数字城市中的若干空间分析技术及可视化实现方法研究
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摘要
空间分析技术及三维可视化实现是计算机图形学、遥感、虚拟现实、特别是地理信息系统（GIS）等领域研究的重要问题。本文结合国家863课题对几个空间分析的算法及其可视化实现进行了研究。
首先解决了建模问题，针对数字城市中三维建筑物的特点，给出了一种面向对象的三维建筑物建模方法。该建模方法简化了模型的数据结构，有利于三维可视化。同时利用面向对象的语义关系实现了建筑物模型的构造表达，方便了以建筑物或建筑群为单元进行空间分析与查询。
然后在空间分析技术部分重点研究了最优路径分析的算法：针对小地域（如深圳大学）网络模型的特点，提出了小地域最短路径问题，设计了相应的网络数据结构，提出了带有悬挂点的最短路径的算法。对于区域查询问题，为了降低算法复杂度，提高算法效率，提出了一种基于分界线的区域快速算法，
最后讲述了三维可视化实现的几个重要问题：场景管理机制，3D加速技术。
以及最优路径等的二维、三维可视化实现等。
Spatial Analysis technology and its Visualization is an important research problem in computer graphic、RS(Remote Control)、VR(Virtual Reality) and GIS and so on. Several spatial analysis algorithms and their Visualization are discussed in detail in this paper.
At first, Modeling must be solved: an Object-Oriented modeling method is present. This modeling method simplify the data structure of 3D building model, it help 3D Visualization. At the same time, constructing of building model is realized by use of semantic relationship of Object-Oriented, which help for spatial analysis and query on building or building group.
Next, in spatial analysis technology, the article emphasis on the research on shortcut analysis algorithm: according to the feature of net model in little place, the article presents the shortest route analysis in little place, designs Data structure of Network. A rapid search based on boundary is presented for promoting efficiency.
At last, several important problems in 3D visualization are described: scene management, 3D speed technology. At last, based on foregoing, 2D and 3D visualization of the shortest route is realized.
首先解决了建模问题，针对数字城市中三维建筑物的特点，给出了一种面向对象的三维建筑物建模方法。该建模方法简化了模型的数据结构，有利于三维可视化。同时利用面向对象的语义关系实现了建筑物模型的构造表达，方便了以建筑物或建筑群为单元进行空间分析与查询。
然后在空间分析技术部分重点研究了最优路径分析的算法：针对小地域（如深圳大学）网络模型的特点，提出了小地域最短路径问题，设计了相应的网络数据结构，提出了带有悬挂点的最短路径的算法。对于区域查询问题，为了降低算法复杂度，提高算法效率，提出了一种基于分界线的区域快速算法，
最后讲述了三维可视化实现的几个重要问题：场景管理机制，3D加速技术。
以及最优路径等的二维、三维可视化实现等。
Spatial Analysis technology and its Visualization is an important research problem in computer graphic、RS(Remote Control)、VR(Virtual Reality) and GIS and so on. Several spatial analysis algorithms and their Visualization are discussed in detail in this paper.
At first, Modeling must be solved: an Object-Oriented modeling method is present. This modeling method simplify the data structure of 3D building model, it help 3D Visualization. At the same time, constructing of building model is realized by use of semantic relationship of Object-Oriented, which help for spatial analysis and query on building or building group.
Next, in spatial analysis technology, the article emphasis on the research on shortcut analysis algorithm: according to the feature of net model in little place, the article presents the shortest route analysis in little place, designs Data structure of Network. A rapid search based on boundary is presented for promoting efficiency.
At last, several important problems in 3D visualization are described: scene management, 3D speed technology. At last, based on foregoing, 2D and 3D visualization of the shortest route is realized.
引文
[1] 李志林 朱庆.《数字高程模型》. 武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社. 2000.3
[2] 郭仁忠．《空间分析》．武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社．1997 .1
[3] 吴信才等. 《地理信息系统原理与方法》 北京：电子工业出版社. 2002.3
[4] 戴晨光. 基于多源遥感数据的多元素三维景观虚拟现实技术研究 中国人民解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1999.4
[5] 宋关福．《组件式地理信息系统研究》．中国科学院地理研究所博士论文，北京，1998
[6] 王家耀.《空间信息系统原理》. 北京：科学出版社 2001.5
[7] 周培德．《计算几何—算法分析与设计》．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[8] 龚健雅．《当代GIS的若干理论与技术》．武汉测绘科技大学出版社，2000
[9] 陈俊 宫鹏．《实用地理信息系统——成功地理信息系统的建设与管理》．科学出版社，2001
[10] 陈述彭．《城市化与城市地理信息系统》．科学出版社，2001
[11] 罗晓沛 侯柄辉．《系统分析员教程》．清华大学出版社，1992
[12] Richard S. Wright,Jr Michael Sweet． 《OpenGL超级宝典》，2001
[13] 肖乐斌 等．GIS概念数据模型的研究. GIS协会第六届年会论文集2001
[14] 陆守一 唐小明 王国胜．地理信息系统实用教程，2000
[15] H. Samet, Neghbor finding technqnes for image represented by quadtrees, Computer Graphics and Image Processing,,1982,18(3):37~57
[16] H. Samet, Neighbor finding in images represented by octrees ,Computer
Vision ,Graphics, and Image Processing,1989,46,367~386
[17] 张永生. 遥感图像信息系统. 北京：科学出版社 2000.
[18] Clayton Walnum,3-D Graphics Programming with OpenGL,Roland Elgey,1995
[19] Klaus Tempfli,Photogrammetry for Urban 3-D GIS,GIM,1997.1
[20] Alessandro Carosio,Marc Zanini,Landscape Modelling and Visualization From 2-D Surface to 3-D Volumes,GIM,1996.3
[21] Joachim Hohle,Mikkel Praest Joergensen,Photogrammetry for 3-D Visualization, GIM 1996.3
[22] Gordon Petrie,Developments in digital photogrammetric systems for topographic mapping applications,ITC Journal 1997.2
[23] Al Gore,The Digital Earth-Understanding our planet in the 21st Century,The Australian Surveyor, Vol.43 No.2 1998.6
[24] Felicitas Lang,Wolfgang Forstner,Bonn,Surface Reconstruction of Man-Made Odjects Using Polymorphic Mid-Level Features and Generic Scene Knowledge, ZPF,1996.6
[25] Peter Kempa,Eckhard Siebe,Controlling and Updating of 3D-urban Data Within a Digital Photogrammetric Workstation,Commission Ⅱ/Ⅲ ISPRS,VIENNA AUSTRIA 1996
[26] Michael Kofler,Herwig Rahatschek etc. A Database for a 3D GIS for Urban Environments Supporting Photo-Realistic Visualization, Commission Ⅱ ISPRS,VIENNAAUSTRIA 1996
[27] Jussi Lammi,3-D Modelling of Buildings From Digital Aerial Imagery, ISPRS Intercommission Working Group Ⅱ/Ⅲ, VIENNA AUSTRIA 1996
[28] Takayasu OHTSUKA,Hidehisa TAKAHASHI,Expression of Three Dimensional Space with Digital Cartographic Data and Computer Graphics Method, Commission Ⅱ IAPRS,VIENNA AUSTRIA 1996
[29] 朱英浩，张祖勋等 顾及地形的城市三维可视化方法研究，武汉：武汉测绘科技大学学报 1998.9
[30] 林海，潘志庚等 虚拟现实造型语言VRML，计算机世界 1998.11.2
[31] 潘志庚 分布式虚拟现实技术，计算机世界 1998。11。2
[32] 方裕 数字地球浅滩，计算机世界 1999.3.1
[33] 廖朵朵 《实时动态虚拟地景生成技术的研究与实践》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1996
[34] 陈刚 《虚拟视景的生成及显示技术的研究与实践》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1997
[35] 常歌 《基于遥感图像影像的地形三维实时动态显示技术研究》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1998
[36] 罗睿 《遥感图像分析系统中的数据库建立与更新》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1998
[37] 夏青 《战场地形环境仿真系统的技术研究》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1998
[38] 夏运钧 立体影视域地景仿真，解放军测绘学院学报 1996.1
[39] 潘志庚，石教英 多分辨率模型和三维几何压缩技术新发展，计算机世界 1998.9.21
[40] 唐泽圣 三维复杂模型的实时动态显示，计算机世界 1997.1
[41] kuijpers B,et al.Lossless Representation of Topological Spatial Data. In:Proc. Of the 4th Intl. Symposium on Spatial Databases. Volume 951 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Berlin. Springer-Verlag,1995
[42] Greene D,Yao F. Finite-Resolution computational geometry. In: Proc. Of the Twebty-seventh IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Toronto, 1986
[43] Samet H. The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures Addison-Wesleuy, 1990
[44] Egenhofer M J. et al. A Topological Data Model for Spatial Database. In:Proc. Of the 1th Symposium on the Design and Implmentation of Large Spatial Databases(SSD'98).Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1990.
[45] S. Chen and L. Williams. View interpolation for image synthesis [J]. Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH'93).August 1993
[46] S. Chen. QuickTime VR-an image-based approach to virtual environment navigation [J]. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'93).August 1995.
[47] M. Hirose. Generation of wide-range virtual spaces using photographic image [J]. IEEE Virtual Reality Annual Internation Symposium. March 1998
[48] 钟力. 虚拟实景空间的研究与实现 [博士学位论文][D]. 长沙：国防科学技术大学，1998
[2] 郭仁忠．《空间分析》．武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社．1997 .1
[3] 吴信才等. 《地理信息系统原理与方法》 北京：电子工业出版社. 2002.3
[4] 戴晨光. 基于多源遥感数据的多元素三维景观虚拟现实技术研究 中国人民解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1999.4
[5] 宋关福．《组件式地理信息系统研究》．中国科学院地理研究所博士论文，北京，1998
[6] 王家耀.《空间信息系统原理》. 北京：科学出版社 2001.5
[7] 周培德．《计算几何—算法分析与设计》．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[8] 龚健雅．《当代GIS的若干理论与技术》．武汉测绘科技大学出版社，2000
[9] 陈俊 宫鹏．《实用地理信息系统——成功地理信息系统的建设与管理》．科学出版社，2001
[10] 陈述彭．《城市化与城市地理信息系统》．科学出版社，2001
[11] 罗晓沛 侯柄辉．《系统分析员教程》．清华大学出版社，1992
[12] Richard S. Wright,Jr Michael Sweet． 《OpenGL超级宝典》，2001
[13] 肖乐斌 等．GIS概念数据模型的研究. GIS协会第六届年会论文集2001
[14] 陆守一 唐小明 王国胜．地理信息系统实用教程，2000
[15] H. Samet, Neghbor finding technqnes for image represented by quadtrees, Computer Graphics and Image Processing,,1982,18(3):37~57
[16] H. Samet, Neighbor finding in images represented by octrees ,Computer
Vision ,Graphics, and Image Processing,1989,46,367~386
[17] 张永生. 遥感图像信息系统. 北京：科学出版社 2000.
[18] Clayton Walnum,3-D Graphics Programming with OpenGL,Roland Elgey,1995
[19] Klaus Tempfli,Photogrammetry for Urban 3-D GIS,GIM,1997.1
[20] Alessandro Carosio,Marc Zanini,Landscape Modelling and Visualization From 2-D Surface to 3-D Volumes,GIM,1996.3
[21] Joachim Hohle,Mikkel Praest Joergensen,Photogrammetry for 3-D Visualization, GIM 1996.3
[22] Gordon Petrie,Developments in digital photogrammetric systems for topographic mapping applications,ITC Journal 1997.2
[23] Al Gore,The Digital Earth-Understanding our planet in the 21st Century,The Australian Surveyor, Vol.43 No.2 1998.6
[24] Felicitas Lang,Wolfgang Forstner,Bonn,Surface Reconstruction of Man-Made Odjects Using Polymorphic Mid-Level Features and Generic Scene Knowledge, ZPF,1996.6
[25] Peter Kempa,Eckhard Siebe,Controlling and Updating of 3D-urban Data Within a Digital Photogrammetric Workstation,Commission Ⅱ/Ⅲ ISPRS,VIENNA AUSTRIA 1996
[26] Michael Kofler,Herwig Rahatschek etc. A Database for a 3D GIS for Urban Environments Supporting Photo-Realistic Visualization, Commission Ⅱ ISPRS,VIENNAAUSTRIA 1996
[27] Jussi Lammi,3-D Modelling of Buildings From Digital Aerial Imagery, ISPRS Intercommission Working Group Ⅱ/Ⅲ, VIENNA AUSTRIA 1996
[28] Takayasu OHTSUKA,Hidehisa TAKAHASHI,Expression of Three Dimensional Space with Digital Cartographic Data and Computer Graphics Method, Commission Ⅱ IAPRS,VIENNA AUSTRIA 1996
[29] 朱英浩，张祖勋等 顾及地形的城市三维可视化方法研究，武汉：武汉测绘科技大学学报 1998.9
[30] 林海，潘志庚等 虚拟现实造型语言VRML，计算机世界 1998.11.2
[31] 潘志庚 分布式虚拟现实技术，计算机世界 1998。11。2
[32] 方裕 数字地球浅滩，计算机世界 1999.3.1
[33] 廖朵朵 《实时动态虚拟地景生成技术的研究与实践》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1996
[34] 陈刚 《虚拟视景的生成及显示技术的研究与实践》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1997
[35] 常歌 《基于遥感图像影像的地形三维实时动态显示技术研究》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1998
[36] 罗睿 《遥感图像分析系统中的数据库建立与更新》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1998
[37] 夏青 《战场地形环境仿真系统的技术研究》解放军测绘学院硕士论文 1998
[38] 夏运钧 立体影视域地景仿真，解放军测绘学院学报 1996.1
[39] 潘志庚，石教英 多分辨率模型和三维几何压缩技术新发展，计算机世界 1998.9.21
[40] 唐泽圣 三维复杂模型的实时动态显示，计算机世界 1997.1
[41] kuijpers B,et al.Lossless Representation of Topological Spatial Data. In:Proc. Of the 4th Intl. Symposium on Spatial Databases. Volume 951 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Berlin. Springer-Verlag,1995
[42] Greene D,Yao F. Finite-Resolution computational geometry. In: Proc. Of the Twebty-seventh IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Toronto, 1986
[43] Samet H. The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures Addison-Wesleuy, 1990
[44] Egenhofer M J. et al. A Topological Data Model for Spatial Database. In:Proc. Of the 1th Symposium on the Design and Implmentation of Large Spatial Databases(SSD'98).Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1990.
[45] S. Chen and L. Williams. View interpolation for image synthesis [J]. Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH'93).August 1993
[46] S. Chen. QuickTime VR-an image-based approach to virtual environment navigation [J]. Computer Graphics(ACM SIGGRAPH'93).August 1995.
[47] M. Hirose. Generation of wide-range virtual spaces using photographic image [J]. IEEE Virtual Reality Annual Internation Symposium. March 1998
[48] 钟力. 虚拟实景空间的研究与实现 [博士学位论文][D]. 长沙：国防科学技术大学，1998
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