建筑工业出版社 1985
[16] 邢心魁，张炜，张顺强：桩的荷载传递函数法及其在西安地区旋挖钻孔灌注桩中的应用 岩土工程技术 2001．1
[17] Feda, J. Structural stability of subsident loess soils from Praha-Dejvice [J] Engineering Geology 1966.01
[18] 茹伯勋，张顺强，段海因：黄土场地钻孔灌注桩侧阻力发挥的几个特性 湿陷性黄土研究与工程 中国建筑工业出版社
[19] Methta P K. durability-critical issues for the future Concrete International, 1997
[20] 王铁梦：建筑物的裂缝控制 上海科学技术出版社 1993．09
[21] 解亚军、郭琦：《西安咸阳国际机场航站楼模型NF-3风洞试验报告》
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