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ERP发展模式研究——兼论企业ERP实施
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摘要
本文分析了ERP在国内的进程,介绍了ERP基本理论和功能模块,重点分析了ERP项目失败的原因,提出了针对中国企业现状的ERP解决思路,即中国企业要探索出一条符合当前实际的ERP发展模式。
    引言部分重点分析了加入WTO以后的中国企业面临的企业信息化困境和企业将要回答的一些问题,引入了ERP概念。
    各种ERP项目的推广,国内、国外厂商的积极介入,给国内企业带来了新的管理思想和组织体系,给人们的观念带来了新的冲击。对于已经加入国际市场竞争、走向世界的中国企业来说,ERP无疑是提升管理水平、理顺内部机制、增加盈利和降低成本的最有效手段。
    当前,在国内实施ERP项目的多为国有大型企业或者具有国外投资背景的企业。总数超过800万户的中小企业是我们国家发展的生力军。与大型企业相比,企业人力、物力、财力都还十分薄弱,管理水平不高。企业实施"巨大的"ERP工程意味着上百万元的费用支出,阻力重重的项目实施,而且还面临着巨大的不确定性、信息孤岛、应用困难、骑虎难下等等问题。
    中国的ERP发展史经历了三个阶段。第一个阶段是 "三个三分之一"阶段--从1980年起初步应用MRP阶段;第二个阶段从1990-1996年—MRP-II在中国的应用与推广取得了较好的成绩阶段;第三个阶段从1997年开始到二十一世纪初的整个时期,其主要特点是ERP的引入并成为主角,应用范围也从制造业扩展到第二、第三产业,并且由于不断的实践探索,应用效果也得到了显著提高,因而进入了ERP应用的相对"成熟阶段"。
    本文第二章列举了中国企业走入ERP困境的现状,指出了中国企业实施ERP的一些弊病,分析了ERP失败的原因。
    国内企业的实施ERP不成功管理方面原因有:大部分企业方面基础数据薄弱,无法满足ERP基础数据量庞大的需求;能够接受和满足ERP要求的高素质人员数量有限;管理
    
    流程不畅;不清楚业务流程重组具体方法;对于实施所要达到的目标不明确;人力投入不够。在ERP实施单位原因有:实施人员也总是处于不断的学习过程中,没有多少成熟经验可以借鉴;对实施的系统不是十分熟悉,对所能达到的目标也就不清楚; 缺少专业管理咨询公司为企业提供实施方案。
    从失败与成功案例看中国企业ERP道路还很漫长,但也只有在失败的基础上,才有可能走出真正中国特色的ERP之路。
    本文第三章提出了ERP软件的选择和应用注意事项。对于广大企业来说,克服了流程重组和信息基础化建设的薄弱环节后就面临着如何选择适当的ERP系统软件。企业要根据自己的客观需要,不要贪大求洋,选择最适合自己的软件才是上策。
    由于历史的原因,我国企业在所有制、管理制度、管理水平、管理者素质等方面参差不齐,具体实施企业信息化的步骤、方法以及首要目标,不能完全照搬发达国家现在ERP应用的软件和流程。目前国内开发的一些软件在总体水平上和国外的产品有较大的差距,但在更符合国内企业的管理习惯和流程方面更有优越性,是对目前国内企业先进管理成果的总结和提高,对企业具有更多的现实指导意义。
    本文第四章针对中国企业ERP实施的关键环节提出了ERP实施当中倾向性问题,希望能够引起准备上ERP的企业注意。
    我国大多数企业信息化管理水平还处于初级阶段,在这样的条件下,只有在实施ERP的过程中进行补课,推动产品和部门信息资源管理,积累信息资源,培训人才,才能促进ERP的成功。
    由于ERP软件涉及到现代企业制度科学管理各方面的内容,例如生产、技术、营销、采购、财务、人事、行政、客户管理以及战略管理等,要想通过实施ERP一步到位、全面成功是不现实的。实施ERP是一项循序渐进的工程,大多数企业也会选择分阶段投资、分步见效的方法,实施步骤要逐渐深化。
    上述原因都决定了国内企业上ERP只能分批走,即有条件的企业可以先上,条件不具备的企业缓上。企业也可以先选择突破口,实施ERP的某些部分,解决当前迫切需要解决的问题。
    国内企业如果能够在企业ERP建设上迈开大步,迎头赶上,打好基础,努力突破ERP "实施难"的瓶颈,迸发出企业固有的活力,创造良好的经济效益,不仅可以稳定推进中国的改革开放的大好局面,而且在不久的将来,积极走向国际市场,在世界舞台闯出一
    
    片天地,其对国内其他企业的带动作用也是无法估量的。
This paper analyses the ERP process in China by introducing the basic theories of ERP and its functions and modules, with focus on the reasons behind ERP project failures. It also puts forward the ERP solution in light of the status quo of Chinese enterprises, i.e. the Chinese enterprises need to find out an ERP road suited to the present conditions.
    
     In the Introduction part, the emphasis is on the information predicament facing Chinese enterprises after China's WTO membership and the pressing problems. The ERP concept is also introduced in this part.
    
     With the introduction of various ERP projects and active participation of domestic and foreign enterprises, new management thoughts and organization systems have brought new impacts on people's original thinking. For the Chinese enterprises already competing for international market and increasingly outward-looking, ERP is undoubtedly the most effective means to improve management level, sort out internal mechanisms, increase profits and reduce costs.
    
     At present, ERP projects in China are mainly adopted by large state-owned enterprises or enterprises with foreign investment. However the over 8 million small and medium enterprises are a major driving force for China's development. Compared with the large enterprises, they are weak in human resources, material and financial strength and low in management level. Implementing a "huge" ERP project in such enterprises will mean costs of millions, various obstacles in
    
    the implementation, huge uncertainties, information isolation, application difficulties and other difficulties.
    
     The ERP development in China has three stages. The first stage is called the "three one-thirds" stage or the initial application of ERP which covers the period from 1980 to 1990; The second stage is from 1990 to 1996, when the promotion of MRP-II application achieved good results in China; And the third stage is from 1997 till now, when ERP is introduced and playing a leading role not only in manufacture but also in the secondary and tertiary industries. Also in this stage, the application results are improved considerably thanks to continuous exploration and practice. The third stage is also the "mature stage" of ERP application.
    
     In Chapter 2, the paper analyses the current predicament of Chinese enterprises in ERP while revealing some problems of the Chinese enterprises and the reasons behind ERP project failures.
    
     The management problems with Chinese enterprises are: weak data foundation in most of the enterprises that cannot meet the huge data demand of ERP; limited number of high quality staff that can accept and meet ERP requirements; management process far from being smooth; no clear understanding of the methods of BPR; no clear definition of the implementation goals; and insufficient human resources input. The problems on the ERP implementation entities are: implementation staff also in the process of continuous learning and not having much experiences to draw upon; not familiar with the implementation system and therefore not clear about the attainable objectives; and lack of professional management consulting companies to provide implementation plans.
    
     With the failures and successful stories, one realizes there is a long way
    
    to go for Chinese enterprises' ERP. Only by drawing lessons from past failures can we find a road to ERP of Chinese characteristics.
    
     In Chapter 3 the paper lists some notes on the selection and application of ERP software. For the majority of enterprises, they will face the question of how to choose suitable ERP system software once they have overcome the weakness in BPR and information infrastructure. Enterprises should choose the software most suited to their own conditions, not the biggest or most modern ones.
    
     Due to historical reasons, Chinese enterprises are diversified in ownership, management system, management level and management quality. They cannot copy blindly the ERP application software and workflow of the developed countries in desig
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