私营企业发展问题及对策
|
摘要
私营企业的发展是中国经济改革中最重要的内容之一，过去的20年中它使
中国的经济和社会改变了面貌。在国有企业长期亏损、被迫进行战略调整，集体
企业后劲不足、经济贡献率持续下降之际，私营企业异军突起、快速发展，对国
民经济持续稳定发展发挥着重要的作用。私营企业的存在与发展，有利于我国
GDP的增长和社会科技的进步，它的资金投入，有利于我国西部大开发的顺利进
行和解决我国投资主体单一的问题，同时，由于私营企业的不断壮大提供了大量
的就业机会，极大地缓解了因为下岗失业带来的社会矛盾。这些都说明私营企业
确确实实已成为我国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。
但是，私营企业的发展并不是一帆风顺的。在私营企业的发展过程中，来自
政府部门的体制环境制约至今依然存在。首先，政府主管部门难以在短期内完全
调整其思维方式、法规政策和行为规则，因而不能给私营企业一个符合市场经济
规则的“公开、公平、公正”的体制环境，使得私营企业与国有企业、外资企业
在市场竞争处于不平等的地位。其次，由于法律法规方面歧视性条款的存在，国
家对私有财产缺乏与公有财产同等的宪法保护，损害了私营企业的经济利益。再
次，我国目前现行的金融机制所实施的政策，很不利于私营企业的发展，私营企
业要想通过正常渠道融资获得扩大再生产的资金非常困难。再加上我国当前产业
发展现状对私营企业进入存在的制约，使得私营企业要想在诸如石化、电信、航
空、外贸、银行、证券、保险等产业部门有所发展困难重重。这些制约因素都严
重地阻碍了私营企业的持续发展。
当然，私营企业自身在发展过程中也存在着一些致命的“短板”。不少私营
企业缺乏科学决策，容易闯入投资误区，在条件不成熟的情况下盲目实现多元化；
管理方面，私营企业中家族化粗放式管理现象普遍，忽视知识管理，没有强有力
的技术研发机制，难以形成有效的核心竞争力；私营企业还往往缺少完善的财务
管理，导致企业成本提高利润降低，等等。这些缺陷都是导致私营企业走不出“短
寿”怪圈的主要因素。
怎样刁’能使私营企业拥有持续发展的生命力呢?对于政府部门而言，要维护
私营企业在中国经济中的作用与地位，必须按照“公平、公正、公开”的原则来
调整政策和制度的取向，尽快转换政府职能以弱化行政二}一预，实行公平的税赋制
度、财会制度和金融市场准入制度，为私营经济的发展营造一个良好、宽松的体
制环境。而私营企业作为一个经济实体，则应注意调整企业的产业结构，明确产
业定位，突出主业，实行以专业化为主的经营发展战略，切实落实工业化生产标
准，加快高新技术产业化的步伐;同时要敢于打破产权界!;良，积极构筑利益共同
体，打造企业文化.调整企业的人才结构，建立一整套利·学的企业管理机制，以
强化企业的竟争能力，求得在市场经济中的持续发展，使私营企业真正成为中国
二十一世纪经济发展的重要力量。
The development of private enterprises has been of vital importance in China's economic reform , which has improved national economy and social situations .At the times when state-owned enterprises are enduring long-term loss and forced into strategic adjustment , and when collective enterprises are attaching less significance in its contribution to national economy due to its comparatively poor stamina , the mushrooming private enterprises are playing an essential role in the successive and stable development of national economy . Their existence and development are beneficial to the growth of GDP and the progress of social technology ,their investment is beneficial to China's " Western Exploration" and it is one of essential supplementary financing methods in national economy . Moreover ,offering large quantities of work chances , the private enterprises which has been developing continuously have relieved the social problems caused by unemployment . Those all definitely show that private enterprises have become an important part of socialist economy in China .
However , the development of private enterprises doesn't go well all the time . In the course of the development of private enterprises , the restriction from the systems in government departments still exists . Firstly, government authorities feel difficult to adjust completely their thinking ways , behavior rules and laws in short terms , so it is impossible to give private enterprises a system which accords with market economic rule "Openness , Equity , Honesty" so that private enterprises , compared with national enterprises and foreign capital enterprises , stand in the unfair position in the market competition . Secondly .discrimination in legal terms .which causes the result that the nation lacks the fair protection to private possession compared with public possession and
hence the harm to the benefit of private enterprises .Thirdly , the policy accomplished according to the current financial systems does harms to the development of private enterprises , so it is extremely difficult for private enterprises to get funds to expand the producing through allowable channel . Finally , the present situation of the enterprises'development restricts the development of private enterprises so that it is difficult for private enterprises to develop in such fields as petrochem .telecom .aviation .foreign trade .banking .security exchange , insurance and so on .Those restrictions are pulling legs of the private enterprises for their development .
There are absolutely some, fatal "obstacles" in the development of these enterprises .Quite a few of the enterprises tend to fall into financing errors and make themselves pluralistic blankly when time is improper . In management, such problems are the major factors which shorten the span of enterprises as innate deficiency of family enterprises in rough management , lack of knowledge-based management , weakened research system .deficiency in core competition and confusion in financial management which result in a decrease in profit rates .
How can a private enterprise become vivid in the sustainable development .On one hand , in accordance with the principle of "Openness .Equity .Honesty" , government authorities should adjust the goals of policies and systems .convert their functions .weaken the administrative interference and start an impartial taxation system , financial system and financial market permission system so as to maintain the role of private enterprises in China's economy , while on the other hand , as an economic existence , the private-owned enterprise should pay attention to adjusting industrial structures , clarify its industrial orientation ,focus on the main industry , carry on a business strategy centered on specialization , carry out industrialized production
standards .quicken the pace in hi-tech industrialization .break through the difference between the operation right and property right , adjust structures of human resources and establish a scientific business manage
中国的经济和社会改变了面貌。在国有企业长期亏损、被迫进行战略调整，集体
企业后劲不足、经济贡献率持续下降之际，私营企业异军突起、快速发展，对国
民经济持续稳定发展发挥着重要的作用。私营企业的存在与发展，有利于我国
GDP的增长和社会科技的进步，它的资金投入，有利于我国西部大开发的顺利进
行和解决我国投资主体单一的问题，同时，由于私营企业的不断壮大提供了大量
的就业机会，极大地缓解了因为下岗失业带来的社会矛盾。这些都说明私营企业
确确实实已成为我国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。
但是，私营企业的发展并不是一帆风顺的。在私营企业的发展过程中，来自
政府部门的体制环境制约至今依然存在。首先，政府主管部门难以在短期内完全
调整其思维方式、法规政策和行为规则，因而不能给私营企业一个符合市场经济
规则的“公开、公平、公正”的体制环境，使得私营企业与国有企业、外资企业
在市场竞争处于不平等的地位。其次，由于法律法规方面歧视性条款的存在，国
家对私有财产缺乏与公有财产同等的宪法保护，损害了私营企业的经济利益。再
次，我国目前现行的金融机制所实施的政策，很不利于私营企业的发展，私营企
业要想通过正常渠道融资获得扩大再生产的资金非常困难。再加上我国当前产业
发展现状对私营企业进入存在的制约，使得私营企业要想在诸如石化、电信、航
空、外贸、银行、证券、保险等产业部门有所发展困难重重。这些制约因素都严
重地阻碍了私营企业的持续发展。
当然，私营企业自身在发展过程中也存在着一些致命的“短板”。不少私营
企业缺乏科学决策，容易闯入投资误区，在条件不成熟的情况下盲目实现多元化；
管理方面，私营企业中家族化粗放式管理现象普遍，忽视知识管理，没有强有力
的技术研发机制，难以形成有效的核心竞争力；私营企业还往往缺少完善的财务
管理，导致企业成本提高利润降低，等等。这些缺陷都是导致私营企业走不出“短
寿”怪圈的主要因素。
怎样刁’能使私营企业拥有持续发展的生命力呢?对于政府部门而言，要维护
私营企业在中国经济中的作用与地位，必须按照“公平、公正、公开”的原则来
调整政策和制度的取向，尽快转换政府职能以弱化行政二}一预，实行公平的税赋制
度、财会制度和金融市场准入制度，为私营经济的发展营造一个良好、宽松的体
制环境。而私营企业作为一个经济实体，则应注意调整企业的产业结构，明确产
业定位，突出主业，实行以专业化为主的经营发展战略，切实落实工业化生产标
准，加快高新技术产业化的步伐;同时要敢于打破产权界!;良，积极构筑利益共同
体，打造企业文化.调整企业的人才结构，建立一整套利·学的企业管理机制，以
强化企业的竟争能力，求得在市场经济中的持续发展，使私营企业真正成为中国
二十一世纪经济发展的重要力量。
The development of private enterprises has been of vital importance in China's economic reform , which has improved national economy and social situations .At the times when state-owned enterprises are enduring long-term loss and forced into strategic adjustment , and when collective enterprises are attaching less significance in its contribution to national economy due to its comparatively poor stamina , the mushrooming private enterprises are playing an essential role in the successive and stable development of national economy . Their existence and development are beneficial to the growth of GDP and the progress of social technology ,their investment is beneficial to China's " Western Exploration" and it is one of essential supplementary financing methods in national economy . Moreover ,offering large quantities of work chances , the private enterprises which has been developing continuously have relieved the social problems caused by unemployment . Those all definitely show that private enterprises have become an important part of socialist economy in China .
However , the development of private enterprises doesn't go well all the time . In the course of the development of private enterprises , the restriction from the systems in government departments still exists . Firstly, government authorities feel difficult to adjust completely their thinking ways , behavior rules and laws in short terms , so it is impossible to give private enterprises a system which accords with market economic rule "Openness , Equity , Honesty" so that private enterprises , compared with national enterprises and foreign capital enterprises , stand in the unfair position in the market competition . Secondly .discrimination in legal terms .which causes the result that the nation lacks the fair protection to private possession compared with public possession and
hence the harm to the benefit of private enterprises .Thirdly , the policy accomplished according to the current financial systems does harms to the development of private enterprises , so it is extremely difficult for private enterprises to get funds to expand the producing through allowable channel . Finally , the present situation of the enterprises'development restricts the development of private enterprises so that it is difficult for private enterprises to develop in such fields as petrochem .telecom .aviation .foreign trade .banking .security exchange , insurance and so on .Those restrictions are pulling legs of the private enterprises for their development .
There are absolutely some, fatal "obstacles" in the development of these enterprises .Quite a few of the enterprises tend to fall into financing errors and make themselves pluralistic blankly when time is improper . In management, such problems are the major factors which shorten the span of enterprises as innate deficiency of family enterprises in rough management , lack of knowledge-based management , weakened research system .deficiency in core competition and confusion in financial management which result in a decrease in profit rates .
How can a private enterprise become vivid in the sustainable development .On one hand , in accordance with the principle of "Openness .Equity .Honesty" , government authorities should adjust the goals of policies and systems .convert their functions .weaken the administrative interference and start an impartial taxation system , financial system and financial market permission system so as to maintain the role of private enterprises in China's economy , while on the other hand , as an economic existence , the private-owned enterprise should pay attention to adjusting industrial structures , clarify its industrial orientation ,focus on the main industry , carry on a business strategy centered on specialization , carry out industrialized production
standards .quicken the pace in hi-tech industrialization .break through the difference between the operation right and property right , adjust structures of human resources and establish a scientific business manage
引文
1、《中国统计年鉴》(2000)，中国统计出版社
2、蒋同初、黄汉江主编：《投资结构经济学》，世界图书出版公司，1998．12
3、《浙江个体私营经济调查报告》，浙江省工商行政管理局
4、《IFC对中国私营企业融资问题的调查(J)》，《中国投资》2001．1
5、《私营企业发展的十大盲区》，《工商之友》2001．12．
6、《中国私营经济统计年鉴》(2000)，中国统计出版社
7、《中国私营经济统计年鉴》(2000)，中国统计出版社
8、吴晓波著：《大败局》，浙江人民出版社，2001．6
9、蔡恩泽著：《中国民企：审视自己的棒喝》，《企业家信息》2002．8
10、付晓明编著：《私营公司发展问题报告》，中国商业出版社，2001．12
11、本书编委会编著：《中小企业工商管理案例及分析》，企业管理出版社，1999．10
12、张厚义 明立志主编：《中国私营企业发展报告》(2000)，社会科学文献出版社
13、王成主编 罗音编著：《私营公司经营管理一本通》，中国致公出版社，2000．10
14、陈乃醒主编：《中国中小企业发展与预测》，民主与建设出版社，2000．6
15、俞飞著：《企私打造》，知识产权出版社，2001．11
16、詹姆斯·赫斯克特：《企业文化与经营业绩》，华夏出版社，1997．2
17、严国海著：《中国近现代国货名牌的创立》，立信会计出版社，2000．4
18、黄涛译著：《策略和理性》，经济科学出版社，2000．
19、魏杰、王波著：《企业文化创新的成功之路》，《管理世界》，2001-2
20、Syed H Akhter：《全球市场营销》(英文版)，东北财经大学出版社，1998．4
21、Jacfly Sherriton& James L. Stern: Corporate Culture. Published by AMACOM, New York, 1997
2、蒋同初、黄汉江主编：《投资结构经济学》，世界图书出版公司，1998．12
3、《浙江个体私营经济调查报告》，浙江省工商行政管理局
4、《IFC对中国私营企业融资问题的调查(J)》，《中国投资》2001．1
5、《私营企业发展的十大盲区》，《工商之友》2001．12．
6、《中国私营经济统计年鉴》(2000)，中国统计出版社
7、《中国私营经济统计年鉴》(2000)，中国统计出版社
8、吴晓波著：《大败局》，浙江人民出版社，2001．6
9、蔡恩泽著：《中国民企：审视自己的棒喝》，《企业家信息》2002．8
10、付晓明编著：《私营公司发展问题报告》，中国商业出版社，2001．12
11、本书编委会编著：《中小企业工商管理案例及分析》，企业管理出版社，1999．10
12、张厚义 明立志主编：《中国私营企业发展报告》(2000)，社会科学文献出版社
13、王成主编 罗音编著：《私营公司经营管理一本通》，中国致公出版社，2000．10
14、陈乃醒主编：《中国中小企业发展与预测》，民主与建设出版社，2000．6
15、俞飞著：《企私打造》，知识产权出版社，2001．11
16、詹姆斯·赫斯克特：《企业文化与经营业绩》，华夏出版社，1997．2
17、严国海著：《中国近现代国货名牌的创立》，立信会计出版社，2000．4
18、黄涛译著：《策略和理性》，经济科学出版社，2000．
19、魏杰、王波著：《企业文化创新的成功之路》，《管理世界》，2001-2
20、Syed H Akhter：《全球市场营销》(英文版)，东北财经大学出版社，1998．4
21、Jacfly Sherriton& James L. Stern: Corporate Culture. Published by AMACOM, New York, 1997
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |